Buddhism, as a foreign religion, has absorbed some ideological factors of Confucianism and added secular patriarchal color to meet the psychological needs of China people. To the Sui and Tang Dynasties, in order to make up for the long-standing theoretical differences, various sects in Buddhism systematically criticized and sorted out primitive Buddhism according to the social and economic conditions and political needs at that time, thus completing the process of China. Buddhism has gradually transformed into a religion with China characteristics.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, other foreign religions were generally not excluded. With the frequent economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, many western religions were introduced into China. They were mainly circulated among Hu merchants in the western regions, but not many people believed in them in the Tang Dynasty. These religions include Islam and Nestorianism. In the early Tang Dynasty, these religions were respected and allowed to build temples to preach. Islam was introduced into Chinese mainland in the middle of the 7th century.
The rulers of Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially Emperor Taizong and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, attached great importance to the development of education. Emperor Taizong has realized that since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, ministers have not studied, are "uneducated", "can't know what they have said before" and "governing the country is not as good as before", so they advocate taking morality and wisdom as the foundation in cultural policy. Schools are places to train the children of landlords and bureaucrats and make them reserve officials. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he vigorously developed schools and built more learning houses, and the number of students increased greatly. Schools are divided into capital schools and state schools. Shi Jing School, which belongs to imperial academy, consists of Guo Zi School, imperial academy School, Four Schools, Law School, Calligraphy School and Arithmetic School. The chief of each school is a doctor. China, Zi Xue and Imperial College London are the most important schools, and students only accept the children of dignitaries. Because school education mainly serves for the selection of imperial examinations, students mainly study Confucian classics, especially the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius. In addition, the imperial examinations included subjects such as Faming, Shu Ming and Shu Ming, so there were also specialized schools in the Tang Dynasty, such as laws based on written laws, calligraphy based on calligraphy, and arithmetic based on mathematics. Students can only take the imperial examination after completing their school studies. In the Tang dynasty, in addition to official learning, folk apprentices were also very prosperous. Students in private schools can take the imperial examinations sponsored by the states and counties after completing their studies.
Tang poetry is the main achievement of Tang literature, and the Tang Dynasty is the most glorious period of China's classical poetry. There are nearly 50,000 poems left over from the Tang Dynasty, two or three times more than those left over from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the number of famous poets greatly exceeds the sum of all famous poets from the Warring States to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. That's why there is such a prosperous situation. Teachers are advised to explain the following reasons: the unity of the country and the prosperity of national strength have prepared the necessary material conditions for the development of poetry; Cultural exchanges between North and South and between China and foreign countries also provide a profound cultural foundation; Enlightened and compatible political and cultural policies and "selecting scholars by poetry" in the imperial examination not only made the literati's thoughts open and active, but also directly stimulated the rapid development of poetry creation. Generally speaking, Tang poetry can be divided into four periods: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Chen Ziang was an outstanding poet in the early Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it was the frivolous palace poems of the Southern Dynasties that occupied the poetic world. Until the reign of Tang Gaozong, Chen Ziang, whose life experience, thoughts and feelings were different from those of palace poets, tried his best to get rid of the "decadent" poetic style advocated by Liang Chen and advocated "style" in his poetry creation under the call of restoring ancient ways. His Story of Youzhou Tower contributed to the development of Tang poetry. Later, Tang poetry entered its heyday. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is an era of bright stars in poetry. The development of Tang poetry reached the peak of prosperity, with many famous poets, schools and poetic styles. The pastoral school, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, describes a leisurely and quiet pastoral life. Although they sometimes reveal the negative thoughts and political frustrations of Buddha and Lao, they have made great achievements in art. Their poems have enriched the pastoral poems formed since the Jin and Song Dynasties and have a certain position in the history of literature. The poems of frontier poets Gao Shi and others not only depict the magnificent frontier scenery, but also reflect the fearless spirit, optimistic spirit, homesickness and the difference between soldiers, adding fresh and magnificent colors to Tang poetry. Li Bai and Du Fu were the highest achievers in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai despises powerful people, is cynical, yearns for light and pursues freedom; His poems are magnificent, passionate, imaginative and far-reaching, with outstanding romantic style, and are known as "poetic immortals". He is another great romantic poet after Qu Yuan. "Difficult Road to Shu" and "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" are all masterpieces of the ages. Teachers can also recite Li Bai's A Word to Meng Haoran to students and experience the style of Li Bai's poems. Du Fu is an outstanding realistic poet in our country, and he is known as "Poet Saint". Du Fu lived in the era of prosperity and decline before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and was poor and frustrated all his life. Therefore, his poems exposed the political fatuity and decadent life of the ruling class, reflected the tragic situation of the lower class before and after the war, and showed sympathy for the working people and concern for state affairs. His poetic style is deep and ups and downs; The language foundation is very profound. "For human nature, language is not surprisingly endless." This serious creative spirit of "no regrets" makes him a great representative of realistic poets, and his excellent works include Three Officials and Three Farewells. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was greatly weakened, and the social contradictions that had been lurking became increasingly acute. The realistic spirit of poetry completely replaced the high-spirited optimism and became the mainstream in the middle Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, inherited Du Fu's tradition, further advocated that "articles should be written on time, and songs and poems should be written according to events", and set off a new Yuefu movement, arguing that poetry should develop along the realistic direction of "supplementing current events and releasing human feelings" and pursue a simple and simple poetic style in art. Bai Juyi's 50 satirical poems "New Yuefu" are the representatives of this kind of poetry. In the late Tang Dynasty, feudal rule was in jeopardy and class contradictions were unprecedented. With the decline of the national situation, the style of poetry has also changed. Du Mu and Li Shangyin are two highly accomplished poets who were active in the early stage of the late Tang Dynasty. Du Mu advocates "paying attention" in literary creation, and opposes the simple pursuit of "rhetoric", which is more in line with reality. Li Shangyin's career was bumpy all his life, but he always cared about politics, and chanting historical poems accounted for a large proportion in his poems. The epics of these two poets both reflect the declining reality of the Tang Dynasty, but both reveal personal frustrations. In art, Du Mu pursues "sublime" and is not satisfied with "wonderful"; Li Shangyin, on the other hand, formed a unique style of deep affection, grace, elegance and delicacy, and made new contributions to the development of China's classical poetry.
1. Mogao grottoes, an art treasure house. First, students can recall the relevant knowledge of Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes, and then introduce the Mogao Grottoes. There are more than 1000 caves in Dunhuang Mogao grottoes, so it is also called Thousand Buddha Cave. There are 492 caves with murals and statues. It is located on the cliff of Mingsha Mountain, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City, Gansu Province. This is the western end of the ancient Hexi Corridor leading to the Western Regions. From here, Yangguan is in the southwest and Yumenguan is in the northwest. According to historical records, Dunhuang County was founded in BC 1 165438, and Yangguan and Yumenguan were under its jurisdiction. It was the throat of the western regions and the hub of cultural exchange at that time. Cave temples originated in ancient India and gradually developed into a complex of architecture, sculpture and painting. With the spread of Buddhism in Asia, this art was also introduced to China. Among the caves in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, 67% were excavated in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is one of the greatest existing artistic treasures in the world, and its artistic achievements mainly lie in colorful sculptures and murals. Traditional clay sculptures are painted with colored sculptures, and the images created are mainly Buddha statues with different expressions. Besides religious stories, murals also involve people in real life. Dunhuang grottoes art embodies distinct national styles, including ancient Indian Buddhist art style and western national art style. It has a strong artistic charm and reflects the rich social life in the Tang Dynasty. It is a masterpiece in the ancient art history of China.
2. Painting in Sui and Tang Dynasties, teachers can talk about it from three aspects: First, the scope of painting themes in Sui and Tang Dynasties has been expanded. In addition to the story painting of religious figures as the main content at first, landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting have gradually developed. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, landscape painting officially became an independent painting discipline. It is suggested that teachers can mention the reasons for this change, or the changes in social, economic and cultural life during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Second, the expression of painting tends to be mature. Figure painting pays attention to expressing characters with lines, and feels the dynamic beauty of characters through changing lines; Landscape flower-and-bird painting adopted the painting method of "Jiao Mo light dyeing", which made it develop into "ink smudge dyeing", emphasizing the similarity between landscape and flowers and birds, which had a great influence on the painting style of Song Dynasty. Thirdly, the outstanding painters in this period were Zhan Ziqian in Sui Dynasty and Yan and Wu Daozi in Tang Dynasty. Two painters in the Tang Dynasty, who were trained in junior high school, can inspire students to speak for themselves, focusing on a small print by Zhan Ziqian.
3. Calligraphy at its peak. The calligraphy style of Sui and Tang Dynasties was formed on the basis of inheriting the calligraphy style of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which has both the beauty of Southern Dynasties and the vigor of Northern Dynasties. About the famous calligraphers of this period, students are required to master their characteristics, masterpieces and their times. The great calligraphers in the third grade basically inherited Wang Xizhi's elegant style and "thin" characteristics. The glyph is mainly rectangular, with the same size and rigorous and beautiful structure. Yan Zhenqing, a calligrapher in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, broke through Wang's calligraphy style. His brushwork was vigorous, square, and his characters were dark, especially his stippling, which even tended to be rounded. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Liu Gongquan absorbed the strengths of the European School and the Yan School and became a whole. Later generations called his and Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy "Yan Gu". There are "Cao Sheng" Zhang Xu and Huai Su in the cursive script of the Tang Dynasty.
4. Music and dance in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the first thing students should grasp is its characteristics. Based on the prosperous economic scene in the early Tang Dynasty and influenced by the cultures of the western regions and neighboring countries, music and dance in Sui and Tang Dynasties reached a peak and had a great influence on music and dance in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Secondly, in terms of music, there are nine court banquets in the Sui Dynasty. The first one is the western cool music of ethnic minorities in the western regions; Tang Taizong expanded into ten pieces of music, among which the famous piece is "Qin Wang Broken Array". Thirdly, dances in the Tang Dynasty are divided into healthy dances and soft dances. Healthy dance is full of vigor and vitality, and most of it was introduced from minority areas. Soft dance is soft and feminine, and clothing dance is a famous soft dance.
In a word, the ideology and culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties left precious wealth for the history of China!