During the Zhengshi period, Sima, who represented the interests of the clan landlords, gradually mastered the military and political power of Wei State and launched a fierce political struggle with the rulers of Cao Wei. Politics is very dark. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang both have progressive political thoughts, and they are both dissatisfied with the decadent reality. They saw Sima's fake "famous religion" to achieve selfish goals, so they confronted the "sex" of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Although their works run through Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts and are obviously different from Jian 'an literature, they still reflect the political reality of this period and inherit the tradition of "Jian 'an style" in basic spirit.
Ruan Ji (210-263) and Chen Liuwei (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) are heirs. In his early years, he was "good at writing poetry" and had the ambition of "saving the world". However, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in the cruel struggle within the ruling class, not only his ambition was not displayed, but also his security was not guaranteed. So he turned to advocate Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought and adopted a negative and rebellious attitude towards the dark reality. All day long, "drunk, passing away", the official position is just "being an official", and communication is even more "mysterious, don't care about people."
Although Ruan Ji pretends to be crazy and sells stupidity in action, his heart is very painful. History shows that he "drove alone at the right time, not because of bad roads and tracks, but because he came back crying." He vented this kind of pain and resentment hidden in his heart in the form of faint twists and turns in his poems for no reason, which is the famous 822 five-character poem "Huai". Huaishi is not a temporary work, but a true expression of the poet's complicated thoughts and feelings all his life. Such as "sleepless at night" poem:
Can't sleep at night, sit up and play the piano. Thin curtains look at the bright moon, and the breeze blows on the chest. Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. What will you see when you are wandering, and you will be sad when you are worried.
This poem shows the poet's inner anguish in the dark reality, and the last two sentences fully show his anxiety that he can't see any hope and way out. The song "Sitting alone in an empty classroom" typically shows the poet's loneliness.
When the Wei and Jin Dynasties changed generations, what made the poet's heart surge most was political terror. Song "Jia Shu Xia" wrote:
Under the thin tree, into a path, the east garden peaches and plums. The autumn wind blows Hopkins, starting from here. Prosperous and haggard, energetic and born in class. Get rid of the stable and go to the western hills. I don't even protect myself, let alone love my wife. Frost covers the weeds, and the twilight clouds are gone.
Through the process of natural scenery from prosperity to decline, the poet vividly revealed the rise and fall of Cao Wei's regime and showed his fear of losing his life. The poem "Day after day" shows the poet's trembling psychology of "walking on thin ice all his life" in such a sinister environment.
Although Ruan Ji is afraid of disaster, he still shows a kind of upright character to the actual politics of autocracy:
Wandering on the pond, still looking at the girder. The green water is shining and the wilderness is boundless. Walking with animals, birds follow. It's quail fire, and the sun and the moon are opposite. The north wind is cold and frosty. There are no horses on the trip, so don't worry. The villain counts his merits, and the gentleman knows his routines. I don't care that I will eventually become haggard and recite that chapter.
The poet compares Sima's insolence with the slight frost in the north wind, the pandering of birds and animals with villains, and the poet's loneliness, which clearly shows the current situation and the poet's situation (note: He Chao presumed that this poem was "referring to Sima's failure" according to the time sequence referred to in the poem. )。 But the poet firmly said, don't learn to calculate merit, but be a regular gentleman. In addition, in some of his poems, he praised the strong men who are honest and have good habits, and exposed the villains such as loafers, workers, braggadocio and villains, as well as the hypocritical etiquette people who tell the truth outside and extinguish the fragrance inside, which is precisely the play of this theme.
Ruan Ji was not only dissatisfied with Sima's dark and brutal rule, but also exposed the increasingly decadent rulers of Cao Wei from the perspective of progressive political thought. Such as "driving words to make Wei Du":
Driving words makes Wei Du, looking south to attack Taiwan. Xiao Guan has a legacy, and Liang Wang is here. Soldiers eat chaff, saints live in Artemisia. Before the song and dance is over, Chi Bing has come back. I have no forest, but there is dust in Zhu Gong. The army was defeated by Huayang and turned out to be dust.
This poem reveals the political corruption and the debauchery of the rulers in the late Wei Dynasty. It is boldly pointed out at the end that this will inevitably lead to the fate of extinction. The song "Zhanzhan Yangtze River Water" shows the same theme.
Huaishi is a complex whole. In addition to these positive contents, there are many works that show the poet's negative thoughts of depression and escape from the world.
Ruan Ji was under political pressure. Although he is full of resentment, he can't say it directly. Therefore, although he is a poem that "inspires God to make a living" (Wen Xin Diao Long Cai Lu), he often uses metaphors in his performance: either symbolizing natural things or suggesting fairy tales, all of which mean this and that, vaguely expressing his ideological content, as the poem says. ..... The nobility is deep and the interest is hard to find. " Poems about Huai inherited Nineteen Ancient Poems, but the extensive use of metaphor was obviously influenced by Chu Ci. Therefore, Ruan Ji is not only the first person who has devoted himself to writing five-character poems since Jian 'an, but also can absorb many influences and create a unique style, which plays an important role in the development of five-character poems.
Ruan Ji's lyric poems with the theme of chanting things have a great influence on later writers. Tao Yuanming's Drinking, Yu Xin's Imitation of Ode, Love and Li Bai's Antique all obviously inherited the tradition of Ruan Ji's Poem of Chanting for the Feeling.
Ruan Ji's Biography of Mr. Adult is a valuable essay. Although the image of Mr. Adult, who transcends secularism and integrates Taoist thoughts, is illusory and tends to make people divorced from reality, it is profound and sharp to criticize and expose feudal society. Chuan said, "A gentleman is arrogant, a minister is arrogant, and a thief lives. He is bound by etiquette. " One sentence exposed the essence of feudal rule. The author points out that such a rule cannot be consolidated, and one day it will encounter the disaster of "national subjugation, monarch killing and breaking up". At this time, the parasites attached to feudal rule are bound to perish together:
And you can't see your husband's lice in Kunming alone I feel lucky to escape from the deep cracks and avoid the bad sheep. Dare not leave the seam, dare not leave Kundang, thinking that there is a rope of ink. Hungry, you think you have endless food. However, Yamakaji flowed, Jiao Yi destroyed the capital, and swarms of lice died in Kunming, but they couldn't get out. What's the difference between your gentleman's area and your husband's lice in Kunming?
Objectively spread the pessimistic thought of feudal society. This article is obviously influenced by Zhuangzi's fables, the fugue of Chu Ci and the extravagance of Han Fu. The whole article is full of eloquence, strangeness and even, mixed between verse and prose, and has its own unique style.
Ji Kang (223-263) was born in Suxian County, Anhui Province. His personality is obviously manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, he advocates Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, is quiet and has no desire, likes to eat well and seeks a long life; On the one hand, he was curious about Ren Xia, but he hated evil. He was sharp-edged in real life, so he was not killed by Sima Guyun's permission. Ji Kang's opposition to the Sima family was related to his in-laws in the Wei family, but the fundamental reason was that he was dissatisfied with Sima's dark and brutal rule. He exposed the situation of "Ji's family" in Taishizhen, saying: "Be arrogant and ambitious, make good use of power by blocking soldiers, show arrogance and abuse, and harm Qiushan. Punishment is based on punishing violence, and now it threatens good people. The past is the world, and now it is one. " This is actually a condemnation of Sima's rule.
Ji Kang's resistance to reality is fiercer than Ruan Ji's, but his poetry achievement is not as good as Ruan Ji's. His poems pay attention to a pure and refined realm. Such as "reception poem" one:
Light running water, dying; As far as a white boat is concerned, the load floats and the load sinks. Whispering in the breeze, drums everywhere. If you throw a stick, you will die.
However, some of his poems, such as Answering Er Guo, obviously reveal cynicism, especially Poems of Sorrow and Anger, which was written after Lu An was involved in prison, describing his unconventional interest and honest and frank personality. Although he also blamed himself for being "just arrogant and exposing his ignorance", he was so "slanderous", but he refused to change his ambition and his mind. The "rigor" of poetic style can be seen here. His artistic achievements in four-character poems are higher than those in five-character poems.
Ji Kang's Breaking Up with the Mountain Residence is an essay with strong literary meaning and bold rebellious thoughts. The article said: "People are polite and the court has laws. From self-sufficiency to familiarity, seven can't stand it, and two can't. " His seven forbearance shows contempt for hypocritical ethics, and his two forbearance is a blatant resistance to the court legal system. The so-called "everything is not thin" is precisely to publicly expose Sima's conspiracy for political power. It was also because of this letter that Sima finally killed him. This article runs through the attitude of rejecting Sima's decadent rule from beginning to end. He compared Dan Tao's recommendation of him as an official to "only shame to cut, lead the corpse to save himself;" Hand-recommended Luan Dao is full of spicy and ironic ability. He also said that Sima wanted to force him to be an official, and his heart was like an elk in the wild, "going through fire and water." The full text is full of laughing and cursing, sharp and free and easy, which shows his stern and resolute character.