First of all, from the development background. In the late Tang dynasty, the situation was turbulent, and in the five dynasties, the ministers and ministers were intoxicated and indulged in physical and mental enjoyment. The decline of politics has caused a profound psychological crisis for literati. In order to seek a new psychological balance, they turned their pursuit of life from the external political society to the internal self. Turn aesthetic interest to singing and dancing, and describe inner experience and sensory feelings with delicate style and strong color. The poems of Li Shangyin, Du Li and others express their inner feelings by describing the things around them, showing the style of graceful words. Graceful and restrained school is behind Huajian school. Poets in the Northern Song Dynasty continued the feminization trend of Huajian Ci. Although they have developed in content and are more exquisite in brushwork, they all have their own charm and form their own family. But on the whole, it has not deviated from the track of becoming feminine. Therefore, the Ming people put forward the "graceful school" to summarize the style of this school.
Secondly, in terms of subject matter and content. Most of the contents of Huajian School and Graceful School describe children's amorous feelings such as love between men and women, parting from sorrow and parting from sorrow. However, Huajian School also described this aspect from many angles. For example, Ouyang Jiong wrote Nanxiangzi about the scenery and working life in the south of the Yangtze River, saying, "You can swim in Nanpu and laugh at the spring breeze." Mao Wenxi's "A Tour of Ganzhou", which wrote about frontier fortress and battle, said: "In the north, in Heishan, Shanxi, and in Sha Fei, there is no fixed gathering and parting, and passers-by often lose. Iron clothes are cold, and horses are bloody hooves. Break the example, the imperial edict of the phoenix, step by step. " There are also some things that praise the landscape, such as Sun Guangxian's "Romantic Boy": "The cottage is full of music, and the chickens and dogs are from south to north. The leaves are long, the water is boiling, and the spring waves outside the door are green. Listen to the sound of weaving, the sound of urging, and the sound of rolling through the house. " There are also some words that praise history and cherish the memory of the past, express the feeling of vicissitudes of life and express the pain of national subjugation, satirize the present with the past, and have deep feelings, meaning and thought-provoking. However, graceful words have expanded their scope in content, and there have been works that chant natural scenery and express personal feelings and experiences. For example, He Zhu's Jade Case: "A stream of smoke, catkins flying all over the city, and yellow plums" is a metaphor for the depth and breadth of worries in the south of the Yangtze River. Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi": "Ten years of life and death are two boundless", which expresses his true feelings about his dead wife.
Huajian Ci is often criticized as "colourful" because of its narrow content and subject matter. Because most of these poets are playboys and have no political achievements, their works are mostly women's lives, showing their pursuit of enjoying life and admiration for sensory stimulation. But this so-called "gorgeous" actually refers to a kind of feminine beauty. Poetry is more about women's life and the new aesthetic feeling brought by women's beauty, which makes poetry closer to life and personal emotional world. Love is the traditional theme and the main feature of graceful words. Graceful words often express feelings that hurt heaven and earth. The writer put the hatred of home and country, the feeling of life experience, either into eroticism or into chanting things. On the surface, it seems that they are expressing love and describing things, but in fact they have other hopes. For example, Xin Qiji's "Fishing": "You can eliminate several storms and hurry back in spring." The use of metaphor seems to be some feelings between men and women, but in fact it expresses the matter of home and country, the feeling of body and mind, the sad meaning and the implicit meaning.
Third, from the connotation and breadth of genre and its influence on later generations. China's traditional poetry takes "expressing ambition" as the core, and Huajian Ci takes "predestination" as the core. The unique creative mode of Huajian Ci indirectly led to the formation of the concept of "Ci is colorful" in the Northern Song Dynasty. It can be said that Huajian School provided a reference for the creation of Graceful School and influenced the creation of Graceful School. The Northern Song Dynasty was the peak of the development of Ci, and later generations often read Huajian Ci from the peak of the Northern Song Dynasty, so it is considered that Huajian Ci School and Graceful Ci School cannot be compared. For example, Huajian Ci is in the early childhood when people grow up, and graceful Ci is in the prime of life when people grow up. Therefore, graceful words are the development of Huajian words in depth and breadth.
Finally, from an aesthetic point of view. Flower words and graceful words are both "singing", which has a lot to do with music. "Biography of Old Tang Dynasty" once recorded that Fei Qing "can sing a song, which is a kind word". The writer closely combines picturesque artistic conception, refined language and wonderful music, which can not only express friendship, but also be pleasant to listen to. Graceful words in Song Dynasty also developed on this basis.
Graceful and restrained poets often express their feelings about life by chanting Yan, Liu, Li, Li and so on. At the same time, it is difficult to express affection and parting feelings for children. For example, the word "Yongmei" written by Lu You is thought-provoking. Graceful words harmoniously unify beautiful language, beautiful image and beautiful artistic conception. Therefore, the basic feature of graceful words is to create beautiful artistic conception. What most people appreciate is Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream", which is a beautiful picture and brings readers into a beautiful artistic conception.
For a long time, scholars have not paid enough attention to Huajian Ci, and Huajian Ci also has high appreciation value. Huajian Ci, as a brand-new stylistic form different from that in the middle Tang Dynasty, will naturally bring people a brand-new artistic feeling. They have high skills in portraying characters and simulating the inner world, which makes the characters' hearts real and touching. At the same time, the living space of women in this period is very narrow, so the scenes described are all unfolded in concrete pictures. Although the creation of Huajian Ci poets is similar, they also have their own characteristics. For example, Huajian Ci represented by Wen and Wei Zhuang. Among the 500-flower language, not all flowers are around the month, and children are deeply immersed in love. There are also nostalgia and history-chanting, which are the first to add nostalgia to ci creation, although their proportions are not large. In addition, Hua Jian's words often use metaphors, puns, personification and other techniques to describe, which also makes Hua Jian's words soft and euphemistic.
Graceful words reflect life with beauty and create a large number of excellent works, which are loved by people of all ages. As the pioneer of graceful and restrained school, Huajian School is also an important school in the history of China literature, and we should also clearly see its value.
Li Yu is graceful and restrained.