From Lu Xun's novels, essays and poems, we can directly or indirectly see the shadow of Fan Ainong. Kong Yiji is Lu Xun's earliest new culture novel, which aims to reveal the life tragedy caused by the poison of the imperial examination system to scholars. But if we put aside these anti-feudal meanings and only talk about Kong Yiji's survival dilemma, then the shadow of Fan Ainong will stand out. Fan Ainong, just a poor scholar, was born in this dark and miserable society, which seems inappropriate. He was frustrated all his life and finally died miserably in poverty. Of course, Fan Ainong seldom saw the poison of the imperial examination system. However, the abolition of the imperial examination system and the narrow social outlet for scholars made Fan Ainong, a scholar who loves the motherland and has a good desire to transform society, face a difficult survival dilemma. Obviously, this is the survival dilemma expressed by Kong Yiji, which also shows that the author attached great importance to the personal survival dilemma at the beginning of enlightenment. The ideological motivation of this creation can be said to come from a deep understanding of Fan Ainong's death.
19 1 1 year, Lu Xun served as the superintendent (i.e. the principal) of Shaoxing "Shanhui Primary School Normal School" (later renamed Shaoxing Normal School), and invited Fan Ainong to serve as the educational supervisor (i.e. the educational director). After Lu Xun resigned in May 19 12, Fan Ainong was dismissed by Fu Lichen, the later supervisor and president of Confucianism. After losing his job, Fan Ainong fell into poverty and asked Lu Xun to help him find a job to make a living. But for various reasons, Lu Xun was helpless. More than two months later, Fan Ainong died. In the article "Fan Ainong", Lu Xun always suspected that Fan Ainong committed suicide by drowning, because Fan Ainong was a master of floating, even if he fell into the water, he would not drown. I think this is basically credible. Fan Ainong's death was a direct result of economic difficulties. The mental pain caused by economic difficulties aggravated the arrival of death. Awaken literati, living in a dirty reality, will only feel pain. Unwilling to go along with the dark reality, but suffering from inability to change, the hope of life is too slim. Fan Ainong wrote a letter to Lu Xun on March 27th of 19 12, which can be used as evidence. The letter middle way:
What is this world? Because our generation is proud, it can't go with the flow, only death, no physiology. [2]
Sure enough, he sank to the bottom of the lake in July. There is a word in the letter "go with the flow". In the article "Lonely Man" in Wandering Collection, Lu Xun deliberately invented Wei's prosperity because of "drifting with the flow". Lu Xun, a lonely man, wrote it in1June, 925+17 10, and it has been 14 years since Fan Ainong died.
"Lonely Man" begins with the following words: "I met Wei once, but in retrospect, it was unique. In fact, it starts from the funeral and ends at the funeral. " How fierce is the grief and indignation that flows through the pen. Judging from the relationship between "I" and Wei, this seems to be a replica of Lu Xun and the relationship. It can also be said that Lu Xun wrote this article in memory of Fan Ainong, but it is implicit and meaningful, full of symbolic significance, giving people a stronger sense of beauty. Many plots in the novel are consistent with Fan Ainong, which was written later. For example, after I left, Wei was expelled from a school and lost his job. This is consistent with Fan Ainong's life dilemma. Wei's image is very complicated, with both Lu Xun's own shadow and some shadow. He is a very symbolic figure. In this regard, Lu Xun has his own unique taste:
I (that is, Hu Feng) asked, "Does Julian Wei in Lonely Man have the shadow of Fan Ainong?"
He (that is, Lu Xun) said without thinking: "Actually, it's about myself ..."
After a pause, he said, "Of course, there is also the shadow of Fan Ainong ..." [3]
In this novel, there are several arguments between "I" and Wei. One is about children's nature and education; The second is about the fate of loneliness; The third is about the meaning of being alive. The dispute between "I" and Wei actually stems from the contradiction of Lu Xun's own inner thoughts, and is expressed through such a split personality image. At the same time, in the article "Fan Ainong", Lu Xun also had an argument with Fan Ainong: First, whether Xu Qilin should send a telegram after his death after being arrested; The second question is about whether to charge Wang Jinfa for running a newspaper. These arguments are practical and pay close attention to practical problems. In this article, Fan Ainong's dissatisfaction with society is often mentioned. He often complains, so he has developed the habit of drinking. In Loneliness, all the arguments are about abstract philosophical thinking, not specific practical problems. Moreover, in the works, it is obvious that "some of his visitors are impatient, probably after reading Sink, and often call themselves' unfortunate youth' or' redundant people'". Lu Xun deliberately set up such a form of debate between subject and object to express his inner contradictions and express his mourning for Fan Ainong. As a adherent, Fan Ainong's death was actually expected by Lu Xun. This dilemma of survival ultimately boils down to the theme of death.
Written on February 1924, about the restaurant, mainly about "I" and Lu, an old classmate who has been away for ten years, and their feelings about life experiences. The image of Lu here is also very similar to Wei. Lu Xun also expressed his tragic understanding of life in the form of subject-object question and answer. Among them, Fan Ainong is not without nostalgia. Here, we can regard Lu Fu Wei as the dead Fan Ainong that Lu Xun hoped for.
Weeds was written around 1925, which expressed Lu Xun's philosophical thinking on life and life. It is not only a painful reflection and experience of the tragic fate of individual existence, but also a self-dissection of the inevitable failure of the Enlightenment.
1926165438+1October 18 Fan Ainong written by Lu Xun is a reminiscence essay with a sad mood. The article has been chanting: "I suspect that he committed suicide. Because he swims well, he is not easy to drown. " From this, we can imagine Lu Xun's grief and indignation. After a lapse of 14 years, Lu Xun still remembers this poem in memory of Fan Ainong.
1933, 1933 On February 27, Lu Xun wrote a letter to Tai Jingnong, which read:
The status quo is something I have never seen in my life. In the past 30 years, people who are almost half younger than me have really lost everything in their acquaintance. They are angry because of sadness, so they often regard themselves as light dust. "[4]
Lu Xun wrote a sentence in 19 12 "Three Chapters of Mourning Fan Jun": "The cloud of old friends has gone, and I am just a piece of dust." More than 20 years have passed, and Fan Ainong's shadow has been occupying Lu Xun's heart. This sentence is also related to what Fan Ainong wrote in 19 12, "What is this world for? Cover our generation to generate pride, fail to go with the flow, and die without physiology. " It can be seen that Lu Xun agrees with Fan Ainong's death experience. It can be said that Fan Ainong is another choice of Lu Xun's life path. It was through his desperate struggle that Lu Xun was saved from depression and early death. However, Lu Xun can appreciate the pain of life from Fan Ainong's death.
Second, memories of Lu Xun's works.
1926 can be said to be the memory year of Lu Xun. His novels, essays and poems are saturated with sentimental memories. The cry from order written in 1922 clearly expresses this emotion. At the beginning of the article, he wrote:
I had many dreams when I was young, but I forgot most of them later, but I don't think it's a pity myself. The so-called memories can make people happy, but sometimes they can't help being lonely. What's the point of letting the spiritual line still hold the lonely time that has passed away? But I can't forget it all. I can't forget this part at all, and it has become the source of screaming.
The sadness of these memories naturally stems from Lu Xun's own unique experience of life. And what does the sadness of this memory come from? The article goes on to say: "Who fell into poverty from a well-off family? I thought that on this road, I could probably see the true face of the world. " This may be the reason why Mr. Lu Xun often felt pain when he formed a sinister thought. However, Fan Ainong's death may have a shadow. Fan Ainong's untimely death contributed to the formation of Lu Xun's pessimistic thoughts on life and society. That kind of loneliness without a confidant can be seen.
The essays included in "Flowers in the Morning" were all written by Lu Xun on 1926, all recalling the past, including childhood, family life, school life and middle-aged friends. At the beginning of the Introduction, I wrote: "I often want to find some leisure in the chaos, but it is really not easy. At present, it is so bizarre, and my heart is so complicated. When a person only has memories, his life will probably always be boring, but sometimes there are no memories. "
Fan Ainong, the last article in Morning Flowers, was written in1926165438+1October 18, which is a small summary of my life. From childhood friendship to adult friendship, Lu Xun wrote elegies with his sincere heart. Even Lu Xun's first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman, can be said to have the nature of his own painful memories. It wrote that the madman's distrust of medicine and Chinese medicine may stem from Lu Xun's painful memories of his father's illness when he was young.
Lu Xun's memories of himself and others are extensive and varied, and the memories he expressed in his works are also diverse and complicated, which naturally includes the memory of Fan Ainong. Memories of emotions are also permeated with deep sadness. As the last sentence of A Chang and Shan Hai Jing said: "Good and dark mother earth, may her soul be in your arms forever!" However, the death of Fan Ainong became the fuse to activate the memory of Lu Xun's works.