Classical poetry is an important part of China's literary heritage and occupies a certain weight in high school Chinese textbooks. The national Chinese college entrance examination and the appreciation of ancient poems have been tested for seven years, and the difficulty is getting bigger and bigger, the types of questions are getting more and more perfect, and the number of questions is increasing year by year, which has become a highlight of preparing for the college entrance examination. It is an urgent task for every Chinese teacher to cultivate and improve students' ability to appreciate ancient poetry from the aspects of teaching materials, college entrance examination, inheritance and innovation of literary heritage.
Five key points
First of all, we should be good at guiding students to master basic appreciation methods. As the saying goes, it is better to teach people to fish than to teach them to fish. In Chinese teaching, I mainly start from the following five aspects: 1. Taste expressive "poetic eyes" or "unforgettable eyes" For example, Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream" "It rained suddenly and the wind suddenly last night, so you don't need residual wine for a deep sleep. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " The whole word "poetic eye" is "green, fat, red and thin", which is very expressive. Its expressive force is embodied in its vividness and appropriateness. For example, writing leaves with the word "fat" not only means more and more, but also can be associated with moist and bright shapes, which is very accurate and concise; This is also reflected in emotional notes. For example, using the word "thin" to write flowers is not only small, but also can feel pity, and use the whole word to express sentimental emotions. Another example is Jia Dao's "Li Ning lives in seclusion", which says, "There are few neighbors, and the grass path enters an empty garden. /The bird stopped in the tree by the pool and the monk knocked at the door. /color separation across the bridge, moving stones and moving cloud roots. /I will come back here temporarily, and I will live up to my words during the quiet period. " The word "you" in the title is "eye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Every couplet in the poem is closely linked with the word "seclusion". The first couplet is about the "seclusion" of residence: living in a corner, no one, quiet grass path and sparse empty garden. Parallel prose and neck couplets describe the "quietness" of the environment: parallel prose is lined with sounds, birds are singing in the trees by the pool, and the old monk gently knocks on the door in the bright moonlight, all of which show the quietness of the environment; Necklace writing from night to day, or from the perspective of the environment, but the vision is much broader, across the bridge, around the boulder, along the way, everywhere quiet, full of wild interest, the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. Couplets reveal the poet's longing for seclusion. It can be seen that the key to reading poetry lies in grasping "poetic eyes" and "inscribing eyes". Second, analyze the ideological content of poetry. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and comment on the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said, "To write a paper, it is best to take the whole article, the author and their social state into account, which is more conclusive." For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream should be related to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng were deeply in love, but "Yi Anshu couldn't bear to leave after a long time of not getting married" (Liu Yisheng's Song Ci), so we can understand the sentimental feelings of this word by asking questions and answering questions, and love flowers and cherish spring. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate ancient poetry, learn to know people and discuss the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole. Third, explore the wonderful use of standard sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and turn them into poems, which are related to rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the source and significance of allusions and poems, and explore the wonderful use of allusions and poems in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat is green". In other words, Du Mu's poem "Spring Breeze Yangzhou Road Shili" was used. Its application here makes the former prosperity of Yangzhou City in sharp contrast with the present depression, which hurts the memory of the past. Exploring the wonderful use of standardized sentences is the basis of accurately understanding ancient poetry. Fourth, experience the expressive effect of rhetorical devices. In ancient poetry, for the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express it, among which the most important ones are metaphor, awakening, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition and foil. If we grasp the expressive effect of these techniques, we can better understand the image of poetry and the author's feelings. How about "Singing Willow"? "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The author abandons the simple and intuitive description method, breaks the traditional thinking of praising things and expressing ambitions, and creates a novel image with unique romantic color for us with strange imagination and clever metaphor. The first sentence uses "Jasper" (referring to a beautiful girl named Jasper in Yuefu's "Jasper Song") as a metaphor, which makes the poem attractive with a brand-new image at the beginning. In the second sentence, willow twigs droop, just like a green ribbon on a girl's body, and wicker is depicted with ribbons, which highlights the characteristics of tenderness and fluttering, vividly portrays the image of spring willow as silk, and gives people a vibrant aesthetic feeling. Ask and answer the last two sentences, and praise Chunliu again with clever metaphors. A "thin" and a "cut" depict the slender, soft, fresh and lovely leaves of the new willow in detail, revealing the author's surprise and admiration. "The spring breeze in February is like scissors". Comparing the spring breeze to the scissors in Jasper's clever hand, it turns the virtual into the real and has a strange imagination. He compared the willow tree to a graceful girl, painted a vibrant spring scene, and showed his praise for the vitality of spring. Therefore, to appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the rhetorical devices and the specific images it refers to in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of poetry. Fifth, understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm of the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest state of appreciation, which can make the appreciator enjoy beauty, cultivate emotion and purify the soul, thus actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. Understanding artistic conception should pay attention to comparison, innovation and association. For example, Lu You's "Buzuwang" and Fan Chengda's "first frost Small Horn Plum" are all based on imaginary writing, taking plum as a metaphor to express people's feelings, but their artistic conception is different. From the environmental point of view, Lu Ci chose the stormy dusk, which highlighted the bitterness of the environment and laid the "lonely" image of plum blossom. The mode words choose a moonlit environment after snow for plum blossom, which sets off the lonely image of plum blossom. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, Lu Ci, after writing the lonely image of plum blossom, deepened the subjective spirit of plum blossom, which was not invited to spoil, flattering, bearing the wind and rain alone and bearing the fox's sorrow alone with two meanings of "loneliness" and "as always". "If you don't want to fight for spring, everyone is jealous." According to the characteristics of plum blossom, the author gave birth to the spiritual realm of plum blossom. She doesn't pursue the opening in spring, in order not to compete with flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers, giving plum a noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "As always" further praised the noble and strong character of Meihua, and always kept moral integrity. "Dispersed", "turned into mud" and "ground into dust" gradually assumed the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and fell out of the preciousness of "only fragrance remains". The author uses Yongmei to express his ambition, and the individuality of flower products is integrated. Plum blossoms in typical ci do not have the multi-level features of plum blossoms in Lu ci. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossom with "winning without arrogance, losing with grace": the beauty is extreme, and the sadness is extreme, and the image of the person leaning on the painting floor is in harmony with plum blossom, rendering melancholy. The image of plum blossom is both sad and touching. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is full of depth. Appreciation of ancient poetry is a creative and complicated spiritual activity. "Not only writers are creating, but readers are also creating. They are creative partners, and readers are often more like poets than poets. " (Ibsen) Therefore, a true understanding must be based on a thorough understanding of ancient poetry. Such as: Wang Zhihuan's "Heron House", the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you climb a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. "The average person's understanding of this poem only stays on the successful description of the magnificent scenery of nature, and of course it is far from appreciation. Some readers can further see that this poem is not limited to the description of magnificent scenery, but injected with the poet's high-spirited passion. However, this is still not the "poetic ignorance" and significance of this poem. Readers with strong appreciation ability can see the sublimation of this poem from sensibility to rationality through magnificent pictures and open artistic conception, and understand the intriguing philosophy contained in this poem: only by climbing high can you see far, success lies in pursuit, and career is endless. It can be seen that without a thorough understanding of the work, there can be no real appreciation. " Experienced people read books with two eyes, one eye sees the words on the paper, and the other eye sees the back of the paper. Goethe's famous saying tells the true meaning of appreciation of ancient poetry.
Other methods
Secondly, to cultivate students' appreciation of ancient poetry, we should strive to achieve "three more": First, read more. Liu Xie put it well: "Look at the 1000-sword recognizer and practice 1000 songs before making a sound." A person who doesn't read ancient poems much won't appreciate them. Appreciating ancient poetry requires a wide range of knowledge, such as language knowledge, ancient poetry skills knowledge, writers' works knowledge and necessary social science knowledge. These can only be obtained through extensive reading. The ancients also said that "you can never get tired of reading good poems" and "you can recite poems even if you can't write them", all of which emphasized the importance of reading more. Of course, it is not enough to cultivate and improve the ability to appreciate ancient poetry simply by saying "read more books" in general, because "the ability to appreciate can only be cultivated by reading the best works instead of the middle ones" (Goethe talks). Chernyshevski once said: "Any good book will arouse readers' yearning for truth, goodness and beauty, which is the * * * nature of all good books. "It can be seen that reading more good works, cultivating imagination and cultivating sentiment through emotional intervention, is of great benefit to improving appreciation ability. Second, look more. It is necessary to guide students to read more articles appreciated by famous artists or recommend excellent articles to students. It can be said that the articles appreciated by famous artists are typical, and many things are examples for students to learn. As long as students are guided to look at it with an analytical and sublating eye, it will be of great help to improve their ability to appreciate ancient poetry. Third, practice more. Tang Biao in the Qing Dynasty once said: "Reading without comment means that you can occasionally get a glimpse of its subtlety and be at a loss in the future, so you can't comment." "So, every time I read ancient poems, if I insist on writing some eyebrow pencils, fragments and general comments, it will be of great benefit to train students' thinking and improve their appreciation ability. Please also note:
Understand the characteristics of ancient poetry
Ancient poetry has many characteristics. Understanding these characteristics can help us understand and appreciate them. For example, in grammar, inversion is a common phenomenon. In Wang Wei's Autumn Night in a Mountain Residence, the phrase "The sound of bamboo calls the female to return, and the lotus leaves are in front of the fishing boat" is an inverted sentence of "When the female returns, the bamboo sounds, and the fishing boat falls". Its purpose is that the former sentence makes people hear its voice first, then see its people, and the latter sentence makes people look forward and look back, then see its things. After the first fruit, the combination of implicit and explicit is very vivid and beautiful. In terms of meter, modern poetry requires antithesis (duality) between couplets and necklaces. Take Wang Wei's Autumn Night in a Mountain as an example. Its couplet is "moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream", adjectives are adjectives, nouns are nouns, verbs are verbs, the deviated structure is correct, the orientation structure is opposite to the orientation structure, and the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure. The upper and lower parts of speech are the same, and the structure is the same, which is very neat. Understand the lyric methods of ancient poetry. Most ancient poems are lyric poems. Lyricism can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric. The lyric way of ancient poetry is mainly indirect lyric, that is, expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings by means of "borrowing scenery to express feelings" and "supporting things to express feelings", with the blending of scenes as the highest realm. For example, Su Shi's Nian Nujiao Nostalgia on Chibi, in the first part, describes the picturesque scenery of the ancient battlefield in Chibi, and in the second part, people are attracted by the scenery and think of Zhou Yu, a promising young Confucian general who has made contributions here. Zhou Yu thinks of his own relegation, thus expressing the infinite feelings that the poet's ideal cannot be realized. Therefore, when we appreciate ancient poetry, we must make it clear: 1, what is this poem about-who (including the author who is the lyric hero)? Where is it? What time? What are the "things" and "scenery" you wrote? What "ambition" and "affection" did you express? 2. How to write-how to write these "things" and "scenes"? 3. Why do you want to write like this-what is the role of writing these "things" and "scenes" in expressing this "feeling" and "ambition"? Learning to write appreciation articles is to express our appreciation of ancient poetry with words. This kind of question is not only for reading, but also for writing, so it is very popular with proposers. When writing an appreciation article, the first problem we encounter is where to start. It depends on the direction of the test questions. If the test questions have clear requirements, write according to their requirements. For example, this year's Chinese examination paper for the Shanghai College Entrance Examination requires an appreciation of the whole poem "Wild gulls are full of smoke and weeds" in Du Yao's poem "Red Cliff" in the Ming Dynasty. The proposer reminds candidates to appreciate according to the relationship between "emotion and scenery" and cut in accordingly. If there is no clear requirement for the entry point in the test questions, then the candidates should choose an angle that they feel confident on the basis of understanding the whole poem. Generally speaking, candidates can consider the ideological content, expressive skills and language style of poetry. On the one hand, you can choose a cut-in "point" in combination with specific works. Such as "sadness" and "joy" in ideological content, "explicit" and "implicit" in expression skills, "feminine" and "masculine" in language style, and so on. The angle should be small, not big. It is best to grasp a prominent point of the work and dig deep, so as to be detailed and thorough. 1. Classification of ancient poems: quatrains: five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains: five-character quatrains, seven-character quatrains: first couplet (1, 2), parallel couplet (3,4), neck couplet (5,6) and tail couplet (7,8) 2. Methods (2) Understand the poet's writing intention with the help of the title, notes and writing background of the poem; (3) Starting from the language, grasp the key words (verbs, adjectives, argumentative words, lyric words) in poetry. (4) Appreciation of the expression techniques of words (scene blending, expressing one's heart, turning static into dynamic, contrast between light and shade, implicit euphemism, direct expression, quotation, etc.). ) .3. Poetry theme and author's style characteristics: pastoral: yearning and love for pastoral life, longing for retiring from pastoral life. (Tao Yuanming, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran) Frontier fortress: It reflects the bitter cold and lonely life and the patriotic feelings of missing relatives in hometown, yearning for national peace, serving the motherland and making contributions to the country. (Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Can, Fan Zhongyan) Worrying about the country (people): expressing strong patriotism; Or deep sympathy for the working people, anxiety and dissatisfaction with the rulers. (Lu You, Du Fu (depressed and frustrated), Xin Qiji, Wen Tianxiang) Chanting history: I have a deep feeling about history and hope that the rulers can learn from it. (Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Zhang) Farewell: Tell friendship, express reluctant thoughts, encourage and bless friends. (Li Bai, Wang Bo,) Thinking. (Ma Zhiyuan, Cui Hao, Su Shi) The record of chanting things (materials) is expressed by singing natural things. . . . . . Ambition, desire, right to express. . . . . Anger and discontent. (Cao Cao, Li Bai, Han Yu) Description: Love for nature and life, praise and love for the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. Narrator: Express your joy (sympathy, indignation, hatred, sadness) through what you have seen and heard. . . . . . Love). (Bai Juyi's "Looking at Wheat Cutting" and Du Fu's "Stone Ditch") Love: Write about the love and love life of men and women, and express a kind of lovesickness and parting pain. (Wen Tingyun, Li Shangyin, Li Qingzhao) Nostalgia: Express your feelings for the ancients, things and things, and express your talents (ambition is hard to pay), right. . . . . . Dissatisfaction is still right. . . . . Location. . . . Desire. Analysis: Different themes will express different thoughts and feelings, and there will be different ways of expression and lyricism. Therefore, in order to appreciate ancient poetry, we must have a clear understanding of the classification of themes and make accurate judgments on specific poems. Common topics are as follows: 1. Love Poem This is a kind of poem with the theme of love (including mourning), also known as "love song" and "in my heart forever's poem". Since the Book of Songs, love poems have a long history, mainly describing the love and love life of men and women, or expressing the feelings of parting and lovesickness. For example, concurrent wars, Altair all the way, untitled (time was long before I met her, but it was Li Shangyin after we broke up), Queqiaoxian (Bo Yun clever) and so on. 2. Satire Poetry This is a kind of poem that exposes the darkness of society and the coldness of the world by mocking or persuading, and expresses the voice of the people or upright people. Also called "satire", sometimes called "political satire". Satire also has a long history, from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as Shuo Shu, Fa Tan, Bee (Tang Luoyin), Lin 'an Mansion Title (Lin Sheng in Southern Song Dynasty), Drunken Taiping (an anonymous person who was greedy for small profits in Yuan Dynasty) and so on. 3. Philosophical Poetry This is a kind of poem that expresses or expounds a certain philosophy by describing and discussing specific things. Some point out the theme, while others contain it without revealing it, which makes people think deeply. Famous ones are Su Shi's Poems on Xilin Wall and Qin, and Zhu's Reading Experience. In addition, although some poems have no philosophy, they are also full of philosophy (for example, "There is no way to recover from doubts, and there is another village in the dark", "The green hills can't cover up, after all, they flow eastward" and so on. 4. Farewell Poems This is also one of the earliest and most common themes. It is mainly used to express feelings of parting, or to encourage and comfort, or to express deep affection and friendship, or to express sorrow of parting. Because farewell is often associated with climbing mountains and facing water, it is also called "farewell poem of mountains and rivers". Such as Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan (Wang Bo), Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou (Li Bai) and Don't Move Big. 5. Poems about travel are also called poems about travel and travel. Or describe personal experiences and feelings, or express homesickness, narration and lyricism. This kind of poem can not be separated from the description of landscape scenery, so it is also called "landscape poem", which is slightly different from pure landscape poem, and it is mainly based on "recalling lyric". For example, Du Fu's "Expressing My Mind at Night" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" are not landscape poems. 6. Frontier Poem This is a poem describing the frontier fortress scenery and reflecting the life of frontier fortress soldiers. Famous frontier poets in Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan and Li Qi. Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing, Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Home, Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci, Wang Changling's Embankment and Fan Zhongyan's Pride of Fishermen (Scenery under the Embankment) are all well-known masterpieces. 7. Poetry is a kind of poetry with the theme of reciting or commenting on historical stories and historical figures, which is used to express feelings and satirize current events. Generally, it is described first and then discussed; Others only describe the contrast without discussion, so that readers can think. Poems on historical themes are famous masterpieces in the early days, including "Poems on Histories" by Ban Gu in the Western Jin Dynasty and "Eight Poems on Histories" by Zuo Si. Since then, more epics have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's Burning Books to Bury Confucians, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng, Du Mu's Tiwujiang Pavilion (which Wang Anshi once used as a naysayer) and Wen's Jingwu Wenyuan, all of which are well-known masterpieces. 8. Poetry. This is a poem that expresses thoughts and feelings by praising natural or social things. Symbol comparison is its common method. This kind of poems appeared in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, and there were more and more excellent works after the Tang Dynasty. For example, Wang Wei's Acacia (when those red plums come in spring), Li Bai's Egret, Du Fu's Returning to the Wild Goose, Lu You's Yongmei, Yu Qian's Poem of Lime, Wang Mian's Mo Mei, etc. are all famous works that express their feelings through natural things. 9. Poetry. This is a poem with the theme of reciting personal aspirations and reflecting or satirizing society. Bixing, symbolism and association are its main techniques. Poems chanting for the bosom also come from The Book of Songs, which is one of the most important poems in ancient times. For example, Involved in the River in Qu Yuan's Lisao, Into the Wine in it is hard to go by Li Bai, Youzhou Tower by Chen Ziang, Dingfengbo Hu Sha Lu Yu by Su Shi and Anger by Lu You are all touching masterpieces. 10, nostalgic poem. Memories and imagination generated by hanging on historic sites arouse feelings and express feelings and ambitions. This kind of poetry is nostalgic poetry. Ancient nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of nostalgia poems, but they have their own unique characteristics; Nostalgic poems are slightly different from epic poems. It is to express one's will by immersing oneself in historical sites, and epic poems can be written in the study without going to historical sites. Poems about homesickness, such as Du Fu's Shu Xiang, Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane, Stone Town, Li Bai's Nanjing Ascending to the Phoenix Terrace, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia, Xin Qiji's Yong Yu Le Jing Kou Ting Nostalgia, Zhang's Goat Tongguan Nostalgia, etc. , is very famous throughout the ages.