1. The usage rules of quantitative words in classical Chinese
2. The word has multiple meanings
It is: ① Make, do. "For palaces and utensils", "for those who cover simple peach kernels and repair narrow holes". ②Yes. "The one with a spacious middle roof is called a cabin", and "the one with a crown in the middle and many beards is called Dongpo". ③Yes. "One boat is a plan, and five people are."
Wood: ① wood, wood. "A tree with an inch's diameter can be cut."
②Tree. "Even to birds and beasts, wood and stone."
Said: ①It is called. "There is a Qiqiao man named Wang Shuyuan."
②Yes. "The text says 'People from Pingshan at the beginning'".
Strange: ① Strange. "There are obviously people from Kit Kat." ②jī, zero, remainder. "The length of the boat from head to tail is about eight minutes."
There are: ① verb, indicating existence. "There is clearly a man of wonders" and "there is a pot on the stove."
②yòu, used between integers and zeros. "Eight points have something strange", "it's the word *** there are four in thirty".
End: ①The beginning side. "Dongpo holds the scroll in his right hand."
②Straight, upright. "The person looks calm and calm."
3. Special sentence patterns
Omit the sentence pattern "Everyone hides himself in the folds of his clothes", and omits "yu" after "hidden". "Then inscribe the name on it" and omit "yu" after "name".
The attributive postposition is "their two knees are compared to each other". The attributive "comparison" is after the central word "two knees", and "person" marks the attributive postposition.
In addition, there is a sentence with a double object in the article: "Taste Yiyu, Hezhouyi." The double object is "Yu, Hezhouyi". 2. What are the characteristics of quantifiers in classical Chinese?
Compared with modern Chinese, quantifiers in classical Chinese have three unique features.
First, the quantifiers are underdeveloped. Although there are already material quantifiers in oracle bone inscriptions, such as: 鬯 (chàng, a kind of fragrant wine) two liters.
But only for appliances and units of weights and measures. The general material quantifiers representing natural units (such as individuals) gradually developed after the Han Dynasty.
Verb quantifiers originated much later, and did not gradually increase until the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, quantifiers were rarely used in classical Chinese before this time, especially verbal quantifiers.
Numerals in modern Chinese are often used in combination with quantifiers, while the most common method in classical Chinese is to directly use numerals to modify nouns or verbs without using quantifiers. For example (the dotted numbers are numerals, the same below): 1. Take a gourd and place it on the ground.
(Ouyang Xiu's "The Oil Seller") 2. Remove the screen and look at it. It's just one person, one table, one chair, one fan, and one foot. (Lin Sihuan's "Vitriol") Second, there are differences in word order.
Quantifiers modify verbs. In vernacular Chinese, they are usually placed after the verb as a complement; in classical Chinese, it is just the opposite. For example: 3. The three ministers were in the thatched cottage.
(Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao") Here, the numeral three is placed in front of the verb Gu. On the contrary, when numerals modify nouns, in vernacular texts, they are generally placed in front of the nouns as attributives; while in classical Chinese texts, when numerals or quantifiers modify nouns, they can not only be placed before, but also after.
For example: 4. There are twelve volumes of military books, each with the name of the father. ("Mulan Poetry") Third, there are differences in counting methods.
Can be divided into three types: Integers and zeros are often added with or. Such as: 5. You have been twenty and one year.
(Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao") (2) Between the denominator and the numerator of a fraction, either omit the fraction, omit it, or omit both. For example: 6. Don't behead if you borrow the order, but garrison the dead.
(Sima Qian's "Chen She Family") (3) The expression method of replacing approximate numbers with exact numbers. Some numerals in ancient Chinese are often just exaggerated approximations. These numerals are often three, ninety-two, eighty-thirty-six, seventy-twenty-hundred, quadrillion, etc.
When these numbers are used as approximate numbers, they all mean numerous things. For example: 7. Then he led his descendants and three husbands to carry the load, knocking on the rocks to cultivate the soil.
("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") 8. Gongshu Panjiu set up opportunities to attack the city, and Zimozi was nine times away from it. ("Gongshu") 9. We have been together for twelve years, but I didn't know Mulan was a girl.
("Poetry of Mulan") 10. A general dies in a hundred battles, and a strong man returns in ten years. (Same as above) 11. Hundreds of thousands of people shouted loudly, hundreds of thousands of children cried, and hundreds of thousands of dogs barked.
(Lin Sihuan's "Vitriol") 12. Plant one grain of millet in spring and harvest ten thousand grains in autumn. (Li Shen's "Compassion for the Farmers") The numbers in the above sentences are only approximate. Do not stick to the literal meaning and make far-fetched interpretations.
In addition, sayings such as eighteen martial arts, seventy-two changes, and three hundred and sixty lines are too much to say and cannot be understood from the words. 3. What are the characteristics of quantifiers in classical Chinese?
Compared with modern Chinese, quantifiers in classical Chinese have three unique features.
First, the quantifiers are underdeveloped. Although there are already material quantifiers in oracle bone inscriptions, such as: 鬯
(chàng, a kind of fragrant wine) two liters. But only for appliances and units of weights and measures. The general material quantifiers representing natural units (such as individuals) gradually developed after the Han Dynasty.
Verb quantifiers originated much later, and did not gradually increase in number until the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Therefore, classical Chinese texts before this rarely used quantifiers, especially verbal quantifiers. Numerals in modern Chinese are often used in combination with quantifiers, while the most common method in classical Chinese is to directly use numerals to modify nouns or verbs without using quantifiers. For example (the dotted numbers are numerals, the same below):
1. Take a gourd and place it on the ground. (Ouyang Xiu's "The Oil Seller")
2. Remove the screen and look at it. It's just one person, one table, one chair, one fan, and one foot. (Lin Sihuan's "Vitriol")
Second, there are differences in word order. Quantifiers modify verbs. In vernacular Chinese, they are usually placed after the verb as complements; in classical Chinese, it is just the opposite. Such as:
3. The three ministers were in the thatched cottage. (Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao")
Here, the numeral three is placed in front of the verb Gu.
On the contrary, when numerals modify nouns, in vernacular Chinese, they are usually placed in front of the nouns as attributives; while in classical Chinese, when numerals or quantifiers modify nouns, they can not only be placed before, but also after. For example:
4. There are twelve volumes of military books, each with the name of the father. ("Mulan Poetry")
Third, there are differences in counting methods. Can be divided into three types:
Integers and zeros are often added with or. Such as:
5. You will be twenty and one year old. (Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao")
(2) Between the denominator and the numerator of a fraction, either omit the fraction, omit it, or omit both. For example:
6. Do not behead if ordered to do so, but garrison the dead. (Sima Qian's "The Family of Chen She")
(3) The expression method of replacing approximate numbers with exact numbers. Some numerals in ancient Chinese are often just exaggerated approximations. These numerals are often three, ninety-two, eighty-thirty-six, seventy-twenty-hundred, quadrillion, etc. When these numbers are used as approximations, they all mean numerous things. For example:
7. Then he led his descendants and three husbands to carry the load, knocking on the rocks to cultivate the soil. ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain")
8. Gongshu Panjiu set up opportunities to attack the city, and Zimozi was nine times away from it. ("Gongshu")
9. We have been together for twelve years and did not know Mulan was a girl. ("Poetry of Mulan")
10. A general dies in a hundred battles, and a strong man returns in ten years. (Same as above)
11. Hundreds of thousands of people shouted, hundreds of children cried, and hundreds of dogs barked. (Lin Sihuan's "Vitriol")
12. Plant one grain of millet in spring and harvest ten thousand grains in autumn. (Li Shen's "Compassion for the Farmers")
The numbers in the above sentences are only approximate. Do not stick to the literal meaning and make far-fetched interpretations. In addition, sayings such as eighteen martial arts, seventy-two changes, and three hundred and sixty lines are too much to say and cannot be translated into words.