1. After Liezi died, his disciples sorted out more than eight articles according to his activities and remarks.
2. On this basis, the Han people collected 20 articles collected by public and private institutions, and revised them into eight articles, which became the number of eight articles recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi.
3. According to the collection of Zhang Zhan's ancestors and the incomplete volumes collected after the war. "Whether you attend school or not is complete". According to the eight articles recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, this edition of Liezi was compiled. Because in the process of compilation, in order to dredge the text and connect the chapters, some of Zhang Zhan's own thoughts and some of his compiled contents will inevitably be added, so this edition of Liezi is mixed with some thoughts and languages of Wei Jin people, which is understandable. Liezi, written in three times, is inevitably miscellaneous. See the preface of Zhang Qinghua's Collection of Taoist Scriptures.
In ancient times, Zhang Zhan once said that "it was often related to Buddhist scriptures", implicitly pointing out that Buddhist scriptures were influenced by Liezi. Yang Bojun's "A Brief Introduction to Distinguishing Fake Characters" quoted Zhu Xiyan as saying: "When you enter his door, you will see the spirit of his words, and the bones will go against his roots. Why do I still exist, that is, the four Buddhist books are separated, and now I am stupid. Where should I be? " If he has a lot of these things, tell him a little, and you can see the clouds of plunder. "Out of context, just like Liu Zongyuan and Qing people questioned the ancient school. Liezi's theory of false calligraphy originated from Liu Zongyuan's discussion on Liezi in Tang Dynasty, but Liu did not actually assert that Liezi was false. I just have some questions about some of them. However, it attracted many extreme echoes from later generations, and many a mickle makes a mickle. However, Zhu's opinion is that Buddhist books are copied from the examples, which is more clear in genre: "The clouds of today's view are scattered, and today's people are crazy. Where should we be?" "That's stealing Liezi's words." Bone goes against its roots and spirit enters its door. Why should I linger? "(volume 126).
His research works include: Wu Yinei-xiong's Liezi Miswords, Yao Mosheng's Selected Works of Pre-Qin philosophers and Liezi's Notes, Liezi's Discrimination and Its Central Idea, Xu Chong's Translation Guide to Germany, Gao Chenyang's Xu Chongjing, Motor's Liezi Textual Research, Xiao Liezi's Exploration and Zheng's. Xiao Gongsun and famous scholars, Guan Zongchang's Liezi studies, the first series of Taoist cultural studies, the fourth series of Taoist cultural studies, the sixth series of Taoist cultural studies, the tenth series of Taoist cultural studies, the fifteenth series of Taoist cultural studies, Amano Mako, Kobayashi Shengren, and Kiyojiro, Tang Yongtong and Sanshang. The single paper includes two tendencies in the research on the authenticity of modern ancient books by Zheng —— Taking Liezi as an example; Textual research on Liezi by Zhou; True Liezi by Zhen; new ideas on the study of contemporary counterfeit books; comments on some issues of modern Liezi by Hu Jiahe's Selected Works of Shan Li; and Lin's translation.
At present, there are two largest foreign scholars who have conducted a comprehensive textual research on Liezi. One is Liezi Research by Yoshio Yamaguchi (Tokyo: Hazama jade Study Room, 1976. 12). The book concludes that Zhuangzi should be taken from Liezi, see page 569 and this book. Secondly, the author of the study on Liezi Kobayashi (Tokyo: Meiji Academy, 198 1.9) holds the position of non-pseudo-calligraphy theory.