1. Mises summed up the road to redemption of Christian design: (252-254 pages)
1. First of all, the kingdom of God on earth was proclaimed.
The days are coming, says the Lord, when sweet wine will drop from the mountains and milk will flow from the hills (Bible).
However, believers will become impatient if they wait for a long time. What's good about a paradise they can't live to enjoy?
Therefore, the promise of redemption must be extended to the doctrine of resurrection from the dead, and everyone should be brought before God to be judged by good and evil.
4. The resurrection of Jesus inspired believers, and also gave the doctrinal power of redemption to win new believers-"The Lord is with us, and he is with the Great Judgment Day." (Gospel)
5. Days passed by, but God still didn't come. If this continues, it will damage the prestige of the church. What should I do?
6. The basic idea of primitive Christianity, the kingdom of God is just around the corner, must be transformed into the worship of Christ: firmly believe that the Lord cares for believers in heaven; I firmly believe that the Lord will save this evil world.
7. After the reform, Christianity has become the salvation of the world, and the concept of redemption has been sublimated into the doctrine that believers can be baptized into Christ-"Those who believe and are baptized will be saved, and those who do not believe will be condemned" (Bible).
Analysis: ※:
Since the baptist is the pastor of the church, the administrative power of redemption naturally belongs to the church. The orders of the church began to replace the individual's free faith, and faith became a tool for the church to control its believers. The Christian road to redemption is a typical case of individuals being enslaved by organizations.
Chapter 18 Society
1. "People's social life is similar to a biological process ... Encouraged by the biological victory in19th century, when this analogy developed to an absurd degree, social science did not bring any benefits to itself ... The comparison with biological organisms should teach sociology one thing, that is, organisms can only be imagined as an organ system." (258 pages)
Analysis: ※:
Mises opposes the analogy between society and biological organisms, but his opposition is not thorough. He only regards excessive analogy as "absurd". He accepted the viewpoint that human society is regarded as "an organ system" in the organic theory, and on this basis, he launched an analysis of human society.
I am firmly opposed to the social organic theory that compares human society to an organism, because it is essentially a teleology of "being is reasonable" and a form of paranoia.
1. The concept of social organic theory
Social organic theory is an important theoretical viewpoint of positivistic sociology in19th century. On behalf of Spencer, from the basic principle of biological evolution, he made six analogies between society and biological organisms and drew three conclusions:
(1) Society is a system, a close whole composed of interrelated parts. ② This system can only be understood in the sense of its structural operation. (3) If the system is to survive, its needs must be met.
Biological organs have three systems: nutrition, distribution and regulation. Similarly, in society, workers play the role of nutrition, businessmen play the role of distribution and exchange, industrial capitalists play the role of regulating social production, and the government represents the nervous system.
There are also differences between the two: in organisms, only one consciousness is related to the whole, and each organ exists for the survival of the whole; In society, every member is conscious, and society exists for the benefit of members, not for the benefit of members.
2. Defects of social organic theory.
(1) thinks that human society, like biological evolution, follows the universal law of "natural selection, survival of the fittest", which cannot explain the social conflict and retreat, especially similar to the U-turn phenomenon in China feudal society for thousands of years.
(2) Spencer regards the division of social classes as the idea of the division of organ functions in an organism, just like Leibniz's "beautiful society" and the "golden mean" in which Zisi takes its place from top to bottom. The existence of exploitation and inequality in society becomes the natural result of social laws, while denial and opposition go against nature.
On the premise that the status quo of inequality is established and reasonable, Spencer's "Law of Equality and Freedom"-that every individual can do things according to his own choice without infringing on the rights of others-equates people with the "list" described by Leibniz, which is a false appeasement of the strong to the weak.
This is the reason why he criticized the social organic theory for serving the exploitation system, and it is also the reason why Trump believes that China's failure to import American garbage violates trade rules.
(3) The relationship between the whole and the parts, and between the parts is unimaginable.
An organic system is not a pile of scattered potatoes, it must have a system standard, otherwise, how can a system become a system?
The sheep in nature still know to sacrifice their own interests for the benefit of the group. For example, if the new lion king wants to eat the children of the old lion king, how can a rational person not weigh the whole and part of the conflict?
The society is required to aim at the interests of each member, and members are not required to exist for the benefit of society. What if there is a conflict of interest between members?
Unfortunately, Mises did not completely deny the social organic theory, but accepted the view that human society is "an organ system", which laid a crooked foundation for his theoretical system.