Ji Ma moved Yan rhinoceros to the ground, buried red powder and turned it into ashes.
If the king can pour out the country, what can he do if he doesn't cut
Ji Ma moved Yan rhinoceros to the ground, buried red powder and turned it into ashes.
If the king can pour out the country, what can he do if he doesn't cut it?
In vain, I heard the legend that overseas Kyushu, the afterlife is unpredictable, and this life will not stop.
When they heard the guards guarding them, they fought swords at night, and there were no more chickens in the palace.
The Sixth Army has agreed that they will all be stationed in Malaysia. On the old Qixi Festival, we also laughed at the Weaver Girl.
How did I spend the fourth period? I was an emperor, but not a son-in-law. I was with Mochow at night.
In human history, women are probably an eternal mystery. She is not only a symbol of warmth, beauty and kindness, but also the embodiment of temptation, sin and depravity. In some people's eyes, she is a sunny orange holy land, a green swamp surrounded by morning fog; It is a pure and beautiful god, and it is also a demon that confuses people and reverses the country. Although men sing a hymn of "eternal women lead us to soar" (Goethe's Faust), most women, especially stunning women, can't escape the tragic fate of men. Yang Yuhuan, the imperial concubine in the heyday of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, had a short life, only 38 years old, and she was a stunning beauty, national subjugation and enchanting fairy. During the Anshi Rebellion, due to the war drums in the Central Plains, she assumed all the social responsibilities caused by Xuanzong in his later years in Tianbao era. Under the pear tree in front of Maweipo Buddhist Temple, she accepted the most cruel and natural reward given to her by Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty-a bunch of white silk to send her to the loess. Since then, the Tang Dynasty has finally completed the historical turning point from prosperity to decline. Ma Xiepo also left a humiliating soul, which became the focus of history and future generations with the palace life, social politics and confusing fairy tales in Tianbao era. For hundreds of years, Yang Yuhuan's tears, like the cold spring rain year after year, have spread all over the swaying branches of pear trees and dried the lotus blood under the pear trees, but they can never wash away their stains; Yang Yuhuan's soul has already broken away from the white handkerchief hanging on her body, but it is hard to break away from the shackles of guilt. Among them, there are many people of insight who are fair, and Li Shangyin's Two Poems of Ma Wei is his masterpiece.
The first poem in Two Poems of Ma Wei is a four-line poem. The first sentence refers to the fact that An Lushan led more than 100,000 troops from Youzhou to the Central Plains, and the Anshi Rebellion broke out, which is what Bai Juyi said, "Until the drums beat, Yuyang exploded and the earth shook" (Song of Eternal Sorrow). In Ji Ma, the war horse was born in the north, and Zuozhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong for four years: "The land in the north is where the horse was born." "Swallow the rhinoceros", that is, the rhinoceros leather armor of Yandi real estate ("Biography of Cai Yong in the Later Han Dynasty"): "You were born in the old land." All this shows that the Anshi Rebellion was excellent in war horses, strong in armor, huge in momentum, earth-shattering, and shocked the whole country. The Tang dynasty was in jeopardy, and the emperor had to flee hastily. All this has led to the tragedy of Ma Su's "soldiers in the army, who are motionless until they step on the moths' eyebrows under the horseshoe" (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow). Yang Yuhuan sells jade, and red powder supports the ground. These are all caused by Tang Xuanzong's abandonment of loyalty and loyalty, uprooting his henchmen, and successively reusing Li, Yang and An Lushan, and indulging in debauchery. The moral of "self-care is self-destruction" is self-suffering. The word "zi" is clever and subtle, not weak. Yang Guifei's death was caused by himself; He fled hastily, and the loss of the throne was his own making. Isn't it? As an emperor, if he had known that infatuation with beautiful women would lead to national subjugation, there would be no Anshi Rebellion and Yang Guifei's tragic ending of "ruining her beauty". The last two sentences make fun of the rhetorical question and tell the essence of the problem.
"Dumping the country" originally meant overthrowing the country. Yan Zichun's Business in Qiu Jian: "This is the way to quit the party and pour out the country, and the child dare not accept it." Later, dumping the country also refers to beauty or describes women as extremely beautiful. According to Hanshu consorts biography Li Furen:
The waiter danced and sang, "there are beautiful women in the north, and they are independent." They care about the city, then the country. I'd rather not know the whole city and country, and it's hard to get another beauty. "
Although this poem by Li Yannian has no aesthetic value, it has a great influence. It is said that beauty is the bane of destroying the country, and that beauty is equal to falling in love with the country. However, what about countries? Beauty comes once in a blue moon, so eat, drink and be merry. For many years, this not only refers to beauty, but also says that beauty is the source of disaster for the country and the people. The word "America laguna" with double meanings has not only failed to alert the men of later generations, but also left many "beauties". In the eyes of men in feudal society, there is no doubt that women are the bane of "falling in love with the country". Please listen to the inspiring words of these great men: "Life is confusing, death is confusing, and beautiful things are confusing and unforgettable. If people are ruthless, it is better not to meet the beauty of the city. " (Bai Juyi's Li Furen) "There is a stunner, which is ordered by heaven. If you don't demonize her body, she will demonize others. ..... In the past, Yin Zhixin and Zhou Zhiyou, according to the country of Wancheng, had a very strong momentum. However, a woman defeated her, shattered her people and slaughtered her body. So far, she has been laughing at the world. The virtue she gives is not enough to overcome enchanting, but patience. " (Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying) But which man, especially the one in power, accepted this truth? At least, Tang Xuanzong did not accept it. If he had accepted it, Ma Wei's tragedy would not have happened, or his "jade" would not have passed Ma Wei at all.
This seven-line poem is implicit, ironic and unobtrusive, euphemistic without losing the sense of strength. Zhang Caitian once commented: "The conclusion of the sentence is that backstabbing hurts people, and the word' self' is sad. Spoiling is actually harmful. The pen twists and turns, and the alarm is not normal. Do you think it is ok to go straight? " (Notes on Li Yishan's Poems in Yuxi Chronicle) Yang Yuhuan was not killed by Tang Xuanzong himself, but Tang Xuanzong's love actually hurt her. Qu Zhi satirized Tang Xuanzong's infatuation with women, called for chaos, and even fled to Sichuan.
After four poems, the poet is still unfinished. It seems that he wrote the last seven verses before he finished writing some words. This seven-melody, with its unique meaning and technique, has become a famous poem in Tang poetry.
If the first seven sentences are written in the order of things, then the first seven sentences are written in reverse order, and the situation of Xuanzong after Ma Su is written at the beginning. After the Anshi Rebellion, Xuanzong, who abdicated, returned to Chang 'an and learned a lesson. He remembered Yang Yuhuan in the soil along Maweipo and buried it below. Perhaps it is caused by emotional dreaminess; Maybe he listened to folk rumors. One day, he suddenly heard out of thin air that there are nine areas as big as Chixian and Shenzhou overseas. "Kyushu", according to "Historical Records and Biography of Zou Yan": "Those who think that Confucianism is called China are eighty-one in the world. China is called Chixian Shenzhou, and Chixian Shenzhou has its own Kyushu. Outside China, such as Chixian Shenzhou, it is called Kyushu. " This is the theory of "Nine States" founded by Zou Yan, a yin-yang and five-element scholar in the Warring States Period. In the poem, "Overseas Kyushu" refers to the land of immortals, and it is said that Yang Yuhuan is there. In the Tang Dynasty, Chen Hong's Biography of Eternal Sorrow and Bai Juyi's Eternal Sorrow both wrote this process. Bai Juyi once described in Song of Eternal Sorrow:
Then he heard a story about a magical island at sea, which is part of the invisible world.
There are pavilions in the five-color sky, and exquisite immortals walk back and forth.
And one of them, they call it forever true, has a face like her snow and flowers.
………
Here, Yang Yuhuan and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty met with him again, and they were affectionate. However, after all, fairy tales are illusory and hard to rely on, which can not bring comfort to the lonely emperor at all, but increase the painful thoughts. About being born for him, that's just empty talk. What about the afterlife? It is still unknown, but their love in this life is obviously over. According to Chen Hong's Song of Eternal Sorrow, when the alchemist of Shu found Yang Yuhuan in Xianshan and told Xuanzong her thoughts, he saw:
Jade princess stood at a loss, thoughtful, Xu said: "I spent the summer in Lishan Palace for the past ten years. In autumn and July, Penny Weaver met for almost half a night, and she served alone. Because of her affection for Niunv, she vowed to be husband and wife all her life.
All vows are in vain, and there is no future kingdom of heaven. His love is immeasurable, but everything in this life is over. In other words, lovers can't keep their love in this life, let alone in the next life. Slight satire and thin ridicule warn people and point the finger at the supreme ruler-the emperor. As Yuan commented in "The Seven-character Law of Notes on Tang Poems in Quanshan Mansion":
The emperor longed for the imperial concubine and drowned in the alchemist's theory of making pots, thinking that although this life has passed, he can still hope for the afterlife, which is stupid. Therefore, poetry is specially used for the beginning, and the alchemist's words are also false. If he is still alive, why should he go to bed early in his life? I don't know how much these comments remind the world.
The sentence "He was born before he died" is really true. The language is kind and elegant. Although there is no need to complain about tears, the listener feels sad.
"This life is a rest" is a foregone conclusion. Not only love is a rest, but even people are buried alone in the loess under Mawei slope. Every time I think about this, I recall the terrible scene of Ma Wei's night: at that time, only the sergeant who accompanied me sounded the alarm at night, and the "chicken man" was no longer heard in the palace. "Tiger Brigade" refers to Xuanzong, the imperial army who entered Shu. "Night banger" is a banger that gives an alarm when patrolling at night. These, in Xuanzong's heart, are dull pains. It was these imperial guards who launched the rebellion, which directly led to Yang Fei's death. "Chicken Man", the guardian in charge of telling the time in the palace. In ancient times, there were no chickens in the palace, and guards who stayed up late at night waited outside the palace gate. When the chickens crow, they announce the dawn to the palace. Zhu Feng quoted the cloud in the Notes on the Records of Guan Bai in the Later Han Dynasty: "Cai Zhiyi said,' There are no chickens in the palace, but chickens crow in Runan'. The guards are waiting outside the Suzaku Gate, and the cock crows in the palace. " The two poems are dull and sad, and "Kong Wen" is followed by "no reply", which proves that the heavily guarded and luxurious life of the imperial concubine is gone forever. One is buried underground, "the dust is fragrant" (Zhang Hu's Maweipo); The undercurrent of tears, "he will extend the wick to its end and still never fall asleep." Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow. "Today's Return to the Allure" (Qujiang by Li Shangyin), after madness, everything became cold and desolate.
However, the cruel scene will never be forgotten. I don't want to recall, but it's hard to erase. On the same day (June 14th, 15th year of Tianbao), the imperial guards stopped their horses and refused to go west. Finally, the change of ponytail happened. There was nothing I could do at that time, but I shuddered when I thought about it later. Also, when Chinese Valentine's Day (referring to the night of July 7th, the tenth year of Tianbao) and Yang Fei were deeply attached to each other, they made a vow to be husband and wife for life, thinking that the cowherd and the weaver girl in the sky could only meet once a year, so they could be together forever. Although these two poems describe world events, they are extremely casual, and their jokes reveal a serious meaning. The contrast between "then" and "today" is full of irony. At that time, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and his beloved concubine swore in a low voice that they could be together forever, but they didn't know the consequences that led to the stationing of the Sixth Army in Malaysia and where you would go today. Because you did something before, you did something later. The result of "Today, the six armies are stationed in Malaysia together" is precisely because of "laughing at cows on Tanabata at that time", that is, the reason why you are infatuated with women and abandoned state affairs, or that your old emperor deserves it. Jin Shengtan, a cultural legend in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, fully understood this point. He said in the fifth volume of Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty:
The words "Six Armies", "Chinese Valentine's Day", "Ma Zhu" and "Petunia" need not be carved, so they are easily combined. At that time, Chen Yuanli's invitation to Kan Kan and the secret oath of the Palace of Eternal Life were hastily pressed together, so they were hastily ignored, and they were written like children's wooden horses and ghosts, which were both ridiculous and pitiful.
The poet uses a pen casually, but it is a thousand words, such as a gentle word "smile", in which the bitterness, sweetness and bitterness are all in it, which can be described as the pen that carries the tripod.
The postscript of the poem summarizes the first six sentences on the basis of laughing and cursing in front, and with strong contrast, it sends out a cold question: why can't an emperor keep his concubine after more than 40 years, but he is not as good as a folk couple? According to Jupiter's twelve-year cycle, Xuanzong reigned for forty-five years (7 12-756), nearly four years. He is the longest-lived emperor in the history of China, but his favorite concubine is not as good as a civilian woman Mochow. Mochow was a Luoyang woman in ancient legend, and it was recorded as a Shicheng woman. Yuefu Poems in Southern Dynasties Volume 85
Liang Wudi's Song of the River says:
The river flows eastward, and the daughter of Luoyang is named Mochow.
Mochow could weave beautiful flowers at the age of thirteen and pick mulberry heads at the age of fourteen.
Fifteen married Lu Lang, sixteen born Hou Zi.
Lujia Lanfang is a beam with turmeric and storax in it.
Li Shangyin also mentioned this Mo Chounv more than once in his poems: "If you don't report the morning guests, you will get a new beauty." ("Fuping Shaohou") "The guest wins Pan Yue, and now it will be Mochow. You should leave half a flame and look back. " "If there is no boat in Shicheng, Mochow will have her own troubles." (Mochow) Comparing noble concubines with ordinary women is a poet's irony and a potential psychology of the parties. Xingping dissolute, no matter how to also won't give birth to this idea; This is a sad moment of death, and this idea will surely come to mind. Thirty Rhymes of Huaqing Palace, the second volume of Fan Chuan's Collected Works, a rare book of Liaoning Provincial Library, once quoted a passage from Han Zhai Ming Tan and Xuanzong Shi Lu, which recorded Yang Yuhuan's death in detail, including a cloud:
The imperial concubine cried and said, "My family is rich and has poured all over the world. Why should I hate it when I die?" Suo Chaofu met the emperor and said, "God, can't you protect a woman and let her live?" Family and male and female servants, nothing! Besides, I live in the deep palace, and your majesty has never been at fault, but I know nothing about my family! "The emperor said," Ten thousand mouths and one word are unbreakable ... "The concubine said," It turns out that the emperor sent my concubine several steps, so I don't regret her death. "Lead me around, the emperor sent. If you can't take a step, if you turn around nine times, the emperor will pay the bill in tears. Holding concubines around, passing through the army. ……
An unwilling and helpless modality. In a word: "God's respect can't protect a woman's life!" Shouted out her full of resentment, which was enough to shock and shame Xuanzong. This life's hatred can't compare with the folk "Mochow". Li Shangyin's poems, from the perspective of a bystander, calmly and fairly spoke a sentence that Tang Xuanzong had something on his mind but didn't want to say, but Yang Yuhuan had to say before he died. If she knew something underground, she would appreciate Li Shangyin's way of sorting out responsibility and right and wrong.
Maweipo tragedy is a great event in the history of China. Although the incident itself has many complicated factors, later generations always focus on Yang Yuhuan, as if she were the representative of the turning point in China's history. Seeking truth from facts, Yang Yuhuan is just a natural beauty, intelligent and versatile beauty; From dancing in clothes to the sad story of "they may trample on those moths until their hooves", it only belongs to the category of being immersed in love for children. But it was this beautiful woman's private affair that later became the biggest and widest topic in China's literary creation, which is really an incomprehensible phenomenon. Judging from a large number of existing historical materials, as soon as the Anshi Rebellion subsided, the legend of Li Longji and the legacy of Yang Yuhuan were widely circulated and entered the poet's pen. Maweipo, a small place that was unknown before, appeared frequently and conveniently in the discourse of poetic countries, and Yang Yuhuan has since become the aesthetic object of many poets.
The attitudes of the Tang people towards Yang Yuhuan in their poems are different, contradictory and contradictory. Some people condemned and lashed her, thinking that she was the chief culprit of the Anshi Rebellion: "I don't know the decline of Yan Xia, but I criticize myself." (Du Fu's "Northern Expedition") "The military family is fortunate, and the emperor gives up the demon Ji." (Liu Yuxi's "Ma Wei Xing") Someone cried foul: "The Hanjiang River is like a cloud, and if you don't say it, you will blame it. I ask you not to wash lotus blood again, leaving a thousand-year-old concubine tears. " (Li Yi's Crossing the Horse) "Where are Zhang Jun's brothers now? It was Yang Fei who died. " (Xu Yin's Ma Wei) Some people not only blame Yang Yuhuan, but also blame Tang Xuanzong for the Anshi rebellion, such as Li Shangyin's Two Poems of Ma Wei. In fact, Tang Xuanzong's infatuation with women is a matter of his personal life. Which emperor in history is not like this? Didn't Liu Bang, Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin do the same? The most important thing is his political problems. In his later years, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty refused loyalty, uprooted traitors, neglected state affairs and was self-righteous. As a stunning beauty, Yang Yuhuan has been in the position of being played. Even in the reputation of "Zhaoyang Yan Fei", it is just a "flower of regret" in Xuanzong's hands. Because Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was decadent and extravagant, it led to the Anshi rebellion. However, when the troops stopped, none of them would stir, and Yang Yuhuan took full responsibility. The official history "The Biography of Xuanzong in the New Tang Dynasty" boasted: "From Gaozu to Zhongzong, for decades, it was suffered by women, and Xuanzong was defeated by women." "Alas, women are the catastrophe of others!" What logic is this! No wonder Mr. Lu Xun said in "Lace Literature, Women Should Not Lie More":
For example, about Yang Fei, the literati after Lushan Uprising told a big lie. Xuanzong is at large, but it is because she has done many bad things. ..... Women have spent too long apologizing for themselves and men.
In "Dan Jieting Essays Ah Kin":
I never believed that Zhao Jun could protect Han when he left the village, and Mulan could protect Sui when she joined the army. I don't believe that in the Tang Dynasty, da ji died in Yin, his teacher died in Wu, and there was chaos. I thought that in a patriarchal society, women would never have such great power, and the responsibility for rise and fall should be borne by men. But male writers have always blamed their depravity on women, and they are really worthless men.
Lu Xun's words are quite insightful. However, although many people think that it is absurd that women bring disasters to the country, it is really hard to understand that it is the taste of China-the mystery of China's philosophy to let a woman who is not in politics bear the biggest political burden of a certain era.
"Two Poems of Ma Wei" is radical in thought, self-inflicted, showing the ideological tendency of justice and progress, winning the praise of later generations, and is also quite distinctive in art.
Both poems are about Ma Su, the first one is the seven laws, and the second one is the seven laws, which show the same intention and basic layout. The first two sentences, the last two sentences, the first six sentences and the last two sentences of the seven verses are all cold questions at the end, which are surprising and memorable. The seven unique words are sparse, and there is profound meaning in the light; In the process of going back and forth, the seven methods strengthened the narrative of "that year" and the Ma Wei mutiny and recited it repeatedly. The two poems sing the same thing, but the brushwork is different, the weight is appropriate, and the density alternates, giving people different aesthetic enjoyment.
Seven Laws is a famous poem in Tang Dynasty, full of vigilance and originality. In order, flashbacks are completely adopted. First, after the death of Yang Fei, Xuanzong sent people to summon souls. Then, it traces the change of Ma Su's camp, and then reveals the cause of the disaster. The structure is changeable, the technique is novel, the thinking is euphemistic and the twists and turns are clear. A series of events, such as "Tiger Brigade" and "Chicken Man", only cite one or two unique events to hint and explain. On the duality of couplets, the poet is also very planned and original. Not only the sentence is correct, but also the phrase is correct. Such as Night Dance, Chou Xiao, Six Armies, Tanabata, Standing on a Horse, Petunia, Today, At that Time, Tiger Brigade and Chicken Man. And every word is paired, such as Xiao and Xiao, Bang and Chip, Six and Seven, Stay and Lead, Tiger and Chicken, Horse and Cattle. This duality is really rare.
The whole poem has subtle meanings, so it is difficult to read one of them. Hu Ceng explained the tetralogy of this metrical poem in Interpretation of Tang Poetry:
Its significance has two layers: in a word, the Qixi Festival in Mount Li and the ponytail night in this year were all nights, when needles were necessarily used for cleverness, and there were many quiet things, that is, chickens could not help walking at night, and they were all melodious. Today, it is said that the tiger is walking, and the chicken people are boundless. Adding another layer, it is said that the imperial concubine is dead, and then she becomes faint with rhubarb. He was frightened by the trip to the tiger. He never knew the dawn of the chicken. There were always chickens to raise and he couldn't sleep at night. This confirms that the spirit of the word "Hugh" can fly. The use of "tiger team" also brings the meaning of Wei Yugui's princess. "This day" refers to the day when there are tigers but no chickens. The Sixth Army stationed in Malaysia forced Yu Ji to death, but stopped the Sixth Army stationed in Malaysia with two-part allegorical sayings. "At that time" refers to Chinese Valentine's Day in Shu. According to the imperial concubine, she died on June 14th, the 15th year of Tianbao, which is very close to Qixi. In this century, Ming Taizu crossed Bai Ji at the beginning of July, and Tanabata was between Baoning in Hanzhong. The Tanabata of that year was very different and sparse, and it was also given the "Rain Song". Therefore, on this Tanabata, the Japanese will smile at the Cowherd and swear to life and death. Why don't you go with Vega today? At that time, the word "at that time" was pressed tightly, as if it were broadcasting, moving and extremely evil. I was so grateful that I didn't feel anything. If "at that time" is taken as the night of swearing-in, the word "smile" is meaningless and makes the whole sentence meaningless.
Hu's solution is different from others, but it is reasonable. This is the endless meaning given by the image of "mountains and rivers, mixed trees and clouds" (Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long Search).