the Tang Dynasty
Wang Wei
The rain in the early morning moistened the dust of the land, the inn of the inn, the branches and leaves of the inn, and a new leaf
Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their loved ones when they go out to Yang Guan in the west.
This poem is also called Farewell, Acropolis Song, Yangguan Song and Yangguan Triple. About before the Anshi Rebellion. This is a masterpiece in ancient farewell poems. The first two sentences rise, and the early morning scenery shows "green willow color". Since "I'm gone, and the willow is reluctant to part" in Xiaoya Cai Wei, this is a common image to express farewell in literary works. The following two sentences put deep feelings such as parting, caring and worrying into the behavior of "persuading wine". "there is no reason for the west to leave yangguan." In a word, the place where friends go is strange, and in another word, there are few people there. Three words, since you and my friend left, it's hard to find a bosom friend. In this way, the preciousness of friendship, the helplessness of parting, and the concern of friends are all contained in the cup. As the saying goes, "Farewell is a long-term thing", which is true. Li Dongyang's Poems at the Foothills in the Ming Dynasty said: "When writing a poem, you should not be partial to words, but express your meaning with words. Words can convey meaning, songs can be sung and passed down. Wang Mo's phrase "People in Yangguan have no reason" was unknown before the prosperous Tang Dynasty. When this remark came out, it was not enough for a while, and it was a three-fold song. After the farewell, a thousand words can hardly exceed the meaning. It can be said that it must be. "
This is a poem written by Wang Wei when he sent his friend to the northwest frontier. Anxi, the abbreviation of Anxi Duhu, was established by the central government of the Tang Dynasty to govern the western regions, located in Qiuci City (now Kuqa, Xinjiang). The friend named Yuan went to Anxi on the orders of the imperial court. In the Tang Dynasty, most people who traveled westward from Chang 'an saw them off in Weicheng. Weicheng is the old city of Xianyang, Qin Dou, in the northwest of Chang 'an, on the north bank of Weishui.
Write the time, place and atmosphere of farewell in the first two sentences. In the morning, the Acropolis Guest House extends from east to west, and the postal road has no end. Willow trees surround the guest house and the postal road is on both sides. All this seems to be a common sight, but it is picturesque and picturesque. Yu Chao plays an important role here. The rain didn't last long in the morning, but it stopped as soon as it got wet. On the main road from Chang 'an West, cars and horses usually cross and the dust is flying, but now the rain has suddenly stopped, the weather is fine and the road looks clean and refreshing. The word "light dust" means wet, and it is used in a measured way here, indicating that the rain is clear and the dust is not wet, just right, just like God's will, and a light dust road is specially arranged for people who travel far away. Hostel is originally the companion of travelers; Willow is a symbol of parting. Having chosen these two things, I naturally intend to end my farewell. They are usually associated with sadness and hatred, showing a feeling of ecstasy. However, today, because of a shower of morning rain, there is a clear and fresh look-"the guest house is green and willow is new." On weekdays, the roads are dusty, and the color of willows on the roadside is inevitably shrouded in gray dust and fog. It takes a rain to wash its green color again, so "new" is because of the new willow color, which reflects the green guest house. In a word, from clear skies to clean roads, from green guest houses to green willows, a picture with fresh and clear colors has been formed, which provides a typical natural environment for this farewell. This is a affectionate parting, but it is not a sad parting. Instead, it reveals a light and hopeful mood. Words such as "light dust", "green" and "new" have soft and lively voices, which strengthen readers' feelings.
There are strict restrictions on the length of quatrains. This poem, about how to hold a farewell banquet, how to raise glasses frequently at the banquet, how to say goodbye euphemistically, how to be reluctant to part with it, how to look forward and backward after boarding the ship, etc., was all given up, and only the host's toast was cut at the end of the farewell banquet: if you drink this cup again, you will never see your old friend again when you leave Yangguan. The poet, like a clever photographer, took the most expressive photos. The banquet lasted for a long time, and the wine full of special feelings was drunk too much. The words of polite farewell were repeated many times. The time for friends to go on the road is finally coming, and the feelings of farewell between host and guest have reached its peak at this moment. The toast that the host seems to blurt out is the concentrated expression of the strong and profound farewell feeling at this moment.
Three or four sentences are a whole. If you want to deeply understand the deep feelings contained in this parting exhortation, you can't help but involve "going to the West to get through Yangguan". Yangguan, located at the western end of Hexi Corridor, is opposite to Yumenguan in the north. Since the Han dynasty, it has been the channel for the mainland to go out of the western regions. The national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and there were frequent exchanges between the mainland and the western regions. Joining the army or going to Yangguan is a desirable feat in the eyes of the prosperous Tang people. But at that time, the western part of Yangguan was still poor and barren, and the scenery was very different from that of the mainland. Although it is a feat, my friend's "going out to the west" can't help but go through the long March and prepare for the hardships and loneliness of going alone. Therefore, when he left, "advise you to drink more wine" was like a cup of nectar full of rich emotions, which soaked all the rich and profound friendship of the poet. There are feelings of parting, deep consideration of the traveler's situation and mood, and cordial wishes for cherishing the road ahead. For the farewell party, persuading the other party to "have more drinks" is not only to let friends take away more friendship, but also to delay the breakup intentionally or unintentionally and let the other party stay for a moment. Does the feeling of "going out of Xiyangguan for no reason" belong only to walkers? Parting, I have a lot to say, but I don't know where to start at the moment. On this occasion, there is often silence. "Advise you to drink more wine" is a way to unconsciously break this silence and express the rich and complicated feelings at the moment. What the poet has not said is much richer than what he has said. In short, although three or four sentences are only moments, they are extremely rich moments.
This poem describes the most common parting. It has no special background, but it has its own deep feelings of farewell, which is suitable for most people to sing outside the banquet. Later, it was compiled into Yuefu and became the most widely circulated and longest-lasting song.
2. Chai Lu
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard.
The shadow of the sunset shone into the depths of the forest, and the scenery on the moss was pleasant.
This is the fourth of Wang Wei's twenty poems, a masterpiece of landscape poetry in his later period. Chai Lu (Village) is the place name of Wangchuan.
This poem depicts the quiet scenery of empty mountains and deep forests near Chai Lu in the evening. The first sentence, "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain", first describes the empty mountain positively. Wang Wei seems to like to use the word "empty mountain" especially, but in different poems, the realm it expresses is different. After the rain, the mountains are empty, and the autumn colors stand at dusk ("Mountain in Autumn Night") focuses on the clean autumn mountains after the rain: "People are idle and sweet-scented osmanthus falls, and the night sky in spring mountains" ("Bird Watching Creek") focuses on the quiet spring mountains at night; There seems to be no one on the empty mountain. On the other hand, it focuses on the emptiness and tranquility of the mountain. Because no one went to see it, this vacuum-free mountain seemed empty to the poet, just like the earth in ancient times. "Seeing no one" embodies the meaning of "empty mountain".
If you only look at the first sentence, you may feel normal, but it is unexpected that "there seems to be no one on the empty mountain" is followed by "but I think I heard a voice" The word "but smell" is quite interesting. Under normal circumstances, although the silent empty mountain "does not see people", it is not silent. The chirping of birds, the chirping of insects, the rustling of the wind and the gurgling of water are intertwined, and the sounds of nature are actually very colorful. Now, however, all this is silent, except for occasional sounds, but no one is there (because the mountains are deep and the forests are dense). This "human voice" seems to break the "silence" In fact, it is a partial and temporary "ring", which reflects the overall and long-term emptiness. The more empty the valley, the more empty it is; The more people talk in an empty mountain, the lonelier they are. After the voice sounded, the empty mountain returned to the realm of silence; And because people's voices sounded just now, the sense of emptiness at this time is more prominent.
Describe the empty mountains from the above three or four sentences and then describe the deep mountains and forests, from sound to color. The depths of the forest are already dark, and the moss under the trees in the forest highlights the lack of sunshine in the depths of the forest. Although silence and darkness are related to hearing and vision respectively, they often belong to the same category in people's general impression, so silence and tranquility are often linked. According to Nature, when writing about the darkness in the deep forest, we should focus on describing that it can't see the sun, but these two sentences are specially written into the deep forest and reflected on the moss. At first glance, you will feel that this oblique glow brings a ray of light to the dark forest, a little warmth to the moss in the forest, or a little business to the whole forest. However, if you appreciate it carefully, you will feel that the author's subjective intention and the objective effect of the work are just the opposite. Blind darkness sometimes makes people unaware of its darkness, but when a touch of afterglow shines into the dark forest, mottled tree shadows are reflected on the moss under the tree, and the sharp contrast between that small piece of light and shadow and the boundless darkness makes the darkness in the forest more prominent. In particular, this kind of "dead light" is not only weak, but also short-lived. After a touch of afterglow disappears in an instant, it is followed by a long darkness. If we say a word or two, there is a sound contrast between silence and silence; Then three or four sentences are about fighting darkness with light. The whole poem is like adding a little warm color to most cool pictures, which makes the impression of cool color more prominent.
Static beauty and magnificence are two types of beauty in nature, and there is no distinction between elegance and lightness. However, the quietness is almost ethereal, and the seclusion is slightly cold, which shows the unhealthy side of the author's aesthetic taste. Similarly, the writing about "empty mountain" also focuses on the expression of quiet beauty. Autumn Night in a Mountain is brightly colored, and there is a peaceful and quiet atmosphere floating in the quiet tone, which contains lively vitality; Although Bird Song Jian describes the tranquility of Spring Mountain, the overall artistic conception is not deserted and ethereal. The clear glow of the moon, the fragrance of osmanthus and the singing of mountain birds all have the breath of spring and the tranquility of the night. However, Chai Lu is inevitably cold and empty, although it is not lonely.
Wang Wei is a poet, painter and musician. This poem embodies the combination of poetry, painting and music. Silent, dark and dark, it is easy for ordinary people to perceive; But silence with sound and darkness with light are less noticed. It is precisely because the poet's unique painter and musician are sensitive to color and sound that he grasped the unique quiet realm at the moment when the voice of the empty mountain man sounded and the deep forest saw the light again. This sensitivity is inseparable from his careful observation and concentration on nature.
say goodbye to
Seeing friends off in the mountains, Chai Men is half hidden at sunset.
Spring grass will grow green next year, my friend, will you come back?
This is a poem to send a friend into seclusion. On the surface, the sentence is dull, but in fact it is thin and tasteless, but the text is simple and profound. The first two sentences of the poem narrate and write the farewell wine, which leads to the following questions. Three or four sentences explain the reason why friends quit the race-"unsuccessful". Five or six sentences are comfort to friends, envy of seclusion, and denial of fame and wealth.
The whole poem is about seclusion, so as to belittle fame and express feelings of intoxicated white clouds and self-pursuit. The charm of the last two sentences of the poem suddenly increased, full of poetry, envy and infinite emotion.
This poem is written to send a friend to retire. A seemingly prosaic sentence, when read carefully, is simple, affectionate and meaningful.
I got off the horse, poured you wine and asked where you were going and why. The first narrative. "Drink" is causative usage, which means "make" ... drink ". Saying goodbye to wine at the beginning is the key. The second sentence, ask where you are going. This leads to the following answer, as well as the transition of writing seclusion. This simple question shows the author's deep affection for his friends. The feelings of the farewell party permeated between the lines from the beginning.
You replied: "I am not satisfied", and I will rest at the foot of Nanshan. The word "dissatisfied" is obviously meaningful. It not only explains the reason why a friend quit the game, but also shows his frustration and dissatisfaction; At the same time, it also expresses the poet's own resentment against reality from the side. These three words are a key to understand the theme of this poem. When the poet learned that his friend was "dissatisfied", he comforted him and said, "But don't ask questions, the white clouds pass by without end." Go on, I won't ask any more questions. In fact, why should we think of setbacks? There is always an end to fame and fortune in the world, only the endless white clouds in the mountains are enough for your entertainment. These two sentences show the author's complex thoughts and feelings: both comforting his friends and praising his seclusion; There is both a denial of human glory and a feeling of helplessness. In connection with the word "dissatisfaction", it seems that the most important thing in these two poems is sympathy for friends, which contains the poet's own anger at reality, which is also the conception and theme of this poem. From the perspective of writing, the first four sentences are relatively dull and seem to have little meaning. At this point, the two sentences are over, full of poetry, with a sudden increase in charm and infinite insights. Of course, these two sentences did not fall from the sky, but developed from four words that seemed unremarkable at first glance. Without the first four sentences as a foreshadowing, the ending of these two sentences would not give people such a strong feeling of "silence" (in Xie Zhen).
4. An autumn night in the mountains
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
This poem describes a fresh, quiet, tranquil and beautiful autumn evening scenery in a mountainous area. Wangchuan Villa, where Wang Wei lives, is located at the foot of Zhong Nanshan Mountain, so it is called Mountain Residence. After an autumn rain, the autumn mountain is fresh and pleasant. It's near dusk, the sun sets and the moon rises, the pine forest is quiet and the stream is clear, the happy girl returns and the fishing boat follows. Such a beautiful autumn scenery and elegant taste can make the prince and grandson linger and get carried away. This poem begins with the word "empty", which is elegant and smart, and sets an ethereal and clear tone for the whole poem. The whole poem is dynamic and static, which complement each other. On a moonlit night, the pine forest is still, while the clear spring overflows. The first four sentences are about the quietness of autumn scenery, and five or six sentences are about the noise of female fishing boats. The fourth part of the poem is feeling, sight, hearing and feeling, which is interesting because of the image and emotional because of the situation. It is also worth noting that ancient literati often used clear autumn to express their sadness, and this poem is a work that likes autumn. Guo Yun: "The color rhyme is absolutely clear." Interpretation of Tang poetry: "Elegant and interesting." The moment of Tang poetry: "You Chengben entered from the beauty of work, but eventually it was dull, so it came naturally." For a detailed explanation of Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty, Wang Yunyiyun said, "Write the scenery of a deep mountain autumn night first, and then talk about things, instead of being an official."
This famous landscape painting embodies the poet's noble feelings and pursuit of the ideal realm in poetry and painting. The two couplets in the middle of the poem are all about scenery, but each has its own emphasis. Zhuan Xu re-writes, fragrant and clear; Neck ties focus on writing people and hope for political communication with people. At the same time, the two complement each other. Spring water, pine, bamboo and purple can be said to be a portrayal of the poet's noble sentiment and an ideal environment for the poet.
Since the poet is so noble, and he found a satisfactory paradise in that seemingly "empty mountain", he couldn't help saying, "My friend's prince, spring has passed, and you are still here. What does it matter? ! "The original" Songs of the South Calling Hermits "said:" When the king returns, he can't stay in the mountains for a long time! " The poet's experience is just the opposite. He felt that "in the mountains" was better than "in the DPRK", clean and simple, and he could stay away from officialdom and lead a totally clean life, so he decided to retire.
An important artistic technique of this poem is to express the poet's personality beauty and an ideal social beauty with natural beauty. On the surface, this poem only uses the method of "Fu" to shape mountains and rivers, and gives a detailed and touching description of the scenery. Actually, it's full of comparisons. The poet expresses his ambition through the description of the scenery, which is rich in content and intriguing.
5 Answer Deputy Magistrate Zhang
With the passage of time, please give me peace and get rid of all kinds of things.
I think that there is no brilliant strategy to serve the country, only to retire to the mountains and forests.
Wide wind, the wind in the shade, the moon shining on the right to play the piano.
It makes sense to ask the poor. Listen, there are fishermen singing on the lake! .
"The passage of time only gives me peace and freedom in everything" refers to them in their later years, who are quiet and indifferent to everything. At first glance, their attitude towards life is extremely negative, but it is superficial. After careful reasoning, the word "Wei" in Hao Weijing is full of articles. Although Wang Wei was an official in Beijing at this time, he was completely disappointed with state affairs and began to live a semi-official and semi-secluded life. "The passage of time has given me nothing but peace and freedom from everything" is a true portrayal of his heart at this time.
"I ask myself and answer myself" is a reflection of his ideological contradictions and anguish. On the surface, he said he was incompetent, but in his bones, he contained resentment. Where is the way out? It is natural for such upright and weak feudal intellectuals to be influenced by Buddhism for a long time, jump out of the circle of right and wrong and return to the old garden for seclusion. "What could be better than going home?" If the ideal fails, what are the benefits of seclusion? However, it has to be. Beneath his quiet appearance, the pain and emotion hidden in his heart are still discernible.
Then, why does Wang Wei affirm and appreciate the secluded life and leisure interest of "the wind blows me and the pipa shines with the mountains and the moon"? Connecting with the above analysis, we can realize that this is actually a manifestation of his pursuit of spiritual liberation in depression. It not only contains negative factors, but also has the meaning of contrast with official life, implying disgust and denial of official life.
How comfortable it is to get rid of all kinds of pressures of real politics, open your heart to the breeze blowing from the pine forest, and sit alone in the mountains and play the piano under the bright moon, free and carefree! "Pine wind" and "mountain moon" both contain noble meanings. Wang Wei pursues this secluded life and leisure, saying that he is escaping from reality or drugging himself. Anyway, it's better than going with the flow, right? The first four sentences, after expressing my heart, capture two typical details of my seclusion life to describe it, presenting vivid images, which make the pine wind and mountains and the moon appear sensible, the feelings and scenery blend together, the meaning and the environment blend together, and the subjective and objective blend together, greatly enhancing the image of the poem. From the artistic skills of writing poetry, it is also very clever.
Finally, "you ask me good or bad luck? Listen, there is a fisherman singing on the lake! " Back to the topic, I took care of the word "reward" in the form of questions and answers; At the same time, it is also wonderful to answer or not: do you want to ask the truth about poverty? I want to die in the depths of the river with a fishing song. The last sentence of the poem also vaguely draws a picture, which is implicit and full of charm, chewy and thought-provoking. This is such a wonderful knot.