There are two common explanations for teachers' professional knowledge:
1, L. Schulman's professional knowledge analysis framework;
① Subject knowledge
② General teaching knowledge
③ Curriculum knowledge
④ Subject teaching knowledge (also translated as subject teaching content knowledge, referred to as PCK).
⑤ Learners' knowledge and its characteristics
⑥ Educational situational knowledge
⑦ Knowledge about the goal, purpose and value of education and its philosophical and historical background.
The empirical results show that PCK can best distinguish the differences between subject experts and teaching experts, between efficient teachers (famous teachers) and inefficient teachers.
2.P.L. Grossman divides PCK into four parts.
(1) The dominant concept of a subject-the knowledge about the nature of the subject and the most valuable knowledge for learning.
② Students' understanding and misunderstanding of a certain learning content.
③ The knowledge of the organizational structure of the specific learning content in the horizontal and vertical directions.
(4) Present the strategic knowledge of specific learning content to students.
After defining the basic framework of teachers' knowledge, especially the core component PCK, the teaching skills of using PCK to solve problems are gradually explored, which greatly clarifies the certification of teachers' qualifications and the training orientation of teachers' professional knowledge and skills in all countries of the world.
I would like to ask Schulman's professional teachers seven categories of knowledge.
Schulman 1987) divides teacher education courses into seven categories.
1. Content knowledge: Based on the knowledge base of the subject, students must have a professional and profound understanding of the subject they are teaching. 2. Subject pedagogy knowledge: the teaching skills needed to teach these knowledge.
3. Learner knowledge: Understand the learning theory and the characteristics of learners, such as educational psychology, developmental psychology, and student counseling. 4. Knowledge of general teaching methods: ideas and strategies of classroom management and organization.
5. Curriculum knowledge: the basic theory of curriculum and the understanding of school curriculum. 6. Educational context knowledge: Understand the cultural characteristics of teachers and the relationship among schools, communities and policies.
7. Knowledge of purpose, value, philosophy and social background: that is, knowledge of educational philosophy, educational sociology and educational value. ■ Teachers' professional structure can be summarized as: professional quality, professional knowledge, professional ability, professional ethics and self-professional consciousness.
Hearst believes that education must develop people's minds. Only by mastering the basic rational structure, logical relationship and criteria for judging authenticity of knowledge can rational minds be best developed. So he thinks that seven forms of knowledge are put forward: (1) mathematics (2) natural science (3) knowledge about people (4) literature and art (5) morality (6) religion (7) philosophy * characteristics of different forms of knowledge: (1) Each unique type of knowledge has its own characteristics.
(2) Each unique knowledge-based concept has its logical relationship. (3) Logical propositions in each unique knowledge type can be judged by experience.
(4) Each unique form of knowledge has its own research methods. (5) Emphasize that every unique knowledge has unspeakable parts, which can only be obtained by long-term participation in related knowledge field activities.
* Hearst added: Knowledge field: It can't be a unique type of knowledge, because its theoretical circle uses other basic disciplines, such as geography and engineering. Source: Amo hopes to help you! .
The division of majors is meticulous and the faculty is strong. The university has a strong faculty and is in a leading position in all disciplines.
Professors in hamlin University are outstanding in their respective research fields. They try their best to provide students with innovative learning methods and practical opportunities. College students come from different socio-economic environments and have different ethnic and religious backgrounds.
At present, there are more than 4,900 students studying in hamlin University. Small class teaching here enables students to give full play to their talents in a friendly environment, bringing a global vision and a wide variety of educational experiences to the school.
The teacher-student ratio of 42 majors is 14: 1. American News and World Report rated hamlin University as one of the best universities in Minnesota. Among the graduates of hamlin University, 40 became Fulbright scholars, 5 became Rhodes scholars and 1 became Truman scholars. No matter what major you are interested in, you can find it in hamlin. Hamlin University offers professional, minor and other certificate studies, covering more than 50 research fields, such as accounting, communication, computer science, environmental science, global studies, international business, international media, management, marketing and political science.
What is RS2B in the resistor?
Meaning: R- resistor, S- organic solid, 2- ordinary, B- product type.
The model of domestic resistor consists of four parts (not applicable to sensitive resistor). The first part: the main name, expressed in letters, indicates the product name. For example, r stands for resistance and w stands for potentiometer. Part II: Materials, represented by letters, indicate what materials the resistor is made of, such as T- carbon film, H- synthetic carbon film, S- organic solid, N- inorganic solid, J- metal film, Y- nitride film, C- deposited film, I- glass glaze film and X- winding. The third part: classification, which is generally represented by numbers, and individual types are represented by letters, indicating what type the product belongs to. 1- normal, 2- normal, 3- UHF, 4- high impedance, 5- high temperature, 6- precision, 7- precision, 8- high voltage, 9- special, G- high power and T- adjustable. The fourth part: serial number, expressed by numbers, indicates different products in the same category, so as to distinguish the overall dimensions and performance indicators of the products, such as: R T 1 1 common carbon film resistor a 1.
preschool education
The promotion of the curriculum reform of children's education and the overall improvement of the quality of children's education depend largely on the professional quality of teachers.
With the deepening of curriculum reform today, it is very necessary for us to study the development of preschool teachers' professional quality. As a special group of teachers, preschool teachers have their own characteristics and requirements, and their professional knowledge structure is different from other groups of teachers.
Therefore, we need to examine and think about many problems of preschool teachers' professional development from the characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge structure, preschool education itself, the needs of curriculum reform and the characteristics of kindergarten-based training. [Keywords:] preschool teachers; Professional quality; The formulation of the Guiding Outline of Kindergarten Education (Trial) points out the direction for the curriculum reform of preschool education, and at the same time makes a new interpretation of the role orientation and professional requirements of preschool teachers.
The "Outline" points out that preschool teachers are no longer the transmitters and authoritative representatives of traditional knowledge, but the partners of children's learning cooperation, and the researchers and reflectors of teaching behaviors and teaching phenomena; Preschool teachers must pay attention to children's hobbies, development direction, personality quality and cognitive style, so as to design, implement and adjust the education and teaching activity plan to make it more suitable for children's actual development needs. This is the inevitable need for preschool teachers to adapt to the curriculum reform.
It can be said that each teacher's understanding of the new curriculum concept is different, and the differences in teachers' educational concepts, skills, professional knowledge and work attitude will affect the realization of the educational ideal pursued by the syllabus. The promotion of the curriculum reform of preschool education and the overall improvement of the quality of preschool education depend to a great extent on the professional quality of teachers.
Therefore, in order to conform to the curriculum reform of preschool education, comprehensively improve the quality of preschool education and promote the harmonious development of preschool teachers, it is necessary for us to think about the professional development of preschool teachers. First of all, from the characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge structure to see the connotation of preschool teachers' professional development, different scholars have different views on teachers' professional knowledge structure.
Ye Lan, a professor at China Normal University, pointed out in the article "An Analysis of Teachers' Professional Literacy in the New Century" that the professional literacy of modern teachers has changed in the knowledge structure. It is no longer limited to the traditional model of "subject knowledge+pedagogy knowledge", but emphasizes the multi-level structural characteristics. "... the so-called multi-layer composite knowledge structure is a knowledge structure based on contemporary scientific and humanistic knowledge, supported by professional knowledge and skills, and supplemented by educational knowledge. Its complexity is also reflected in the mutual support, mutual penetration and organic integration of the three knowledge levels. Only when the integration is realized and manifested in the scientific, artistic and personal uniqueness of teachers' educational behavior and the richness and development of teachers' spiritual life can the rich and unique characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge be fully displayed.
American scholar Shulman believes that teachers' professional knowledge should be composed of three aspects: first, knowledge of principles and rules; The second is professional case knowledge; The third is to apply the knowledge of principles and rules to the strategic knowledge in the case. Schulman's contribution lies in incorporating case knowledge into teachers' professional knowledge, encouraging teachers to accumulate a large number of cases in creative teaching work, and gaining rich concrete situations and educational experience from cases, thus improving teachers' decision-making and action ability in education and teaching.
No matter how to classify teachers' professional knowledge, it reflects the complexity and diversity of teachers' knowledge structure. Moreover, they all pay attention to the integration of all kinds of knowledge and emphasize the continuous enrichment and acquisition of practical knowledge and procedural knowledge.
As a special group of teachers, preschool teachers have their own characteristics and requirements, and their professional knowledge structure is different from other groups of teachers. Referring to Hai Xia's viewpoint on teachers' knowledge structure of the Comparative Education Research Center of the Ministry of Education, the author thinks that a kindergarten teacher with professional quality should have the following knowledge: First, knowledge about himself, that is, knowledge of educators.
Lin Gelun, an American educational psychologist, once pointed out that "the first thing a teacher needs to know is the psychological factors and strength of himself and his surroundings". "Teachers need to know their own behaviors, just as they need to know the students they teach." Preschool teachers should first have a clear understanding and objective evaluation of themselves, including their own cultural literacy, hobbies, attitude and ability, experience accumulation and so on.
This understanding helps teachers to make correct judgments when accepting new things and new ideas, and to supplement their own shortcomings in a targeted manner; It is beneficial for teachers to objectively evaluate their teaching behavior when organizing teaching activities, and it is beneficial for teachers to influence their children's learning without their own preferences. Second, the knowledge about children, that is, the knowledge of learners.
Kindergarten teachers are faced with children aged 3-6 or even 0-3. Whether physically or psychologically, infancy is the fastest developing period in a person's life, and the critical period of many abilities is formed at this age. Therefore, as a professional preschool teacher, we must have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the object of education, master the characteristics of children's physical and mental development and cognitive characteristics, consider problems from the perspective of benefiting children's lifelong and all-round development, and organize teaching.
Third, the knowledge about educational media, such as teaching material content, subject knowledge, curriculum structure, modern educational tools, etc. The subject knowledge of preschool teachers is a general concept, which does not necessarily require teachers to have profound and unique research on a certain subject, but must have as wide a knowledge as possible and form a relatively correct cognition.
Preschool education is relatively free in the use of teaching materials, and the range of choices is relatively broad, which requires preschool teachers to be familiar with all kinds of teaching materials and make reasonable choices according to their own teaching needs. Fourthly, integrate and coordinate the knowledge of educators, learners and educational media and organize educational activities, including kindergarten teaching methods, educational concepts, situational knowledge and methodology.
This kind of knowledge is the organic integration of declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge and strategic knowledge in teachers' teaching activities, and it is a kind of dynamic knowledge, such as the integrated application of educational theory and modern information technology, the constantly updated educational concept, and the interaction with children.
The learning method of Yu
Learn to listen to lectures:
1, prepare for class, that is to say, preview before class, find out what you don't understand, find problems, and go to class with knowledge points and questions, which will be more enjoyable and easier to listen to and master;
2. Participate in communication and interaction. Don't just put yourself on the sidelines of "listening", but the participants of "listening". Think positively about the questions the teacher said or asked, and answer them when you can (the benefits of answering questions are not only performance, but also make you more focused).
3. Listening should be combined with writing and thinking. Pure listening is easy to slack off, and there are few points that can be remembered. We must learn to organize memory quickly.
If for various reasons, you have seemingly incomprehensible or incomprehensible knowledge, you must take time to understand it in class or after class. Otherwise, the problems will only accumulate, and finally you can only wait to embrace the "no three no four" exam results.
Learn to remember:
1, learn to integrate knowledge points. Classifying the information you need to learn and the knowledge you have mastered into a mind map or knowledge card will make your brain and thinking clear and help you remember, review and master. At the same time, learn to link new knowledge with what you have learned, and constantly mix and improve your own knowledge system. This can promote understanding and deepen memory.
2. Use your brain rationally. The so-called rationality, first, alternately reviewing different courses, such as the intersection of arts, history and geography, can make different parts of the cerebral cortex excited and inhibited in turn, which is conducive to the enhancement and development of memory ability; The second is to remember at the best time, which should generally be arranged in the morning and before going to bed at night, according to your own memory peak.
3, with the help of efficient tools. Speed reading memory is an efficient reading learning method. Its training principle lies in activating the potential of "brain and eyes" and cultivating a reading learning method that directly reflects eyes and brains, mainly practicing to improve reading speed, attention, memory, comprehension and thinking ability. After mastering, you can quickly extract the key points when reading articles and materials, promote sorting, induction and analysis, and improve the efficiency of understanding and memory; At the same time, reading fast can save a lot of time and do other things easily. For specific learning, please refer to Jingying whole brain speed reading and memory training software.
Learning mind mapping, mind mapping is a method to concretize radioactive thinking, and it is also a method to organize and promote understanding and memory efficiently. Memory can not only systematize and visualize the data in your brain, but also help you think and analyze problems and make overall plans. However, it is not a simple matter to learn mind mapping well and use it flexibly, and it takes a lot of time. There are also mind mapping exercises and methods in the "Jingying whole brain speed reading and memory training software" mentioned above, which can be used for reference.
Learn to summarize:
First of all, we should summarize the exam results and learn to treat the scores correctly through summary. Only by looking at the score correctly can we not be blinded by the score, but focus on the learning process and the The Secret Behind contained in the score.
The second is to sum up the gains and losses of the exam and find out the reasons for success or failure, which is the central task of summing up after the exam. Of course, learning is expensive in the process of hard work, but the score is one of the signs of knowledge and skill level after all, and whether the hard work process is reasonable is often reflected in the score.
The third is to summarize and sort out the wrong questions, collect the wrong questions and do some corresponding answers (if you don't understand, you should know how to solve this question and how to solve this type of question).
The fourth is to determine the direction of the next stage through summary.
Which teacher is better for preschool education?
The promotion of the curriculum reform of children's education and the overall improvement of the quality of children's education depend largely on the professional quality of teachers.
With the deepening of curriculum reform today, it is very necessary for us to study the development of preschool teachers' professional quality. As a special group of teachers, preschool teachers have their own characteristics and requirements, and their professional knowledge structure is different from other groups of teachers.
Therefore, we need to examine and think about many problems of preschool teachers' professional development from the characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge structure, preschool education itself, the needs of curriculum reform and the characteristics of kindergarten-based training. [Keywords:] preschool teachers; Professional quality; The formulation of the Guiding Outline of Kindergarten Education (Trial) points out the direction for the curriculum reform of preschool education, and at the same time makes a new interpretation of the role orientation and professional requirements of preschool teachers.
The "Outline" points out that preschool teachers are no longer the transmitters and authoritative representatives of traditional knowledge, but the partners of children's learning cooperation, and the researchers and reflectors of teaching behaviors and teaching phenomena; Preschool teachers must pay attention to children's hobbies, development direction, personality quality and cognitive style, so as to design, implement and adjust the education and teaching activity plan to make it more suitable for children's actual development needs. This is the inevitable need for preschool teachers to adapt to the curriculum reform.
It can be said that each teacher's understanding of the new curriculum concept is different, and the differences in teachers' educational concepts, skills, professional knowledge and work attitude will affect the realization of the educational ideal pursued by the syllabus. The promotion of the curriculum reform of preschool education and the overall improvement of the quality of preschool education depend to a great extent on the professional quality of teachers.
Therefore, in order to conform to the curriculum reform of preschool education, comprehensively improve the quality of preschool education and promote the harmonious development of preschool teachers, it is necessary for us to think about the professional development of preschool teachers. First of all, from the characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge structure to see the connotation of preschool teachers' professional development, different scholars have different views on teachers' professional knowledge structure.
Ye Lan, a professor at China Normal University, pointed out in the article "An Analysis of Teachers' Professional Literacy in the New Century" that the professional literacy of modern teachers has changed in the knowledge structure. It is no longer limited to the traditional model of "subject knowledge+pedagogy knowledge", but emphasizes the multi-level structural characteristics. "... the so-called multi-layer composite knowledge structure is a knowledge structure based on contemporary scientific and humanistic knowledge, supported by professional knowledge and skills, and supplemented by educational knowledge. Its complexity is also reflected in the mutual support, mutual penetration and organic integration of the three knowledge levels. Only when the integration is realized and manifested in the scientific, artistic and personal uniqueness of teachers' educational behavior and the richness and development of teachers' spiritual life can the rich and unique characteristics of teachers' professional knowledge be fully displayed.
American scholar Shulman believes that teachers' professional knowledge should be composed of three aspects: first, knowledge of principles and rules; The second is professional case knowledge; The third is to apply the knowledge of principles and rules to the strategic knowledge in the case. Schulman's contribution lies in incorporating case knowledge into teachers' professional knowledge, encouraging teachers to accumulate a large number of cases in creative teaching work, and gaining rich concrete situations and educational experience from cases, thus improving teachers' decision-making and action ability in education and teaching.
No matter how to classify teachers' professional knowledge, it reflects the complexity and diversity of teachers' knowledge structure. Moreover, they all pay attention to the integration of all kinds of knowledge and emphasize the continuous enrichment and acquisition of practical knowledge and procedural knowledge.
As a special group of teachers, preschool teachers have their own characteristics and requirements, and their professional knowledge structure is different from other groups of teachers. Referring to Hai Xia's viewpoint on teachers' knowledge structure of the Comparative Education Research Center of the Ministry of Education, the author thinks that a kindergarten teacher with professional quality should have the following knowledge: First, knowledge about himself, that is, knowledge of educators.
Lin Gelun, an American educational psychologist, once pointed out that "the first thing a teacher needs to know is the psychological factors and strength of himself and his surroundings". "Teachers need to know their own behaviors, just as they need to know the students they teach." Preschool teachers should first have a clear understanding and objective evaluation of themselves, including their own cultural literacy, hobbies, attitude and ability, experience accumulation and so on.
This understanding helps teachers to make correct judgments when accepting new things and new ideas, and to supplement their own shortcomings in a targeted manner; It is beneficial for teachers to objectively evaluate their teaching behavior when organizing teaching activities, and it is beneficial for teachers to influence their children's learning without their own preferences. Second, the knowledge about children, that is, the knowledge of learners.
Kindergarten teachers are faced with children aged 3-6 or even 0-3. Whether physically or psychologically, infancy is the fastest developing period in a person's life, and the critical period of many abilities is formed at this age. Therefore, as a professional preschool teacher, we must have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the object of education, master the characteristics of children's physical and mental development and cognitive characteristics, consider problems from the perspective of benefiting children's lifelong and all-round development, and organize teaching.
Third, the knowledge about educational media, such as teaching material content, subject knowledge, curriculum structure, modern educational tools, etc. The subject knowledge of preschool teachers is a general concept, which does not necessarily require teachers to have profound and unique research on a certain subject, but must have as wide a knowledge as possible and form a relatively correct cognition.
Preschool education is relatively free in the use of teaching materials, and the range of choices is relatively broad, which requires preschool teachers to be familiar with all kinds of teaching materials and make reasonable choices according to their own teaching needs. Fourthly, integrate and coordinate the knowledge of educators, learners and educational media and organize educational activities, including kindergarten teaching methods, educational concepts, situational knowledge and methodology.
This knowledge is the declarative knowledge for teachers to carry out education and teaching activities.
What is the study of cultural management and what kind of university is it?
Cultural management is the abbreviation of cultural industry management major, which is a new major in college entrance examination, similar to art and music majors.
This kind of major is a four-year undergraduate major in the national plan, and some colleges are attached with specialties; It is an art enrollment major, belonging to the art category, commonly known as art management or cultural management. Nearly 200 colleges and universities across the country have enrolled this major. The courses of this major include more than ten subjects in two categories, and it is not required to be proficient in all subjects, but it must cover a wide range.
There are: public management: cultural management, production management, media management, art management, design planning and management; Mass communication: film and television communication, drama communication, radio and television journalism, drama literature, creation and director of radio and television literature: film and television director, literary director, drama director, radio and television director, dance director, music director, program production and public relations host. Edit this paragraph. The pre-test training market is mixed. Candidates should keep their eyes open and verify whether the art training school has obtained the school license issued by the education department. This is the only proof that the training school has obtained the qualification to run a school.
You can also call the local education authorities (generally approved and issued by the Education Bureau). The professional advantage of editing this paragraph is the general name of art and culture, and similar majors include document management, director, drama and so on.
1, the requirement of cultural achievement is low, and the score is between 300 and 500. Students with a class ranking of about 40 have the opportunity; 2. Admission conditions and scope are wide: those with serious partiality, special personality, special hobbies and unique abilities will have great hopes; 3. The major selection is wide, and the classification of major settings is very fine, which is suitable for students with different conditions and different pursuits to apply for the exam; 4. There is potential for employment development, new majors, and a wide range of employment, which is suitable for starting a business, and the positions of public institutions are still not saturated. The admission principles of editing this paragraph are different according to different schools, which are basically divided into: (1) admission from high to low according to the results of cultural courses; (2) Admission from high to low according to professional achievements; (3) According to the admission structure, professional courses and cultural courses (a, professional X30%+ cultural X70%b, professional X70%+ cultural X30% c, professional X50%+ cultural X50% d, professional X2.5+ cultural courses, etc.) will be added in a certain proportion. ).
According to different admission principles, the requirements for cultural courses range from 300 points to 580 points. Edit the written test of this section: 1, Historical Theory.
The types of questions are: fill in the blank, short answer, question and answer; Fill in the blanks and check your understanding of history, place names, names and works. Ask and answer questions to examine your understanding of the name of the art terminology school.
For example: Separation of Sound and Picture, Business. On the relationship between artistic fiction and real life, what are the characteristics of commercial films, and how to evaluate Wang Shuo's films and urban and rural cultural construction.
2. Review category: film and television reviews. Play a movie and ask candidates to write a review article about it in class.
This is an examination subject to examine your comprehensive quality, which requires a comprehensive understanding. Learn to watch movies during the exam. After watching the movie, a film review should be formed in your mind.
3, narrative, argumentative and other propositions. 4, TV advertising creativity and program planning 5, drama story interview: interview, also known as oral test, is generally conducted in the second interview, and there is no interview in Shandong universities for the time being.
The examiner asks you some questions about literature, life, even philosophy and aesthetics, as well as personal hobbies, interests and professional knowledge. The purpose is to understand the candidates' language expression ability, memory and logical thinking ability, and to examine whether the candidates' quality has career development potential. In any case, be generous and don't be nervous during the exam, but be realistic, try not to hide yourself with fantasy, but skillfully show your advantages to the examiner.
Editor: According to the statistics of Sina.com(2065 438+00), the employment direction of this section ranks among the most popular employment majors in China, ranking sixth in the country. Generally speaking, these majors are engaged in the dissemination and management of film and television culture after graduation.
Specifically speaking, I am a reporter, host, planning or administrative director, business director, editor, director and other professionals in newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, radio stations, television stations and film production departments. Refers to the organization and management of many cultural industries derived from film and television art.
For example: cultural agent, film producer, media planner, literary director, entertainment reporter, bilingual host, film screenwriter, film director or various film and television program assistants; There are also planning and management personnel of newspapers, publishing houses, magazines, cultural bureaus, radio and television bureaus, propaganda departments, education, culture, health and other national organizations and other institutions. The editing conditions of this paragraph are general in all aspects, but students who are interested or unwilling can apply for it. Public management: organizational management ability, marketing planning ability, cultural and artistic hobbies. Mass communication category: like film and television art, like activities, good at communication, agile in writing, concerned about social life, want to be a reporter ... Creative director category: like writing, like reading, good at thinking ... (poetry, prose, narrative skills are better); Director and host: good image, good pronunciation in Mandarin and good English (preferably with certain literary expertise or literary committee members); First, don't just practice critical writing.
There are many other contents in the exam, and students who write well need to study other courses; Second, we must choose art training schools in a targeted manner, and we must choose schools with legal qualifications; Third, don't just apply for cultural management. This will be very risky, because there are not many schools that actually offer this major, and similar majors can be reported at the same time, such as radio and television editing and directing, drama, film and television literature, film and television production management, etc. Fourth, we must not relax the study of cultural classes.
Competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and both professional and cultural achievements should be taken into account. Fifth, pay attention to cultural hotspots, film and television culture and current affairs politics in life.
Editor's Note: Peking University, Northwest University, Hunan University, Sichuan University, Chongqing University, Shenyang University, Dalian University, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Liaocheng University, Chengdu University of Technology, Tongji University, Xi International Studies University, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Pingdingshan College, Nanchang Airlines, Nanjing Airlines, chongqing post and telecommunications, Huanghe Science and Technology, Guizhou Nationality, Zhongyuan Institute of Technology, Changchun Normal University, Jinan University, etc.