To write metrical poems, we must first understand what metrical poems are. Metric poetry, as a kind of modern poetry, has strict rules on meter, so what is meter? What are the rules of metrical poetry? Let's take a look. Metric refers to the rules that China's ancient poems should abide by in terms of format and rhythm, including rhyming, leveling and antithesis. Where are the metrical poems? Rhyme originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, appeared in the early Tang Dynasty and matured in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Rhyme requires the unity of the number of words in a poem, and each poem consists of five words and seven sentences, which are called five laws and seven laws. The usual metrical poems stipulate 8 sentences each. More than 8 sentences are called exclusion. Every two poems are connected into a couplet, which is called quadruple. Traditionally, the first couplet is the first couplet, the second couplet is the parallel couplet, the third couplet is the neck couplet, and the fourth couplet is the tail couplet. The couplets and necklaces of each song require antithesis. Except for the first pair and the second pair, the couplet in the middle must be a couplet. Rhyme requires the whole poem to rhyme, usually flat and even rhymes; The second, fourth, sixth and eighth sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be taken or not. In a broad sense, rhyme feet are allowed to be detached, while in a narrow sense, rhyme feet are not allowed to be detached. There are two kinds of rhymes: "Gouge" and "Flat". Generalized metrical poems are very inclusive, allowing the existence of irregular, three tones and three tails, such as Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao and Tengwang Pavilion in Wang Bo. Nowadays, metrical poetry usually refers to metrical poetry in a narrow sense, that is, metrical poetry with strict metrical requirements. Metric poetry is called metrical poetry because its metrical requirements are very strict.
The following is a brief introduction to metrical poems from the aspects of rhyme, metrical sentences, sticking to pairs, antithesis, difficult sentences and difficult rescue.
1, rhyme, simply speaking, is a word with the same rhyme, mostly with the same vowel, and the rhyme is different in different periods. The most commonly used rhyme is Pingshui rhyme. Because Pingshui rhyme is an ancient rhyme, it may be difficult to use. Today, people can also use Chinese new rhymes instead of Pingshui rhymes, so as long as the pronunciation is clear, they can rhyme more flexibly without using rhyme books. Rhyme requires even-numbered sentences to rhyme, and generally requires even words. Very few, the first sentence may or may not rhyme.
2. There are two concepts about metrical sentences. One is that the basic sentence pattern of modern poetry is called metrical sentence; Secondly, verses that meet the requirements of metrical rules are also called metrical sentences, and there are corresponding awkward sentences, which will be mentioned later. Chinese is divided into four tones, but poetry is divided into four tones, which are even and even, and two groups are combined into a metrical sentence. As far as seven tones are concerned, there are four metrical sentences, as follows:
① Even number, even number, even number, even number.
② Flat and even, flat and even.
(3) flat and flat.
(4) flat and flat, flat and flat.
According to certain principles, these four formats are staggered and combined to form the four basic formats of metrical poetry, namely, flat and parallel, flat and parallel into rhyme, flat and parallel into rhyme, and flat and parallel into rhyme. As far as the second word of the first sentence is concerned, it depends on whether the last word of the first sentence rhymes.
3. Stick to the right, that is, the rule of the four-sentence combination mentioned above. Sticking means that the last sentence of each couplet is the same as the first sentence of the next couplet. For example, the last couplet is "even, even", and the last sentence of the next couplet must be pasted with the next sentence of the next couplet. Stickiness refers to the relationship between two couplets. Duality refers to the parallelism of the upper and lower sentences in one couplet, which is just the opposite. When used in the first couplet, it is called antithesis. Second, the first syllable (the first two words) is opposite. For example, in a couplet, the first sentence is "even" and the next sentence is "smooth". The first sentence is "flat and flat" and the second sentence is "flat and flat", so that the rhythm of metrical poetry is not monotonous, avoiding the continuous appearance of disyllabic sentences, and the memory of flat and flat format is much more convenient.
4, antithesis, antithesis can be understood as antithesis. Rhyme requires two couplets in the middle, but not the first and second couplets. Do not exceed triple duality at most. This is an obvious mistake. Outsiders may not notice, but duality is useless. People who know a little about rhyme can see at a glance that there are many things and spaces for antithesis.
5. Embarrassing sentences and difficult rescue. Metric poems stipulate the format of flat tones. Sentences that meet the format requirements are regular sentences, while those that do not meet the level requirements are awkward sentences. If you have an embarrassment, you can't ignore it. If you want to remedy it, it will be difficult to save. The remedy for embarrassing sentences is to save the saved sentences so that you can consider them legal. Difficult rescue can be divided into self-help, sentence-to-sentence rescue and sentence-to-sentence use.
(1) Say a word to save yourself. In the sentence pattern of "flat and even", this poem must be a sentence because the word is at the end of the sentence. This format can be changed to "flat and flat", that is, the word "flat" should be used instead of "flat" in the third digit, so a flat and turbid word is added in the fourth digit, which is called "three contradictions and four rescues" (if it is seven methods, it is "five contradictions and six rescues", but the seven methods are not absolute, but it is also possible).
(2) Taking the existential sentence as an example, the sentence pattern of "flat and flat" (the seven laws are flat and flat) can also be written as "flat and flat" (this is called "the isolation and helplessness of existential sentence pattern" because of the five laws).
(3) Both kinds of rescue are acceptable. If "ping qi" is used in the dual, then its sentence is "ping qi", and this format can be changed to "ping qi". However, if this sentence is "isolated and difficult to save", it will constitute the third ping sheng word to save both the third or fourth word of the sentence and the first word of the sentence, that is, two rescues. Interested parties can learn more about it. You must know something about writing metrical poems and quatrains.
Let's not talk about the rules for the time being. Simply say a poem
Osmanthus fragrans in Yuexiu Mountain.
South Yuexiu Mountain Qifeng, blue lake and clear water.
The first couplet points out the place, but the words and expressions are not tempered enough, so the first sentence is easy to be misunderstood. According to the general pronunciation, it will be understood as "Xiushan" of "South Vietnam", and "Mountain" and "Mountain" have the same rhyme, resulting in disharmony in phonology; In the second sentence, if "Bihu" is not the name of a lake, "Bihu" and "Green Water" are repeated. )
Thousands of flowers and trees make a forest alone, and golden millet is accompanied by green leaves.
Couplets are a good part of this poem, describing the characteristics of flowers. The disadvantage is that the meter is too imprecise, and the word "companion" is awkward. It is an obvious mistake to use it as rhyme. )
The fairy Weng of Wuyang came to the court of Chu, and paid for it.
(Neck couplets are rich in content. Wuyang and Chu Ting used it well, but the antithesis was weak, the content was acceptable, and the words dragged on. No duality is a serious injury. )
Sweet-scented osmanthus leaves no dust, and cinnamon falls on the earth.
(The end of the couplet is not refined enough, which makes the whole poem dull. The wonderful things that should have appeared in the couplet are taken away by the couplet, lacking the feeling of "words are not amazing and endless". )
It can be seen from this poem that your friend is more talented in poetry. If you want to write classical poetry and modern poetry well, you must learn more about meter. Although today's poetry can be written without strict rules, learning rules is beneficial to future creation, at least in phonology, which will make poetry more readable and catchy. Even classical poetry does not completely ignore meter. It would be better if the meter is not in place. One is to learn rules and regulations, and the other is to learn rules and regulations, both of which are indispensable. Rules and regulations are the body, and the spirit of rules is the skeleton, which are indispensable. You can't write a good poem without both.
Finally, thank you for watching me speak here. I wish you health and happiness. Your friends are making progress in poetry!