After the mid-Tang Dynasty, there were more and more literati poets, who created the most words in Chinese and had the greatest influence on later generations.
Wen Tingyun (8 12? —870? ), whose real name is Qi, whose word is Fei Qing, was born in Taiyuan (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province). He comes from a declining aristocratic family and has been in and out of brothels for a long time. "He can blow out the sounds one by one, which is a kind word" (Old Tang Book? This biography) was despised by the scholar-officials at that time, and he suffered all his life. In his later years, he served as Fang Chengwei and imperial academy's assistant. His poems are as famous as Li Shangyin's, but they show more personal depravity and less sentimental works. It is his love poems, though brilliant in literary talent, are over-carved and have a strong tendency of aestheticism, which are actually the product of Qi and Liang's colorful poetic style under the new historical conditions. Although Wen's poems can't be compared with Li Shangyin's; Because he is proficient in temperament and familiar with the tone of words, his artistic achievements in ci creation are better than those of other poets in the late Tang Dynasty. There are more than 60 poems. Compared with his poems, the themes of these words are narrower, and they mostly describe women's looks, clothes and modality. Such as the following "Bodhisattva Man":
The mountains overlap and the clouds want to smell the snow; Too lazy to draw a moth eyebrow, too late to make up and wash. According to the mirror before and after the flowers, the flowers set each other off; Newly embroidered rollo, both golden partridges.
According to legend, I like to hear the word "Bodhisattva Man", and Wen wrote many songs for the Prime Minister. This is one of them. In his ci, he wrote women's clothes in such a luxurious way, with such a gorgeous appearance and delicate posture, in order to adapt to the voice of the ladies-in-waiting who sang lyrics and to embellish the life of the declining dynasty at that time. It inherited the poetic style of the Southern Dynasties and opened the way for Huajian Ci School. Judging from the fifteen Bodhisattva Man of Dunhuang Ci, the subject matter is quite extensive; However, after the article, many pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty filled in this tone, and the style was passed down from generation to generation, which was inseparable from the red fragrance and softness. It is conceivable that his influence is far-reaching.
Some poems describing boudoir feelings, such as Looking at the South of the Yangtze River:
Wash and dress, lean on Wangjianglou alone, and cross Qian Fan. Twilight, my heart is broken.
Another example is "more leakage":
Jade furnace incense, red wax tears, partial according to painting hall Qiu Si. The eyebrows are thin, the eyes are thin, the clouds are residual, and the night is long and the pillow is cold. Buttonwood tree, it is raining in the middle of the night, and the hobby that never leaves is bitter. A leaf, a sound, empty footsteps fall into the light.
It's very touching to show women's sadness and resentment. Because Wen suffered many setbacks in his official career, he still sympathized with the plight of those unfortunate women. Through the description of these unfortunate women, he reveals his feelings of being rejected by the ruling group. He has made special achievements in the artistic conception creation of ci, so these ci have won the interest of some unfortunate women and talented scholars in the past.
Wen has shown outstanding talent in creating artistic conception of ci. He is good at choosing distinctive scenery to form artistic realm and express the feelings of characters. For example, "looking at flowers in front and back mirrors, flowers looking at flowers" is a colorful small lens, which not only sets off a beautiful figure, but also implies that her life is as delicate as a flower. Another example is the sad scene of "Twilight City is full of water", which also implies that pedestrians will live up to the boudoir style for a long time. In addition, such as "Ruyan Liu on the river, the wild geese flying in the waning moon" and "Liu Rusi, the postal bridge in the spring rain" are all the same examples. Associated with the above artistic characteristics, he is always so reserved in his performances. This is more suitable for short words and short tones, and it is also intriguing; But it is often not clear enough, and even the words are not satisfactory. Finally, the modification of words and the harmony of melody strengthen the literary talent and sound of words. The exploration of the art of Ci in this paper is helpful to the formation of the artistic characteristics of Ci and promotes the development of Ci to some extent. However, the theme of the prose is biased towards the boudoir, showing weakness, and the words are too fastidious, which also brings negative influence to later poets. It is under this influence that the so-called Huajian School was formed.
In the Five Dynasties, Zhao Chongzuo, a post-Shu poet, chose 18 poets, including Wen, Huang Fusong and Wei Zhuang, for China. Except Wen, Huang Fusong and Sun Guangxian, all of them were literati concentrated in West Shu. Their ci styles are basically the same, and later generations are called Huajian Ci School. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, West Shu is less affected by war, and those warlords and bureaucratic landlords who are separated from each other sing and feast day and night. Ouyang Jiong's "Picking Inflorescences" said:
Liu Yang levee this sentence is handed down from Yuefu; The Lotus Quzhuzhang was made by Hao. There is no doubt that under the high door, there are three thousand hawksbill; Before competing for money, dozens of coral trees. Then there is the son of Ye Yan, embroidering beautiful women, handing flowers and painting beautiful brocade; Hold the slender jade finger and pat the sandalwood. Not without clear words, but with a charming gesture. Prostitutes in the north have been fanned since the Southern Dynasties Palace. It's not just language. The so-called show is not real.
The creation of Huajian Ci is produced under such social atmosphere and literary fashion. Lu You's Postscript on Flower Picking said: "At that time, the world was in danger, and the scholar-officials fell here." This is a sharp criticism of their anti-realistic creative tendency. They regard literature as their ancestor, and most of their works can only describe women's clothing and posture with gorgeous words, which are narrower in subject matter and more empty in content than literature. In art, they unilaterally developed the side of warm words and lettering, but lacked the creation of artistic conception. Huajian School of Ci has formed a turbid stream in the history of Ci development, which has always influenced Changzhou School of Ci in Qing Dynasty.
Wei Zhuang in Huajian Ci has always kept pace with Wen. His words are less in content and fresher and clearer in style than his words. Such as "Sidi Township":
In spring, apricot blossoms are blowing everywhere, and I plan to marry a young and romantic person. Don't be ashamed of being mercilessly abandoned.
Writing a girl who pursues love and happiness in a simple way is much more vivid than the female images in other tattoo poets' works. Another example is "The Female Crown Child":
April 17 is today last year. Farewell My Concubine: With tears in her eyes and a false face, she was half-browed with shame. I've been heartbroken since we broke up last time. Now I can only meet you in my dream. My love, except the moon in the sky, who knows?
Last night in the middle of the night, I clearly dreamed on my pillow and talked for a long time. Looks a little shy and happy. When I am young, I will turn back frequently and I am reluctant to leave. When I woke up, I knew it was a big dream. The surroundings were still empty and I was still alone. A person's heart was unconsciously full of sadness.
Through an encounter in a dream after parting, these two sentences show the nostalgia for the feelings of the former life and the desolation after parting. The whole content of the previous word is actually just the statement of the dreamer written by the latter word. It is ingenious in conception, clever in layout and simple in language, which can be clearly distinguished from those poets who carve words and phrases. It is worth noting that some of Wei Zhuang's ci works are directly lyrical, such as Bodhisattva Man:
Everyone says that Jiangnan is good, and tourists should stay in Jiangnan until they are old. The spring water is greener than the sky, so tourists can sleep on the boat listening to the rain. The fireside is like a moon, and the wrist is frozen with snow. Don't go home when the light is not fading. It must be extremely sad to go home.
Wei Zhuang * * * wrote five "Bodhisattva Chivalrous Men" with similar styles. It inherits Bai Juyi's and Liu Yuxi's Memories of Jiangnan and other works, and inspires poets such as Feng Yanji and Li Yu in the Southern Tang Dynasty, which can be said to be a different tune in Huajian Ci.
In addition to Wei Zhuang, Niu Xiji's "Health Mistakes":
When spring comes and smoke comes, the sky is low and small. The waning moon has Zhang Mingliang's face, so don't cry at dawn. Too many words, too many feelings. Looking back, it is still important. -remember the blue silk skirt, and pity the grass everywhere.
The crescent moon bends like an eyebrow, and there is no sense of confusion. Red beans are unsightly and full of acacia tears. Cracking peach pulp all day long, people are in their hearts; Sooner or later, the two partition flowers will tie the knot.
Full of the charm of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern Dynasties. Li Xun's Nanxiangzi;
Riding on a float and crossing the lotus pond, the song is melodious and wakes up the sleeping mandarin duck. Women who swim at the smell of fragrance are hugging and laughing, vying for slimness and competing for photos in the evening.
At the meeting place, on a sunny evening, Erythrina walked off the stage. Looking back in the dark, I was deeply interested, leaving a pair of greens riding elephants to carry people across the water first.
Bringing the scenery of southern water towns and the life breath of working women between the lines gives people a fresh and cheerful feeling. However, these works are just beyond the appreciation of people who decorate their lives with words; Therefore, their achievements were not inherited by later poets who worshipped the Huajian School.