The Analects
A collection of quotation-style prose from the Spring and Autumn Period of China, which mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. It reflects Confucius' thoughts more concentratedly. It was compiled by Confucius's disciples and his further disciples. The book has 20 chapters and 492 chapters, the first of its kind in the "quotation style". In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi called it the "Four Books" together with "Mencius", "Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean".
The compilers were mainly Zhong Gong, Zi You, Zi Xia and a few disciples who stayed in the state of Lu and their re-disciples, and the full text was polished by Zi Xia. Therefore, Han Confucianism said: The Analects of Confucius comes from Zixia.
"Mencius"
One of the "Four Books". In the middle of the Warring States Period, Mencius and his disciples Wan Zhang and Gongsun Chou were waiting. Records for Mencius, his disciples, and his disciples. It was first seen in Zhao Qi's "Mencius' Inscription": "This book was written by Mencius, so it is always called "Mencius"." "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" contains eleven chapters of "Mencius", of which seven chapters exist in fourteen volumes. The total number of words is more than 35,000 words and 286 chapters. According to legend, there were four other chapters of "Mencius's Wai Shu" that have been lost (the current "Mencius' Wai Shu" was forged by Yao Shiliang of the Ming Dynasty). The book records the political, educational, philosophical, ethical and other ideological views and political activities of Mencius and his disciples.
"The Great Learning"
It was originally an article in "The Book of Rites of Xiaodai". It was originally said to be written by Zeng Zi. Many contemporary scholars believe that it is actually a Confucian work from the Qin and Han Dynasties, discussing ancient times. An important work on Han education theory.
Before the Song Dynasty, the status of "The Great Learning" was not very prominent. After Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi in the Northern Song Dynasty tried their best to respect it, and Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote "The Great Learning Chapters", "The Great Learning" became an important Confucian classic. Chapters, eventually together with "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" were called the "Four Books". After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, "The Great Learning" became an official school textbook and a required reading for imperial examinations, which had a great impact on ancient education.
There are two main versions of "The Great Learning": one is the "Great Learning Chapters" version compiled by Zhu Xi and divided into classics and biographies, which is one of the "Four Books"; the other is according to the original order The ancient version of the arrangement is the original text of "Great Learning" in "Book of Rites".
"The Doctrine of the Mean"
It was originally an article in the "Book of Rites". "Book of Rites" is an important book on the laws and regulations of the Han nation in ancient times. It was written by Zisi during the Warring States Period. The whole article takes "the Golden Mean" as the highest moral principle and natural law. In the Song Dynasty, it was listed as the "Four Books" along with "The Great Learning", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius".
"The Book of Songs"
is a collection of poems that was produced more than 2,500 years ago, at the end of China's slave society. It is the beginning of ancient Chinese poetry and the earliest poetry collection. It collected 305 ancient poems from the 11th century BC to the 6th century BC, and 6 "Sheng Poems" with only titles but no verses, reflecting the social outlook of about 500 years from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period.
The author of "The Book of Songs" is unknown and was written around the Spring and Autumn Period. It is said that it was collected by Yin Jifu and compiled by Confucius. At first it was only called "Shi" or "Three Hundred Poems". By the Western Han Dynasty, it was revered as a Confucian classic and was called "The Book of Songs".
"The Book of Songs" is compiled into three categories: "Wind", "Ya" and "Song". "Wind" is a ballad from various places in the Zhou Dynasty; "Ya" is a formal song of the Zhou people, and is divided into "Xiaoya" and "Daya"; Song", "Song of Lu" and "Song of Shang".
The Book of Songs is rich in content, reflecting labor and love, war and corvee, oppression and resistance, customs and marriage, ancestor worship and banquets, and even celestial phenomena, landforms, animals, plants and other aspects. It is a masterpiece of Zhou Dynasty A mirror of social life.
"Shang Shu"
One of the Confucian classics, also known as "Book" or "Book of Books". "Shang" means "up", and "Shangshu" is an ancient book. It is a compilation of ancient Chinese historical documents and some works that trace ancient deeds.
It is the first collection of classical prose and the earliest historical document of the Chinese Han nation. It mainly focuses on narratives.
Since the early Han Dynasty, there have been two different versions: the modern version and the ancient version. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says that "Shangshu" originally had 100 chapters, and Confucius compiled and prefaced it. (written in seal script, it was not burned in the Qin Dynasty's burning of books). It contains 16 more chapters than the modern version of "Shangshu". These 16 chapters were later lost.
"Book of Rites"
Dai Sheng of the Western Han Dynasty compiled and compiled the ceremonial works of the Han people before the Qin and Han Dynasties, with a total of 49 chapters. One of the Thirteen Classics. It refers to the changes in society after the Warring States Period and the Western Han Dynasty, including the inheritance and changes of social systems, etiquette systems, and people's concepts. The 49 chapters belong to the system, general theory, famous yin and yang, mourning clothes, princely laws, sacrifices, music records, auspicious events, etc. The thoughts it expounds include society, politics, ethics, philosophy, religion and other aspects, among which "The Great Learning" and "The Doctrine of the Mean" Chapters such as "Liyun" contain richer Han philosophical thoughts. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the famous scholar Zheng Xuan made an excellent annotation for "Xiao Dai Li Ji". Later, this book became popular and gradually became a classic from a book explaining the scriptures. , Book of Rites, Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang, and Huliang in the Spring and Autumn Period, plus the Analects of Confucius, Erya, and Xiao Jing, making up the Twelve Classics; during the Song and Ming dynasties, Mencius was added, so it was finalized into the Thirteen Classics." A scholar must The book to read.
The Book of Changes
The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the important traditional classics. It is said to have been written by the Zhou people, and its content includes two parts: the Book of Changes and the Book of Changes.
The "Jing" mainly consists of sixty-four hexagrams and three hundred and eighty-four lines. Each hexagram and line has its own explanation (hexagram words and line words), which are used for divination. "Zhuan" contains seven kinds of texts explaining hexagrams and line speeches and ten articles, collectively called "Ten Wings". It is said to be written by Confucius; however, it is generally believed to be a Confucian work from the Warring States or Qin and Han Dynasties, and was not written by one person at a time. .
The Book of Changes is the theoretical source of natural philosophy and humanistic practice in traditional Chinese thought and culture. It is the crystallization of the thoughts and wisdom of the ancient Han nation. It is known as the "source of the great road" and is an outstanding work of Chinese traditional culture. It represents the source of Chinese civilization. It is extremely rich in content and has had an extremely profound impact on China's politics, economy, culture and other fields for thousands of years.
The "Book of Changes" is the book of changes, poetry, calligraphy, rituals, music, and the Spring and Autumn Period. It is a teaching book and enjoys a high status in the cultural history of our country.