So don't write articles for classical Chinese. Wen zai Dao, Wen zai Dao, Wen zai Dao.
Say the important things three times. If you are lazy in learning this kind of thing, it is useless to ask how to write it a hundred times.
1. Briefly break down the knowledge structure of classical Chinese: morphology-flexible syntax of basic notional words, function words and parts of speech-passive sentences, ellipsis sentences, special sentence patterns (adverbial postposition, attributive postposition, prepositional object) grammar-text carries Tao, Fu and parallel prose.
Italian law-common allusions, literary common sense, historical common sense, multi-angle analysis.
As long as you implement these slowly and steadily, don't write classical Chinese just for the sake of using classical Chinese, when you meet the right topics or ideas (history, strategy, humanities, scenery. )
Naturally, you can write a classical Chinese. 2, realization, basic content words, function words, a lot of ancient Chinese reading, an ancient Chinese reading three times.
Summary of vocabulary and syntax, recitation of good articles, reading of cultural books+written exercises.
2. How to write1in classical Chinese? Understand and master the ancient and modern meanings of common notional words.
In ancient and modern Chinese, only the meanings of some basic words (such as "heaven", "earth", "mountain" and "water") and some proper nouns have not changed, but most of them have changed, or their meanings have expanded, narrowed, shifted or felt different. Some have become completely different, such as "Tang" and "martyr". In most cases, some polysemous words, only one or two of which were the same in ancient times, have disappeared in modern Chinese. For example, "logging" means "logging" and "crusade" in ancient times, but it also means "making contributions" and "boasting". In addition, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese were all a phrase in ancient times, and their meanings naturally differed greatly. If you don't pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, you will easily make mistakes. The common words with different meanings in ancient and modern times are listed according to monosyllabic and disyllabic categories, and the ancient or ancient meanings are indicated in brackets. Words with different meanings in ancient times are not explained.
Monosyllabic words
Quick (invite, invite) soup (hot water, boiled water), runny nose (tears), stealing (muddling along), smelling (satiated, satiated), creating (go ... go ... go ... go ...
disyllable
Ordinary people (officials) are despicable (humble in position and vulgar in knowledge), disposition (arrangement), calmness (proper in speech), cleverness (keen in hearing and clear in eyes) and greatness (nature). 2. Understand and master the polysemy of common notional words.
3. Identify and master commonly used interchangeable words
First, master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Among them, words include content words and function words; Sentences can be divided into five categories: judgmental sentences, passive sentences, inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and fixed sentences. A systematic grasp of the language structure of classical Chinese and a clear understanding of its differences and connections with modern Chinese are the basis for learning classical Chinese.
Second, correctly break sentences. The ancients wrote articles without punctuation marks, and how to break sentences directly affected the understanding of the contents of the articles. Correct sentence breaking must pay attention to the following points: understand keywords and judge the relationship between words; Understand a certain appreciation of ancient culture; Master the rules of dialogue, reporting and quotation in the text; According to the words at the beginning and end of the sentence and the idioms in the sentence.
Third, learn the correct translation methods. The principles of classical Chinese translation are: faithful to the original text, stereotyped words, literal translation as the main, free translation as the auxiliary. The following points should be paid attention to in translation: supplement the omitted parts; Adjust the word order; Increase or decrease appropriately.
4. Read repeatedly. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully. In addition, classical Chinese pays great attention to its internal rhythm and rhythm. Repeated reading can fully appreciate the musical beauty of the works and improve your interest in learning.
3. How to write classical Chinese?
Upper subset, word part, ambition
[Ancient prose] Tang Yun and Zheng Yun stopped cutting, while Ji Yun and Yunhui stopped cutting. The publication of Shuowen is as beneficial as crossing a branch. First, the land is also. "Jade piece" is also appropriate and desirable. "Li Tan Gong" said: If? If you are angry, you will be fine.
Also in. The book Li Daxue is precious and unique. "Attention" is appropriate. Zhu is still worth living.
There are also word gangs. The book of gold is also appropriate. The same is true of Wen Li Wang Shizi in autumn and winter. Every word in Zhengzitong is either in one sentence, at the end of a language or in an endless stream. For example, the poems about my bosom, Clothes by Wu, the story of a crow coming from Zhang, Liu Yan-jiu, Chang Hua-zhang's Left and Liu Yan-ba can all be taken as examples.
So is this. Yu Gui, the son of the poet Nan Zhou. The noteworthy son is Zi Ye.
Change again. What is the meaning of the words in Yi Zhuan? The words in Sun Er Bian have changed, and they have been spread to the left, but whether they conform to this view or not. The text has become no.
That's right, that's right. Ying's death in Shi Feng Zhang can't defeat him.
Also stayed. "The Eye of the Yangtze River" or ask Confucius, it is not necessary to know his way. It's evil to carry it. Yue: the gentleman of later generations. The words and deeds in the suicide note are more valuable than the body and are passed on to future generations.
Last name. A "surname garden".
And what all those people in Hao Jing Reading Pass say, some things belong to whom, some things belong to whom, and even the words belong to whom. Co-production The evolution of Chinese characters in Tang poetry.
It's also in Feng Wei. The same is true. Do everything possible. There, here, the sound and meaning are the same.
There is also a "rhyme supplement" job flow, music week. Nine Chapters of Chu Ci was written by Lv Wang. He sang in the morning and in silence. It doesn't conform to Yao Shun and Huan Miao Xi, but the world knows who it is. Ye Shangniu Xia Qiu.
The ancients made words according to things in Zhou Yue. For example, this is grass and spirit, but it is not a kite. Later generations borrowed it as an auxiliary language. Auxiliary words are used a lot, but they are taken away and the words are made differently. There is a word called kite. * Textual research: [Wen Li Wang Shizi is the same in winter. 〕
4. How to write classical Chinese 1? Master the basic language structure. Classical Chinese can be roughly divided into words and sentences. Of course, you must be able to read ancient Chinese, read more, write more and practice more, and you will naturally write better and better.
2. Correct sentence break. There are no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese characters, so how to break sentences directly affects the understanding of the content of the article. The following points should be paid attention to in correctly breaking sentences: understanding keywords and judging the relationship between words; Have a certain appreciation and understanding of ancient culture.
3. Learn the correct translation methods.
4. Watch it again and again. As the saying goes, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself. Reading more books can cultivate a sense of language and achieve the purpose of reading other ancient works skillfully.
1. Basic information:
Ancient Chinese has two meanings in our country. One meaning refers to the characters in ancient books before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, mainly the characters in ancient books such as The Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, The Spring and Autumn Period, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Lv Chunqiu and Xiao Jing, which are relatively early characters. Another meaning refers to the general name of classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"), which is a kind of prose with strange sentence patterns and no dual temperament.
2. Classical Chinese:
Ancient refers to the classical Chinese before 1954 (generally excluding "parallel prose"). Compared with parallel prose, it is a kind of prose with strange sentences, single lines and no dual temperament. Parallel prose prevailed after Wei and Jin Dynasties, paying attention to duality, neat syntax and gorgeous words.
Su Chuo opposed the flashy style of parallel prose in the late Northern Dynasties, and imitated the style of Shangshu to write Dayu, thinking that the article was a standardized genre, called "ancient prose", that is, writing articles in the prose language of the pre-Qin Dynasty. Later, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and so on. It is advocated to restore the tradition of rich content, free length, plain and smooth prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, that is, to call such prose ancient prose.
3. Ancient prose: "Ancient prose of Confucius", that is, the so-called "biography of teachers". The difference between ancient prose and written prose is geographical difference. Ancient prose is a book in the wall, and the ancients respected classics, so it was placed before essays, and its age was not necessarily earlier than essays. Xu Shen said: "Up to the Six Classics of Confucius, Zuo Qiuming's Spring and Autumn Biography is an ancient text." He also said: "The calligrapher in the wall, King Lu Gong (BC 155 ~ BC 129) destroyed Confucius' House and got The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. "The Book of Rites is a work in the late Warring States period. Ancient books and records are made of bamboo slips. After countless times of reading and copying, they were "three unique skills in Wei's compilation and three unique skills in lacquer calligraphy", and their use time was not long. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), books were ordered to be burned, but there were not necessarily early manuscripts hidden in various places, and they were all popular books at that time. Even if there are six classics written by Confucius, it is only 500 BC. Xu Shen said that the materials he used were called Meng Shi in Yi, Kong Shi in Shu, Shi Mao in Shi, Zhou Guan in Li, Zuo Shi in Spring and Autumn Annals, and Xiao Jing. About all of them were copied by Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. Different from Biography, Xu Shen used more than 500 words, about118 in Biography. The characteristics of ancient Chinese, such as one or two poems, add unnecessary decoration, ceremony and etiquette. Making gifts, giving up and boldly simplifying are not the original forms of Chinese characters, but are produced in line with the needs of the times.
5. How to write classical Chinese 1? To understand and master the homographs of common notional words in ancient and modern Chinese, only the meanings of some basic words (such as "heaven", "earth", "mountain" and "water") and some proper nouns have not changed, and most of them have changed.
Or the meaning is enlarged, or the meaning is reduced, or the meaning is shifted, or the feeling is different. Some become completely different, such as "soup", "martyr" and "slave" (referring to the ancient military attache, without derogatory meaning); In most cases, only one or two polysemous words are the same in ancient and modern times, and other meanings have disappeared in modern Chinese.
For example, in ancient times, "logging" meant "logging" and "crusade", but in ancient times it also meant "making contributions" and "boasting". In addition, some disyllabic words in modern Chinese were all a phrase in ancient times, and their meanings naturally differed greatly.
Such as "Grandpa" and "Description". When reading classical Chinese, if you don't pay attention to the difference between ancient and modern meanings, take the present as the past and expect the meaning, you will make mistakes.
The following are commonly used words with different meanings in ancient and modern times, listed in the back according to monosyllabic and disyllabic categories, with ancient meaning or ancient meaning indicated in brackets. The ancient phrase "modern disyllabic words" is not explained.
Monosyllabic words are (received, covered, covered, covered) stored (missed, caressed) by soldiers (weapons, military) (building steps, appointment of official positions) bed (a kind of seat), cut (praised, boasted) beans (ancient food containers), visited (achieved) cities, fiefs and places. A little (gradually) less (slightly) body (itself) is (this) suitable for (planting, cultivating) fast (tempting) soup (hot water, boiled water) tears (stealing (muddling through) smell (smell) disgusting (satisfied, full) and then (twice) destroying) cover (stop) walking (walking). Independence (independence or letters) Relieved (lost will) Very (unexpected situation) Romantic (meritorious literature and art, lingering) Welcome (welcome) Grateful (moved and struggling) Scene (time) Story (past events) Horizontal (criss-crossing, unimpeded) Traffic (collusion, mutual communication) End (integrity, costume) Economy (governing the country) Aunt Beauty (concubines) Murphy (no ... no) South (when the emperor) is cheap (take advantage of) Actually () relatives (both at home and abroad) Autumn (autumn) Youth (spring) People (people) Three feet (referring to the sword, fingering) Shandong (east of Lushan Mountain, east of Taihang Mountain and east of Huashan Mountain) body (personally implemented). Outline (grasping the program) Comrade (like-minded) highlights (suddenly appears) grammar (law or law) article (law, literary color) helpless (helpless, boring) no matter (not to mention) no day (not many days) sacrifice (ancient sacrifice to livestock) county official (referring to the emperor, Refers to the imperial court or government) news (disappearance and growth) luggage (diplomatic envoy) description (appearance and appearance) scholar (learner) color (appearance) savage (farmer living in the countryside) has always been (with the same principles and theories throughout) thinking (used to be diligent (fearful) because (therefore) it influenced (sound) fish (sound) Generally referred to as men) are father-in-law (honorific title for male elders) and minion (Chen Wu, political (political) instructions (pointing to show) wisdom (wisdom and strength) China (referring to the Central Plains) Grandfather (grandparents and father) or so (attendants) 2 Understanding and mastering the polysemy of commonly used notional words, a language phenomenon that exists in ancient and modern Chinese, but is more common and prominent in classical Chinese. Understanding the words in classical Chinese depends to a great extent on whether we can accurately grasp the specific meanings of polysemous words in the context.
There are 340 notional words commonly used in classical Chinese listed by textbook editors, all of which are polysemous words and should be the focus of learning. Among these 340 notional words, the following 100 notional words have more meanings and appear more frequently.
Pull, worship, violence, newspaper, quilt, comparison, contempt, poverty, soldier, thinness, strategy, inspection, multiplication, division, obedience, danger, suppression, evil, cutting, visiting, releasing, sealing, covering, covering, setting, protecting, managing, observing, country and ignoring. 3. Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words Identifying and mastering common interchangeable words (including ancient and modern words) is not only related to the accurate reading of classical Chinese, but also related to the correct understanding of words.
Because the meaning expressed in the text is not the meaning of the word itself, but the meaning of the original word. Only by recognizing his passing identity and knowing the words he knows can we make an appropriate explanation.
Most of the interchangeable words are homophones of the original words.
6. How to write a good classical Chinese To write a good classical Chinese, it is necessary to do more topics in this area or read more books on classical Chinese, and translate more titles and stories of classical Chinese, thus improving the level of classical Chinese.
Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination. First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge.
As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated. Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him.
Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works. For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river.
Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao. Second, have relevant cultural common sense.
China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history. Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times.
Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams. Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present."
We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation. In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain.
In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese. Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese.
When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters. ② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech.
③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese. Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article.
In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination. Classical Chinese teaching is an important part of Chinese teaching, and classical Chinese test questions are the highlight of college entrance examination. Students often ask, how to learn classical Chinese well so as not to lose points in the college entrance examination? I think if we can pay attention to the following points, we can learn classical Chinese well and improve the hit rate of the college entrance examination.
First of all, we must have relevant historical knowledge. As the saying goes, literature and history are not separated.
Everyone lives in an era, and the politics, economy and culture of this era will certainly have an impact on him. Therefore, only by understanding the era of this person's life can we understand the connotation of his works.
For example, Qu Yuan advocated reform and hoped that Chu would be strong, but the king of Chu was "confused by Zheng Xiu at home and bullied by Zhang Yi abroad", alienated Qu Yuan first, and then exiled him to the Miluo River, which made his reform ambition impossible and buried him in the river. Knowing this history, it is much easier for us to understand Li Sao.
Second, have relevant cultural common sense. China's ancient culture is profound and rich in connotation, and many contents are constantly evolving with the development of history.
Such as name and title, official position and imperial examination, geographical knowledge, patriarchal manners and customs, clothing and utensils, calendar criminal law, ancient book annotation style, etc., are greatly different from ancient times to modern times. Although students don't need to master all these contents, they should also accumulate what they encounter in their studies as their own knowledge reserves, so that they can call them at any time in classical Chinese learning and exams.
Third, learn to "solve the belly of the ancients with the heart of the present." We live in today's society, and in the face of disasters, we will unite as one. In the face of ugliness, they will attack and lash; We will work together to resist external humiliation.
In fact, this kind of thoughts and feelings are in the same strain. In the face of external humiliation, Wen Tianxiang wrote: "Since ancient times, no one has died, keeping the heart of Dan to shine in the history of history." Facing the sufferings of the people, Du Fu wrote: "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the bones on the road freeze to death." Therefore, when we study ancient Chinese, we should be good at comparing and associating the feelings of the ancients with those of today, so as to try to figure out the thoughts of the ancients and accurately understand the essence reflected by classical Chinese.
Fourth, grasp the teaching materials and lay a solid foundation for classical Chinese. When learning classical Chinese, we must master the knowledge points that appear in textbooks: ① Phonetic sounds, including polyphonic characters and different reading characters.
② Meaning, including ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy and flexible use of parts of speech. ③ Sentence patterns in classical Chinese, including special sentence patterns and complex sentences in classical Chinese.
Fifth, to learn a classical Chinese, we should do the following: first, grasp the article as a whole and understand its main contents; Secondly, put the understanding of paragraphs into the overall grasp of the text; Third, in the specific language environment, we can further understand the words in the context; Finally, on the basis of the first three conditions, further understand the deep meaning of the article. In short, if you can do the above in your usual study, you will lay a solid foundation for the college entrance examination.
Classical Chinese is the language used by the ancients and is no longer used in our real life. But it is the source of modern literature and still affects modern literature in various ways.
Therefore, to really learn modern Chinese well, we must have a solid foundation in classical Chinese. The writers and scholars of the older generation, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Qian Zhongshu and Liang Shiqiu, all have deep roots in ancient Chinese, and their works are full of rich classical flavor, with concise, accurate and elegant language.
Mr. Lu Xun read and studied a large number of ancient novels since he was a child, which had a great influence on his later novel creation. Mao dun recited a dream of red mansions.