☆ The origin of Jiangcheng
Like the mountain cities of Chongqing, Chengdu and Kunming in spring, Wuhan has its own unique name-Jiangcheng.
Maybe you have to ask: the Yangtze River flows through many cities, large and small, from top to bottom. Why is Wuhan called alone? The reason is that Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, was playing in Wuhan, drinking with Shi Langzhong on the Yellow Crane Tower, and enjoying music while drinking. When he was in a good mood, Li Bai became very excited, so he wrote a poem called "Drinking with Shi Langzhong and Listening to Xiao on the Yellow Crane Tower". The poem is written like this: "First, I moved to Changsha, but I didn't see my home in Chang 'an in the west. The Jade Emperor blows the Yellow Crane Tower, and plum blossoms fall into the river in May. Wuhan people love the good name "Jiangcheng" in Plum Blossoms in Jiangcheng in May, so they call themselves Jiangcheng people. Besides Jiangcheng, there are other names in Wuhan. The origin of these names reflects the historical and cultural development of Wuhan.
☆ The origin of three towns in Wuhan
Wuchang, Hanyang and Hankou in Wuhan have their own characteristics in history, scale and development speed.
The name of Wuchang began at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms. In order to seize Jingzhou with Liu Bei, Sun Quan moved his capital from Jianye (now Nanjing) to Hubei County in 22 1 AD, and renamed it Wuchang, which means "ruling the country by force and prospering the population". The name of Wuchang is interchanged with that of Ezhou today. According to archaeological excavations, Wuchang is the place where the ancients lived, such as Yingtai of Fruit Lake in Neolithic Age, Laoren Bridge in Nanhu Lake, Xujiadun and Qidun in Huashan Township, Hongshan District, etc.
The origin of Hanyang is closely related to Hanshui River. There is an old saying: "The north of the water is Yang, and Shan Zhinan is Yang". Ancient Hanyang was located in the north of Hanshui River, turtle Shan Zhinan, and was also called Yang because of the earth Yang, so it was named Hanyang.
In 606 AD, in the second year of Sui Daye, Hanjin County was changed to Hanyang County, and the name of Hanyang began. After the county government moved to Hanyang City in the Tang Dynasty, it developed rapidly.
Hanyang, especially Nautilus Island, has always been a place where merchant ships gather and distribute in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. During the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, commercial handicrafts were very prosperous. At the same time, Hanyang is also a tourist attraction. Hanyang Guiyuan Temple is the best protected Buddhist jungle in Wuhan and a key cultural relic protection unit in Hubei Province.
The fortification of Wuchang and Hanyang started at the same time, about 1800 years ago.
Historically, Hankou and Hanyang developed synchronously for a long time. It was not until the tenth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1474) that the Hanshui River was diverted (at least eight times in history) that Hankou developed independently, with a history of only 500 years. Hanyang and Hankou built city walls very early and were regarded as the places ruled by counties.
Hankou quickly became a new commercial port, and its reputation and development speed far exceeded Wuchang and Hanyang. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Hankou was listed as the four famous towns in China along with Zhuxian Town in Henan, Foshan Town in Guangdong and Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, and was known as "Oriental Chicago" overseas. Hankou's port trade and transportation are quite developed, and it has become the largest inland port in China. There are scenes of "ten-mile sails near the city, and lights are on all night" (Wu Qishi) and "Jia Manyi, a resident merchant, is the first prosperous place in Chu". Can reflect its prosperity. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Hankou was even more prosperous in the world, and only "salt affairs were the best in the world".
Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang in the late Qing Dynasty, built the Zhang Gongdi in Hankou on 1905. This levee has lowered the water level year by year in Houhu area, made the barren lake and wild continent form land, and provided convenient conditions for the expansion of Hankou, which was originally narrow, and made an indelible historical contribution.
At the beginning of 1927, Wuhan National Government merged Wuchang and Hankou (under Hanyang County) into the capital and named it Wuhan. Today, Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang make up the "Wu Hancheng" with a history of only 74 years.
☆ The cause of the stove
Why does summer in Wuhan feel so hard? This is because there are many rivers and lakes in Wuhan, and the water area is large. During the day, the sun is exposed to the sun, a large amount of water vapor evaporates, and the air humidity increases. The whole city is shrouded in clouds of hot air like a huge hood. On the one hand, the radiation speed of geothermal energy into the air slows down, and the indoor temperature continues to drop. On the other hand, it makes it difficult for the human body surface to dissipate heat, just like a sauna room, so it is sweaty and sultry, so it is called a "stove".
Second, local literature and art.
1, Han Opera
Han Opera is the main local opera in Hubei, also called "Han Tune", commonly known as "Huang Er", which was renamed as "Han Opera" before and after the Revolution of 1911.
The main voices of Han Opera are Xipi and Huang Er. Huang Er originated in Anhui and was formed in the area adjacent to Anhui in eastern Hubei. It was mainly created and developed by Chinese artists and played with Xipi, thus forming a Pihuang vocal system with Xipi and Huanger as the main body. The word "Xipi" first appeared in Zhang Hengfu's Tears on the Golden Platform in Qing Dynasty (written in the eighth year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, AD 1828), and called "Gansu dialect" "Xipi tune". Xipi originated from Shaanxi Bangzi. The confluence of Xipi and Xipi was first seen in the Ci of Gao Han written by Ye in Qing Dynasty (written in the 30th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, namely 1850): "In the middle of the tune, the anti-tune is the most bleak, and when it is urgent, Xipi is slow and slow, and the voice must be round and bright, but the breath must be long." It shows that at that time, not only Xipi and Huanger ensemble, but also the sound board was gradually improved.
Han opera entered a prosperous period in Jiaqing and Daoguang years, with many kinds of dramas and famous actors. According to the epidemic area, it is divided into four roads: Xianghe, Fuhe, Jinghe and Hanhe.
Han opera can be divided into ten lines: one end, two clean lines, three lives, four Dan lines, five ugly lines, six crooked lines, seven small lines, eight sticks, nine husbands and ten miscellaneous lines.
There are thousands of traditional operas of Han opera, and there are still more than 660 existing operas. Xipi and Huanger are the main vocals of Han Opera, as well as arias, Kunqu opera, miscellaneous tunes and minor tunes. Xipi and Huang Er also have some unique special harmony and special cavity in traditional singing. There are also many mixed and rich tunes in China's plays. There are more than 400 traditional vocals and instrumental music. Han opera is rich in gongs and drums, and there are many kinds of dramas, which can be roughly divided into "big drama", "small drama" and "string drama". "Strike" is very distinctive, accompanied by a horse gong, with a distinct rhythm and a strong atmosphere. It is quite effective to set off the free and easy character of savage heroes in Hualian Wusheng's plays.
2. Chu Opera
Chu Opera used to be called "Huangxiao Flower Drum" and "West Road Flower Drum", and 1926 was renamed "Chu Opera". Popular in Hubei, it is about 100 years old. It was developed on the basis of folk songs and dances such as bamboo and horse stilts in Huangpi and Xiaogan, and "Oh Oh cavity" in eastern Hubei. It was originally accompanied by voices and gongs and drums. 1920 entered Wuhan, and gradually developed and improved under the influence of Han opera and Beijing opera. 1923 changed to string accompaniment. After liberation, there was some innovation in music, which enriched the board cavity, developed minor tunes and absorbed high-pitched cavity, forming three major cavity systems: board cavity, high-pitched cavity and minor tune cavity.
3. Hubei storytelling
Hubei storytelling is to tell stories in Hubei dialect. When a person performs, he just talks but doesn't sing, and uses a piece of wood as a prop. Every critical moment of the plot, the audience cheers.
Hubei storytelling is distributed in cities along the Yangtze River such as Wuhan, Shashi and Yichang, and some artists are engaged in performances in Jingzhou, Xiaogan, Huanggang and Yichang, which are close to it. The rise of storytelling in Hubei is based on previous artists and with reference to Xiakou County Records in the early years of the Republic of China. According to the Records of Jian, in the eighth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1635), Hanyang sentenced Zhuo Yuan to tell stories among migrant workers and boatmen when he supervised the repair of the water retaining levee in Xiakou (now Hankou), which was very popular. Since then, storytelling has opened the door here. The prosperity and development of Hubei storytelling began in Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty. During the Guangxu period, the Westernization School set up large-scale industries in Wuhan and built the Beijing-Han Railway. As a result, the town's economy developed and its population soared, which made storytelling have a large audience. At that time, teahouses in three towns in Wuhan were vying for storytellers to perform. At that time, Ren Chunshan and Gu Xuannan were famous storytellers in Hankou. Later, they collected artists, set up their own portals, and the scope of communication gradually expanded.
In the development of Hubei storytelling, two kinds of bibliographies have been formed: one is the "basic book" based on romance novels and the other is the "rain and snow book" processed and developed on this basis; First, the rise of "road books" written and performed by artists who only seek thrilling and lively plots has hindered the processing and research of some famous books, and the number of people who say "basic books" has gradually decreased. However, because "Lu Shu" is written and performed by himself, artists can make full use of their strengths and avoid their weaknesses, which promotes the formation and development of art schools. Hubei storytelling is good at portraying a savage hero who plays with powerful people, and each book has one or several important figures of this type. Hubei storytelling is humorous in style, fluent and gorgeous in language, and often uses rhythmic parallel prose to describe scenery, which complements the vivid spoken language used in narration and dialogue.
4. Hubei Drum
Hubei drum is different from Hubei storytelling. Hubei storytelling is mainly based on singing, with drum board as the main instrument, and actors sing while playing drums, which is humorous and easy to understand.