Appreciating the expressive skills of prose works mainly refers to: first, the writer's skills in using expressive methods and stylistic knowledge; The second is the use of rhetorical devices and other related writing skills. In recent years, the college entrance examination, the examination form of this test center is "What expression skills are used in this paper and what is its function?"
Knowledge Reserve: Expression Skills and Functions of Prose
(1) means of expression: The common means of expression in prose are narration, description, discussion and lyricism.
1. Narrator:
(1) Narrator: Prose narrators often use the first person and the second person, sometimes alternately. For example, the first person "I" is used in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, and the expression effect of the first person in the prose is basically the same as that in the novel, but the "I" in the prose refers to the author himself. It is very common to use the second person address in prose. The expression effect of the second person address: it calls for lyricism, has the effect of dialogue, facilitates emotional communication, enhances the lyricism and intimacy of the article, and often produces anthropomorphic effect. It can be aimed at a person's use, the change of person in writing, or the change of title.
The effect of personal expression is as follows:
The first person-the narration is kind and natural, which is convenient for direct lyric, and can freely express thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling.
The second person said-calling for lyricism, facilitating emotional communication and enhancing the lyricism and intimacy of the article.
Third person-can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and flexibly and freely reflect reality.
(2) Detailed narration: Narration should focus on the center, and detailed writing is not written casually. It often highlights details, pays attention to rendering and contrast, and uses more elaborate techniques; Skimming is not optional, but according to the needs of the center.
(3) Narrative methods: direct narration, flashback and insertion.
2. Description: Description is the focus of the college entrance examination. Prose description and novel description are basically the same, so I won't go into details.
3. Discussion: The discussion in prose naturally incorporates its own tendency and evaluation in the narrative process, forming the characteristics of narrative and discussion, often revealing the theme of the article or combining it with lyricism to express the author's thoughts and feelings.
4. Lyricity: Lyricity is an expression way to express one's inner feelings directly or indirectly, an important means for the article to impress and infect readers, and the main expression way of lyric prose. In narrative prose, lyricism is often combined with narration, description and discussion. In argumentative writing, the author seldom expresses his feelings directly, but expresses his love and hate by demonstrating a certain point of view. Lyricism methods can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, touching scenery to create feelings, expressing feelings with objects, expressing feelings directly and melting feelings into things.
(1) Lyricism through scenery is also called sentiment in scenery, which means that the author describes the objective scenery with strong subjective feelings and expresses emotions through the scenery. It is characterized by "scenery gives birth to feelings, and feelings give birth to scenery", which blends scenes and is seamless. In the article, only scenery is written, not direct lyric, and emotional expression is replaced by scenery description, which is what Wang Guowei said: "All scenery words are emotional words."
(2) Touching the scene means touching the external scenery and causing feelings, sighing and expressing feelings. This method can write the scenery first, and then express the emotion; You can also express your feelings about the scenery first, and then describe the scenery; You can also interweave the two, while writing scenery and expressing feelings. Writing scenery is to express feelings, but writing scenery with a pen, but it should be "every word is affectionate."
(3) Holding things to express meaning refers to the method of expressing meaning by feeling foreign things. Holding something to express your will can not only describe things, but also directly express your feelings.
(4) Express one's mind directly, that is, the author or the characters in his works directly express and pour out their thoughts and feelings without any other means, so as to infect readers and cause * * *. The characteristics of expressing one's mind directly are: express one's thoughts and feelings directly without any "attachments"; Don't pay attention to tactfulness, but expose your thoughts and feelings unabashedly. This lyrical way of telling the truth often appears frank and sincere, simple and sincere, and can touch people's hearts. For example, in the fourth part of the compulsory textbook "Remembering Liu Hezhen Jun", after describing Liu Hezhen's sacrifice, the author expressed his own voice: "Terror has made me ..."
(5) It refers to expressing feelings by narrating events, so that feelings are naturally revealed from the narrative of specific events and infect readers. This emotional narrative makes readers feel more sincere and amiable when they taste it. For example, Zhu Ziqing's Back, the narrative text about the father buying oranges when he sent his son away, is sincere and touching.
(2) Composition structure
The structure of prose mainly involves the title, beginning, end, transition and clues of the article. In the proposition of college entrance examination, it often involves the analysis and exploration of the structure and function of rules and regulations. Its role mainly includes the following aspects:
1. The title has the functions of explaining the scope, pointing out the center and revealing the theme, such as "behind".
2. The function of the beginning is basically the same as that of the novel.
3. The function of the ending is basically the same as that of the novel.
4. Turning sentences have the function of connecting the preceding with the following.
5. Clues have the function of running through the whole text, making the context clear and the structure rigorous.
Mastering the function of prose structure is not only the focus of prose examination, but also an important step to interpret prose.
rhetoric
In view of some sentence propositions using rhetorical devices. Generally speaking, the rhetorical device of description is to make the object of description vivid, including metaphor, metonymy, exaggeration and personification; Rhetorical devices of structural classes play a prominent role, mainly including duality, parallelism and repetition; The rhetorical devices of expression are used to enhance mood, mainly including rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. There are some subtle differences in specific applications. The nine rhetorical devices specified in the examination syllabus and their functions are classified as follows:
Metaphor: describe or render the characteristics of things to make them vivid and impressive; Or use simple and common things to explain profound truth, turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete, and complex into simple.
Exaggeration: highlight the essence and characteristics of things and inspire people; Express feelings more strongly; Enhance the vividness and appeal of language.
Analogy: Make the language vivid, expressive, interesting and impressive.
Metonymy: Vivid and lively, which makes the language vivid and helps to express the author's thoughts and feelings.
Duality: neat structure, strong sense of rhythm, beautiful music and easy to recite; In content, they are either contrasted, set off or supplemented.
Parallelism: in one go, with distinct rhythm; Highlights, longer than lyric; Concentrate on the content and enhance the momentum.
Repeatedly: writing scenery is lyrical and infectious; Connecting the preceding with the following, distinguishing levels; I have repeatedly stressed that I am deeply impressed.
Rhetorical question: express clearly and play a role in strengthening tone.
Ask questions: prompt attention, highlight key points, arouse thinking, make your answer convincing and enhance the expression effect.
Expressive technique
In addition to mastering the expression techniques such as contrast, bedding, intonation, suspense and foreshadowing (these techniques have been explained in the novel title), the common expression techniques in prose also need to be mastered:
1. Symbolism: The so-called symbolism is a literary technique that uses concrete things to express some abstract meaning or inconvenient meaning. In other words, symbol is a kind of expression method to express some ideas, thoughts and feelings through concrete images that are easy to associate. It can make the article grand, implicit and profound. Proper use of symbolism can turn some abstract spiritual qualities into concrete and perceptible images, leave a deep impression on readers and give the article profound meaning, thus leaving readers room to chew and remember. It is often used in landscape prose and lyric prose works, such as the compulsory textbook Prison Green, which uses symbolic techniques. The author describes the personality characteristics of green branches in order to use these greens to symbolize the unyielding national integrity and yearning for freedom and light of the broad masses of the people, including the author.
2. Association and imagination: These two techniques are often used together, which can enrich the content of the article, make the image more full and vivid, and increase the artistic expression of the article.
3. Combination of reality and falsehood: grasp the key points, combine reality and falsehood, or combine reality and falsehood. Highlight the essential characteristics of things, so as to portray people more vividly, highlight the characteristics of things and scenery, and reveal the theme more deeply. Compact structure, concentrated pen and ink.
Common questioning methods
What rhetorical devices are used in1."×××"? Please talk about your understanding.
2. What techniques are used to describe ××× in this paper? Please briefly analyze its function in combination with relevant specific contents.
3. Most of the articles used the first person for ×××××, and later used the first person. What is the purpose of this writing? Please enjoy it.
4. What is the function of a paragraph in the text? Please enjoy it.
5. What are the advantages of writing like this at the beginning (end) of the article?
This article has distinctive language features, so try to appreciate it in sentences.
Answer ideas
1. From the rhetorical point of view: What unique rhetorical devices are used (metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, repetition, etc. ) and what are the performance effects.
2. From the structural arrangement: the beginning and the end have their own characteristics; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns.
3. From the perspective of expression techniques: whether imagination, association, symbol, rendering, contrast, suppression before promotion are used, and what are the functions of these techniques.
4. From the perspective of expression: whether all kinds of expressions are freely used and flexible; The choice of narrative person, the advantages of first person and second person; The arrangement of narrative order, the application and function of inverted narrative skills; Descriptive skills and their functions.
Answer mode
What technique was used, what content was expressed and what effect was achieved. That is, point out which technique to use, analyze and summarize the specific content of a certain technique, and tell the specific effect. The latter two links should be handled according to the requirements of the questions, and don't stick to the model of the answers.
Question 2: Appreciating images
Images in modern prose include characters (writing narrative prose) and objects (writing landscape prose). The characters in prose are generally not as full and complete as those in novels. It can be a gesture, a smile, an action, a subtle psychological change, the language of a group of characters, a typical detail and so on. Image is a specific scene image in literary works, which often contains the thoughts and feelings of the author or characters. A new image formed by combining an objective image with the subjective thoughts and feelings of an author or a character is often called an image. The examination of images in college entrance examination prose is generally set from two aspects, one is to appreciate the characteristics of images, the other is to appreciate the role of images, and proposers often combine these two aspects to make propositions.
Common questioning methods
1. Briefly analyze the image characteristics of ×××;
2. What is the function of writing an article?
3. Please briefly analyze the main features and symbolic significance of ××× in the text.
4. What is the purpose of the author's deliberate description of XXX?
Solution thinking
1. First, according to the requirements of the stem, make clear the answer direction, whether to summarize and analyze the image characteristics or analyze the role.
2. For the appreciation of the characters, we should grasp the characteristics of the characters by grasping the events, actions and language of the characters in the works, understand their social significance and the role of the author in shaping this image, and then understand their role in expressing the theme of the works. When appreciating the social significance of characters, we should pay attention to the theme of the works it reveals and the practical significance it embodies.
3. Objects mainly appear in prose works expressing feelings or writing landscapes. To appreciate an object, we must first grasp its image characteristics, understand its similarities with symbolic meaning, and the thoughts and feelings that the author wants to express through this object, so as to understand its significance and role in expressing the main idea.
4. When answering the role of image, we need to consider the role of image in the expression of main content, as well as from the structural skills.
Matters needing attention in answering questions
1. Pay attention to the ideological nature of the image. Including the characteristics of image and the social significance of image.
2. Pay close attention to the text and accurately understand the meaning and function of the image and its role in expressing the main idea.
3. Note that we personalize the image according to our own reading and life experience, and then produce an understanding.
Question 3: Analyze and evaluate opinions and attitudes.
The author's views and attitudes in the article refer to the author's subjective tendency towards a specific thing, or approval or opposition, or love or hatred, which has a distinct personal subjective color and is a reflection of the author's thoughts and world outlook.
When writing an article, the author always focuses on one center and expresses some thoughts and feelings. Some argumentative or lyrical sentences in prose show the author's views and attitudes. However, it is general and abstract after all. In reading, we should take this as the key link, make it concrete with the contents described, described and discussed in the text, and become a tree with roots and living water.
Only when the author's viewpoint becomes vivid and concrete in the reader's mind can we really understand the author's viewpoint and attitude. Only by truly understanding the author's views and attitudes can we analyze and comment at a higher level. To analyze and evaluate the author's viewpoint and attitude, we should not only trace back the author's viewpoint and attitude, but also be good at objectively and dialectically analyzing the value judgment and aesthetic orientation of the works, evaluating them and pointing out their positive significance or inappropriate points.
Common questioning methods
1. What do you think of the author's view?
2. Does the author write contradictions like this? Please talk about your understanding.
3. What kind of views does the article reflect? Please analyze it.
Solution thinking
1. According to the requirements of the stem, determine the evaluation direction.
(1) Distinguish the opinions and attitudes expressed by the author in the article. Candidates are required to explore the content, thoughts and emotional tendencies involved in the full text and seek common ground while reserving differences.
(2) Summarize the author's attitude towards a certain content in the article. On the basis of identifying and screening the important information in the text, it is difficult to summarize and evaluate the author's hidden views in the text.
(3) Compare other people's opinions quoted and relayed by the author. From the perspective of proposition intention, candidates are often required to analyze different people's views in a specific context to find out the author's attitude.
(4) Analyze and compare the similarities and differences between the selected information materials and the author's viewpoints.
2. Specific solutions
(1) Looking at the full text, the overall impression. To analyze and evaluate the author's views and attitudes, we should understand the content of the article as a whole, analyze the thinking of the article, grasp the context of the article and understand the expression form of the article.
(2) Pay attention to retrieval and determine the interval. On the basis of reading the full text, search to find out the proposition interval, information interval and answer interval of the question.
(3) Experiential image analysis evaluates the author's views and attitudes. The image of the article involves the character, the characteristics of the scenery, the characteristics of things and so on. , and shows the author's views, thoughts and feelings. The author's opinions and attitudes are generally contained in the image. Whether the image is full, typical and close to people and things in life can show the author's views and attitudes.
(4) Screen the key information in the article, and analyze and evaluate the author's views and attitudes. Whether writing a person, recording an article or expressing an opinion on something, key language can best express the ideological connotation of the article or the author's point of view, which can help us analyze and evaluate.
(5) Analyze and evaluate with the help of article title, author, notes and writing background.
Matters needing attention in answering questions
1. The analysis and evaluation must be closely combined with the reality of the work, so as to avoid rambling analysis without the work, or infinitely exaggerating some guesses and materials without strong evidence.
2. The opinions and attitudes expressed by writers in their works should be analyzed and evaluated objectively and fairly, that is, materialist dialectics should be taken as the basic analysis method to analyze and evaluate the works in combination with the unique artistic laws of literary works creation, rather than judging them at will according to personal likes and dislikes. In the concrete evaluation, the social background, the writer's life thought and the actual creation of the work.
3. Answer flexibly according to the requirements of the questions.