We know that the language of poetry is concise and clear. Accurate and vivid, but in the process of poetry creation, the author often adopts a special expression technique. Deliberately overlapping some words skillfully, which is overlap and repetition. Overlapping generally refers to the overlapping of words. Repetition generally refers to the repetition of statements.
First, overlap
Reduplication is a rhetorical phenomenon in which two identical words are used continuously, also called reduplication or tautology. He can vividly express his voice, color, shape and expression. So as to increase the beauty of language phonology, strengthen the image of language and make the expression more detailed and rich.
Proper overlapping in literary works can play a role in rendering atmosphere, deepening emotion and enhancing sense of rhythm.
1. The role of overlap
(1) The use of reduplicated words can draw the scenery, highlight the characteristics of the scenery, make people see its shape clearly and highlight its vividness.
For example, in Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong", there is a rain break at the railing, and it is raining. The river in Yang Wanli's Little Pond shows its sharp corners. Dragonflies stand on it for a long time and use sharp corners to describe lotus leaves. Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip has big strings like rain, small strings like secret words, humming and whispering-and then mixed together, like pearls of all sizes pouring on a plate of jade. Accompanied by noisy voices and a metaphor of a jade plate, the music of pipa girl seems to be playing in the readers' ears.
(2) The use of reduplicated words can render the atmosphere and create artistic conception.
For example, "Many branches are easy to fall one after another, and the buds can be discussed in detail" (Du Fu's Seven Flowers Alone by the Riverside) uses "one after another" and "elaborate" to express his love for flowers and cherish them, which is sincere and sincere. Wei's "Night Rain Farewell to Li Zhou", "Your wet sail drags, and the shadow bird flies slowly", two groups of overlapping words make the artistic conception of the poem more profound. The successful use of the overlapping words "the sky is grey, the wild is boundless, the wind blows, the cattle and sheep are low" and "the grey" and "the boundless" has drawn a charming picture of the vast grassland from the perspective of "the sky" and "the wild".
(3) The use of overlapping words can enhance the sense of rhythm. Reduplication can make the rhythm of poetry harmonious, and it is catchy and pleasant to read.
For example, "Qian Qian Heather Tree, Wan Wan Privet Forest. Egrets in the mountains, white apes in the streams. If you don't go to Qiupu, the ape will hurt the guest's heart. " The first four sentences of the poem take reduplication as the introduction, which is lively and full of melody. Another example is "Pear Garden dissolves the moon, and the catkin pond is light." (Yan Shu has no title). "Bells and drums will slowly ring the long night, and before dawn, the Milky Way in the sky will become clear." (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow. ) These poems use reduplicated words, which are neat and pleasing to the ear and enhance the beauty of melody.
(4) The use of reduplicated words can express the meaning and make the thoughts and feelings of the poem more profound.
For example, "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with swords, it is even more worrying to raise a glass to eliminate our worries." (Uncle Yun in Xietiaolou, Xuanzhou, written by Li Bai), in which the overlapping use of the word "sorrow" vividly describes the author's sorrow that he has nowhere to vent. Another example is the poem "Nineteen Ancient Poems of Cowherd Star", which has only ten sentences and uses six overlapping words, "Cowherd Star, a beautiful girl. Sandy blew his hand and tied it to make a loom. Between water and water, there is an indescribable affection, which vividly expresses the lingering feelings of the cowherd and the weaver girl.
Of course, overlapping is only an artistic technique, not the more overlapping, the better. It should be used properly, and it should not be used deliberately in pursuit of form, which will affect the expression of thoughts and feelings.
2. Classification of overlapping
According to the position of overlap in the sentence, it can be divided into head bead pair, belly bead pair and tail bead pair.
(1) The first pair of beads. It is the most common to use reduplicated words at the beginning of a sentence. It can highlight the mode of the image simulated by reduplicated words. It makes the description of poetry delicate and has the beauty of obscurity and grace.
For example, "a group of non-beech trees and willows fall, green and immortal." (Du Fu's "Wei Shaofu seeks pine nuts"); Flowers bloom in front of your eyes, weeping willows brush your shoulders. "(Wu Mi's Late Spring Feelings); You should be old when you go, and the grass is older. "(Zhang Ji's Philip Burkart People); "I like to watch the mountains grow older, and it's sad to watch the water flow eastward every day. "(Wang Changling's Long Live the Building); Two new swallows are on the spring bank, and pieces of light gulls fall into the sand at dusk. "(Lu You's Partridge Day).
(2) Abdominal bead pair. Putting overlapping words in one sentence is mostly a supplementary explanation to the previous words, adding another layer of rendering image.
For example, "leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, and I watch the long river always roll forward." (Du Fu's "Climbing the Mountain"); "A round of setting sun spreads in the water, half river, half river red." (Bai Juyi's Mujiang Yin); "Witches and witches are eloquent, and wild old women are drunk." (Liu Yuxi's "Yangshan Temple View God"); "The mountains are far away, and the seven rivers are cold." (Lu You's Night Waiting Mountain Pavilion); "There are many red leaves in the sparse forest, and the yellow flowers around the path are thin." (Wang Tingxuan's Nine Days of Hongfeitai); "Big strings hum like rain, while small strings whisper like secrets." (Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip) and so on.
(3) Tail bead pair. Put the reduplicated words at the end of the sentence, and the two words rhyme and have the same tone, so they are used least.
For example, "Half-life is strange and strange, and a spring is white and red." (Wu Huai Guan); "Go to the wind and stab, and don't miss Ding Ding at night." (Li Shangyin's "Sending a Thousand Cows and General Li to Que Fifty Rhymes"); "The Danhe tree has a broad wind and the Bixi moss is shallow." (Xu Hun's Grandpa at the First Day of Tiantai Temple); "Listen to the density of the night and look at the full oblique." (Huang Tingjian's "Yin Xue Xiu Guang Ping Gong"); "I miss it. It's a thousand miles away. It's heavy and vast." (Liu Yong's "Yulinling") and so on.
(4) Continuous rolling pair. No matter five words or seven words, two reduplications are often used in one sentence, and four reduplications between two sentences are dual. The whole sentence is called rolling right, which has strong rhythm beauty, charm beauty and picture beauty.
For example, Wang Shifu's Song of Farewell to Yaoshan in December: After leaving, the distant mountains are faint and the water is more sparkling. Look at Liu Fei Juan, drunk peach blossom. The fragrance of the cabinet is bursting, and the heavy door is covered by rain. Afraid of dusk, afraid of dusk, how charming is it if it is not charming? New tears overwhelm old ones, and heartbroken people remember heartbroken people. How thin is Chunxiang muscle this year? The ribbon is three inches wide.
Others such as "deep purple, melting and smelting yellow." (Chrysanthemum by Li Shangyin); "Listen to the density of the night and look at the full oblique." (Huang Tingjian's "Yin Xue Xiu Guang Ping Gong"); "Red and white flowers are by the water, and the sky is blue and yellow." (Yang Wanli's Duyang Village).
Reduplication can act as almost all kinds of sentence elements in the works of the Poetry Association. However, after these two words overlap, the meanings of some words have not changed, but the tone has strengthened or emphasized the meaning. For example, the word "every grain is hard" (Li Shen's Compassion for Agriculture) means "every grain".
After some words overlap, the meaning of overlapping words is completely different from that of the original single word. For example, the word "Wu Wu" in Du Fu's Five Hundred Words is busy after overlapping, and the original meaning of "Wu Wu" is "abrupt".
Second, repeatedly.
Repetition refers to the repetition of sentences, which is used more in words and less in poems and couplets. Its function is to emphasize a certain meaning, highlight a certain emotion and consciously reuse certain words, sentences or paragraphs.
Repeatedly divided into two situations. First, the rules must be repeated, such as the epigraph "Qin Yi E". Let's take Li Bai's as an example:
Yu Xiao's voice was sad and sad. When she woke up from her dream, a string of bright moons were hanging upstairs in Qin. Qin family, every year in the second quarter of the moon, the willow color by the bridge is printed with seven windows for farewell. Looking at the Cold and Autumn Festival, the ancient road leading to Xianyang has been cut off. The west wind kissed the light of the sun, and in front of us were the tombs and palaces of the Han Dynasty.
In the upper and lower strokes of this inscription. The third and eighth sentences are mandatory and must be repeated with the first three words. Another example is the inscription "Like a Dream". Let's take Li Qingzhao's ci as an example:
Last night, the rain suddenly dispersed, and a deep sleep did not eliminate the residual wine. I asked the shutter man, but he said, "Haitang is still there." You know what? You know what? It should be green, fat and thin!
The inscription stipulates that the fifth and sixth sentences must appear repeatedly. Others, such as "a cup of sorrow, a few years apart" in Lu You's Hairpin Phoenix. No! No! No, ""Although Monsanto is here, it's hard to trust Jin Shu. Don't! Mo! Mo ". Yes, the poet sighed twice, which constituted the overlapping of the words "wrong" and "mo", expressing his deep attachment to Tang Wan and his longing for love, and expressing his resentment, sadness and unspeakable sadness.
In "Ugly Slave", "Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow, fall in love with the floor, and say they are worried about adding new words." Now that I know what it's like to be sad, I want to say I still have a rest, but I want to say I still have a rest, but I know it's a cool autumn. "This passage has strengthened the momentum of the article by fully expressing the author's thoughts repeatedly.
The second is the author's deliberate repetition. For example, Li He's bitter days are short:
Fly away and advise you to have a drink. I don't know if the sky is high and the land is thick. Only when the moon is cold and the weather is warm will I fire my life. Eating bears is fat, eating frogs is thin. Where is the God King? Tai yi' an has it? If there is a forest in Tiandong, the next title is Candle dragon. I will chop off the dragon's feet and chew the dragon's meat so that it can't go back at night. Natural elders don't die, and young people don't cry. What is taking gold and swallowing white jade? Who seems to be a son, riding a green donkey in the clouds? Liu Che Maoling has many stagnant bones, so abalone wins the coffin.
In poetry, quantifiers are repeated a lot, such as "two people love each other, one cup after another." (Li Bai's Communication with Friends in the Mountains); "My master announced that it was a festival, and he urged me to drink ten cups. But what kind of ten glasses of wine can make me so drunk, because your love is always in my heart. . "(Du Fu's Gift to Wei Ba and Chu Shi); "When to go home, be an idle person. For a piano, a pot of wine, a wisp of cloud. " (Su Shi's "A Fragrant Night Cleanliness") and so on. Of course, this repetition usually has the same structure before and after the phrase.
Section 7 Contrast and foil
Contrast and contrast belong to the rhetorical category of "contrast". "Setting off" refers to a rhetorical device that highlights a main thing with one or more similar or opposite things. What detonated played a secondary role. Its main function is to highlight the main thing or one aspect. Using the opposite is "contrast" and using similar things is "foil". Let's talk about comparison first.
First of all, contrast
Contrast is to set off the main image from the opposite side by using a sub-image that is opposite and different from the main image. Contrast is not only a rhetorical method, but also an artistic expression skill, which is deeply loved by ancient poets and poets because of its vivid and strong expression effect. Often reflected in scenery writing and lyric poetry.
1, the role of contrast
Contrast is a writing technique that sets off the theme with opposing things, thus making the theme more distinct and prominent, such as setting off ugliness with beauty and setting off sadness with joy. Yafu's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" says: "Write mourning with joy, mourn Syaraku, and be happy." It can be seen that if the comparison is used well, it can get twice the result with half the effort.
2, the classification of contrast
In classical poetry, the common contrast methods mainly include dynamic and static contrast, virtual and real contrast, ups and downs of ancient and modern contrast, sadness and joy contrast and so on. Although the methods are different, the expression effect is the same, all in order to increase the expressive force and appeal of poetry.
(1) dynamic and static comparison
The contrast between dynamic and static is either static or dynamic. Set each other off and form a situation. The most famous example is Wang Ji's "Into the Xi":
What's average? Empty water.
The afterglow of the sunset rises from the distant mountains, and the sun shines on the winding water.
The quieter the cicada forest, the quieter Tonamiyama.
This place has given me a hermit's heart. I'm tired of my official career but I'm not retired and sad.
There are five or six sentences in this poem to express the tranquility of the mountain forest. The phrase "cicada singing" is a well-known sentence that has been passed down through the ages, and it is known as "unique outside the text", such as Wang Wei's "leaning on Chai Men, I listen to the cicada singing in the evening wind" and Du Fu's "Spring Mountain is lonely without company, and logging Tintin Mountain is more secluded". They all use sports to contrast the static state, making it more quiet and profound.
Examples of static and dynamic contrast, such as Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains:
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
"Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream" uses the stillness of the bright moon to set off the movement of the clear spring, depicting the fresh and quiet environment of the mountain forest as if it were close at hand, setting off the movement of girls and fishing boats behind. Others, such as Li Bai's "Emei Mountain Moon Song" and "Emei Mountain Half Moon Autumn, shadow into Pingqiang Stream; Liu Zongyuan's "Jiang Xue" shows that there are no birds in hundreds of mountains and no footprints in thousands of paths. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing in the cold Jiang Xue. "These are examples of static lining.
(2) the contrast between virtual and real.
In ancient poetry, emptiness and reality appear relatively. Generally speaking, the virtual is used to compare the real. We generally regard what is not, false, subjective, hidden, future and unknown as virtual. The opposite is true.
For example, Cui Hu's "South Village of Beijing":
Last spring, in this door, the girl's face contrasted with the peach.
Today, I came here again. I don't know where the girl went. Only the peach blossoms are still there, smiling in full bloom in the spring breeze.
By comparing "last year" and "today" in the same place but different people, this paper analyzes the poet's feelings caused by these two different experiences. The cycle is shown in a reciprocating and tortuous way.
Another example is "Where will I wake up from the wine tonight? Yang Liuan Xiaofeng is dying." (Liu Yong's Yulinling) This is an imaginary scene: a boat leaves the shore, and the poet wakes up from his dream, only to see a breeze blowing the rustling willow and a crescent moon hanging high on it.
(3) Comparison between the past and the present.
The contrast between the past and the present is usually the contrast between the past and the present. By comparing the past prosperity with the present decline. In order to form a strong expression effect, giving people the feeling that things are wrong.
For example, Li Yu's Yu Meiren:
When is the spring flower and autumn moon, how much is known about the past. The small building was easterly again last night, and the old country could not bear to look back on the moon. Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them. Ask how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward.
The "jade carving column" in the word "old country" is not in sight, which is a virtual image. The author compares the Jade Carving Column with Zhu Yan, and compares the prosperity of the past with the desolation of the present, and the feeling that things are different arises spontaneously.
Another example is Li Bai's "Visit to Yue Gu": The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home.
Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall. At present, only partridges fly.
The poet showed us two pictures: one is the prosperous scene of the king of Yue returning home in triumph, the soldiers changing into "golden clothes" and the ladies-in-waiting having fun in the palace; The other is a desolate scene, with only a few partridges flying around the old site of the city. The poem contrasts the prosperity of the past with the desolation of today, and through the contrast between the prosperity of the past and the desolation of today, it expresses the sense of impermanence of ups and downs.
(4) the contrast between sadness and happiness
People have a natural appreciation and yearning for beautiful things, and once they encounter something they can't get, they will feel sad.
For example, Yuan Haowen's Linjiang Fairy:
Where are the lotus leaves and lotus flowers? The new autumn by Daming Lake. Red makeup covered with Mulan boat, the characters are more romantic in picturesque scenery. Thousands of miles away, an old friend travels thousands of miles and is lonely for three years. A statue of white wine is a farewell to sadness. Qinqiao started and arrived in Dongzhou in a few days!
This word is reminiscent of swimming in Daming Lake. In the new autumn, the lotus is delicate and charming, and the fields are covered with lotus leaves. Beautiful scenery. No matter how good the scenery is, it is just around the corner, with beautiful scenery to set off and separate deep sadness.
Another example is Li Peng's "Spring with Qin Beard" in the Song Dynasty:
It's raining in Shan Yu, and things in suburban gardens are approaching Qingming.
Flowers greet people with smiling faces, and the name of vegetation is born at will.
I am getting lazy in late spring, and I am afraid that my hip flask will fall.
After a hard sleep, we should recall the past and make friends. You should listen to Xiaoying in the sun.
The first and second couplets write down the beautiful scene of spring: endless spring grass is about to drip, and the spring flowers shining in the eyes are fascinating; How rich the breath of spring is. However, the poet is too old to play, how can he not be sad? The better his performance in the front, the more prominent his depression in the back. Contrast and contrast are similar to some extent, but readers should never treat them equally. Contrast is a method of comparing two opposing things or two different aspects of things together to highlight the characteristics of things or reveal the essence of things. In short, the main image of contrast is intended to "contrast", and the auxiliary image is to highlight the main image; Contrast means that the positive and negative aspects of "comparison" are equal, and there is no distinction between subject and object.
Second, film pasting
The so-called foil, also known as "positive foil", is to use similar scenery or scenery to contrast emotions. To put it bluntly, it is to use good contrast, to use beauty to compare beauty, to use ugliness to compare ugliness, to use sadness to compare sadness, to use joy to compare happiness and so on. For example, Li Bai's "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun". Set off the friendship between Wang Lun and the author with the water of thousands of feet pond. There are the following kinds of foil in poetry:
1, set off sadness with declining scenes.
In poetry, scenes of decline and bleakness are often used to contrast people's sadness and sadness, and the scenery is full of the author's feelings. For example, Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain:
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
In this poem, the first couplet is written that the wind roars in the high sky and the apes keep moaning; It's late autumn, a bird on the background of clear water and white sand, probably because of lack of food. Maybe he separated from the bird and has been hovering in the strong wind. Zhuan Xu wrote that the forest is boundless, the fallen leaves are rustling in the autumn wind, and the Yangtze River is rolling in and gushing. The author writes about the vast and desolate autumn scenery in Kuizhou, which sets off the author's anxiety and loneliness, which is as inexhaustible as fallen leaves and running water. The constant expulsion paves the way for the following author to pay attention to the difficulties of the national movement and the desolation of exile.
2. Set off happiness with beautiful scenery
Beautiful scenery usually gives people a pleasant feeling, and beautiful scenery is often used in poetry to set off a good mood.
For example, Bai Juyi's "Qiantang Spring Tour":
From the north side of Gushan Temple to the west side of Jiating, the lake is just level with the embankment, with low clouds and waves on the lake.
Several early orioles raced to the sunny tree, and their new swallows were carrying mud in their nests.
Colorful spring flowers will gradually fascinate people's eyes, and shallow spring grass can barely cover the horseshoe.
I love the beauty on the east bank of the West Lake, and I can't get enough of it, especially the white sand embankment under the green poplar.
This poem describes the scenery of Qiantang River in early spring. When the West Lake rises, the lake is full of spring water, the sky is full of water, and white clouds are connected with lake waves. The oriole catches the warm trees in the sun and shows her mellow voice. Swallows peck mud and hold grass to build new nests. The West Lake is full of green carpet-like tender grass, and the flat and slender white sand embankment is covered with weeping willows. People ride horses in beautiful spring. At that time, the author worked as a secretariat in Hangzhou and made some achievements that were enough to masturbate. I often visit the West Lake in my spare time. Facing the West Lake in early spring, the author's joy is revealed between the lines. The lively scene of the West Lake sets off the poet's joy from the front.
Step 3 set off the characters with scenery
For example, Cui Hu's titled South Village: On this day last year, in this door, people's faces and peach blossoms set each other off.
Today, I came here again. I don't know where the girl went. Only the peach blossoms are still there, smiling in full bloom in the spring breeze.
This poem sets off the girl's face with the bright colors of peach blossoms. Everyone knows how beautiful the peach blossoms are in the spring breeze, but the "human face" can actually reflect the peach blossoms. The already beautiful "human face" will definitely look more youthful and beautiful against the bright red peach blossoms.
Step 4 set off the scenery with the scenery
For example, Du Fu's "A Night Outside": The breeze rippled on the grass bank, through the night, and blew to my still high mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! . This poem sets off the vastness of Ye Ping with "stars hanging in the distant sky". Use "moonlight surging" to set off the surging river.
5. Set characters against characters
For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia": A romantic figure through the ages, returning to the river on the west side of the base, and humanity is Chibi in the Three Kingdoms of Zhou Lang. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.
Back in Gong Jin, Xiao Qiao was married and handsome, holding a feather fan and wearing a black silk scarf. When he was talking and laughing, he disappeared into the smoke, so he wandered his country, fell in love with Ying Xiao Wo, and was born very early. Life is like a dream, sprinkle a glass of wine to pay tribute to the bright moon on the river.
Writing a beauty like "Xiao Qiao" between the lines is to set off Zhou Yu's brilliance and high spirits and highlight the charm of the characters. This poem also uses the method of contrast, and the description of Zhou Yu's exploits in the middle is intended to compare his later years and inaction.
Section 8 Some Special Rhetoric Methods
The rhetorical devices used in poetry are not only those listed above, but also metonymy, parallelism, rhetorical questions, ellipsis, pun and so on.
First of all, metonymy
Metonymy, as its name implies, is to borrow one thing instead of another. In layman's terms, it is not to directly say the name of the person or thing to be expressed. It is a rhetorical method to borrow something closely related to it instead. What is replaced is called "ontology" and what is replaced is called "borrowing". When ontology does not appear, it is replaced by "borrowing body" Proper use of metonymy can arouse people's association. Make the sentence vivid, distinctive, concise and vivid.
The main ways of metonymy are:
1, features replace ontologies, that is, the names of ontologies are replaced by the features and signs of borrowed objects (people or things).
For example, "Zhumen stinks of wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones" (Du Fu's "Singing 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian"), and "Zhumen" is used to refer to the home of dignitaries. "You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " In Li Qingzhao's dream, leaves and flowers were replaced by green and red.
2, part and whole, that is, with the representative part of things with ontology.
For example, "the green hills on both sides of the strait are opposite, and the lonely sails come from the sun." (Looking at Tianmen Mountain by Li Bai) Among them, a part of the "sail" of the ship is used instead of the ship. "Dust flies and smoke disappears" (Su Shi's "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia" refers to the warships following the noise; "Sadness is in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and thousands of palaces have soil." (Zhang's "Goat Tongguan Nostalgia") Replaced the times with Qin and Han Dynasties.
3. Concrete generation of abstraction.
For example, "We raised our glasses to drink-but, alas, there was no music". (Bai Juyi's Pipa) refers to music with orchestral strings. "Think of that year, the Golden Goma Iron" (Xin Qiji's "Never See You, Happy Jingkou, Gubei Pavilion") refers to the elite troops with the Golden Goma Iron. "When the old man talks about juvenile madness, the left attracts the yellow and the right holds the sky" (Hunting in Mizhou, Jiangchengzi by Su Shi) uses "yellow" and "pale" instead of yellow dog and goshawk.
Second, parallelism.
Parallelism refers to arranging sentences or components with the same or similar structure, consistent tone and related meaning together, but there must be more than three. It can enhance the imposing beauty of language, create the neat beauty of form and create the melodic beauty of articles.
For example, Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", "The old vine is faint and the bridge is flowing. The ancient road is thin, the sun sets, and the heart is broken in the end of the world. " The author juxtaposes the nine images of withered vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges, flowing water, people, ancient roads, west winds and thin horses, which makes the rich autumn colors contain infinite desolation and bitterness. Another example is "buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north" in Mulan Ci. She went to the market to buy war horses and equipment and made all the preparations before going out.
Third, ask questions.
The purpose of writing is to attract others' attention, deliberately ask questions first, and then answer them yourself. Asking questions can remind people to think. In order to highlight some contents, many social modification methods are used in poetry, and some examples are used in poetry: "But who among them cries the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet "; "What can you hear here in the morning and evening? ? The cuckoo bleeds, the ape whimpers. " Of course, there are folk songs and village bagpipes, which are hard to hear when you are dumb and embarrassed "(Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip).
Examples of rhetorical questions used in words are: "Who says there is no shortage of life? Running water in front of the door, you can still go west. " (Su Shi's Huanxisha). "The wine is still open, what's wrong with temples slightly frost? When will Feng Tang be sent to the clouds? (Su Shi is hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou).
Fourth, rhetorical questions.
Rhetorical question means that there is no doubt, and definite meaning is expressed in the form of question, negation in the form of affirmation and affirmation in the form of negation.
For example, "Drunken battlefield does not laugh, and there have been several wars since ancient times" (William Wang Liangzhou Ci; "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be shown with honesty?" (Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu); "Who asked, can Lian Po still eat when he is old?" (Xin Qiji's "Yong Yule Jingkou Gu Beiting Nostalgia"); "If you want to send a multicolored stationery ruler, you will know where the mountains are long and where the water is wide" (Liang Zhu by Yan Shu); "Yellow flowers are all over the ground, withered and damaged. Who can pick it now? " (Li Qingzhao's Slow Voice) and so on.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) negligence
The so-called ellipsis is to delete some common components from the language combination according to the principle of brevity and blank space. Let the works produce touching and unforgettable artistic effects. Sentence ellipsis in poetry mainly omits meaningless sentences such as subject and predicate.
For example. The theme of this poem, "I live in a layered city near Hanyuan, and the moon brings my heart to the sky of Tatar" (Huangfuran's Spring Thoughts), is the wife of a soldier guarding the border. That is, the protagonist of the work, so the subject is omitted here. Another example is "the three towns of Xiyue are white, and the water in the South Lake shines on the long bridge" (Du Fu's Wild Hope), in which "Wan Li Bridge" is the subject, "Nanpu Qingjiang" is the adverbial of place, and the predicate is omitted in the middle.
Sixth, puns
Pun, also known as pun, is intended to make a sentence have double meanings, one meaning this and the other meaning that. Puns are implicit and humorous in language expression. It can also deepen the metaphor and give a deep impression. For example, Jie Jiang's "Yu Meiren Listening to the Rain":
Listening to the rain song upstairs, the red candle is faint. In the prime of life, the boat is listening to the rain, the river is wide and the clouds are low, and the broken geese are called the west wind. Now listening to the rain monk Lu, there are stars on his temples. Sorrow and joy are always ruthless, and will last until dawn before the next step.
"Youth, prime of life, now", the author's life, from top to bottom, from prosperity to decline, is written accurately and vividly. The top, middle and bottom describe the author's life from prosperity to decline, and the deteriorating situation is quite accurate. Others, such as "Rise in the East and Fall in the West, the Tao is ruthless and affectionate" (Liu Yuxi's Zhi Zhu Ci). Among them, the sunny and perceptual homonym shows the interesting and subtle psychology of men and women in hazy love. "Nantang autumn lotus, lotus over the head. Bow your head and get lotus seeds, as clear as water. " "Xizhou Qu" is homophonic because of "lotus" and "pity". "Lotus seed" means "Reiko Kobayakawa" and "green" means "green". It expresses a woman's deep yearning for the man she loves and the purity of love. "When the silkworm dies, the candle cries at night" (Li Shangyin has no title), in which "silk" is homophonic with "silk". The word "tears" is a pun, which clearly refers to candle tears, but implies the tears of acacia.
Today's class is over because of the time. Thank you. Good Night!
20 17-08- 18? Butterfly dance arrangement