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>Volume 56 Wu Shu 11 Zhu Zhi Zhu Ran Lu Fan Zhu Huan Zhu Huan 11

Volume 57 Wu Shu 12 Yu Lu Zhang Luo Lu Wu Zhu Huan 12

Volume 58, Book of Wu, Thirteen, Biography of Lu Xun, Volume 59, Book of Wu, Fourteen, Biography of Lord Wu and His Five Sons, Volume 60, Book of Wu, Volume 15, Congratulations The fifteenth biography of Quan Lu and Zhou Zhongli

Volume sixty-one, the sixteenth biography of Wu Shu, the sixteenth biography of Pan Jun and Lu Kai

The sixteenth volume, the sixteenth volume of the comprehensive biography of Wu Shu and Lu Kai is the tenth comprehensive biography of Yi and Hu Seven

Volume 63 Wu Shu 18 Wu Fan Liu Dun Zhao Da Biography 18

Volume 64 Wu Shu 19 Zhuge Teng's Second Grandson Puyang Biography 19

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Volume 65 Wu Shu 20 Wang Lou He Weihua Biography 20 [Edit this paragraph] Features and Doubts "Three Kingdoms" is good at narrative, with concise writing style and proper tailoring. It was praised at the time. Xia Houzhan, who was at the same time as Chen Shou, wrote "Book of Wei". When he saw "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", he thought there was no need to write a new history, so he destroyed his own work. Later generations highly praised it and believed that among the history books recording the history of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shu alone could rival "Historical Records" and "Han Shu". Therefore, other histories of the Three Kingdoms have been lost to obscurity one after another, and only the "Three Kingdoms" has been circulated to this day. Liu Xie, a native of the Southern Dynasties, said in the chapter "Wen Xin Diao Long·Historical Biography": "The three heroes of the Wei Dynasty, their biographies came out of each other, "Yang Qiu" and "Wei Lue" belong to "Jiang Biao", "Wu Lu" and so on , it may be difficult to conquer, or it may be sparse and few important, but Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms" is consistent in terms of text and quality. "This means that those similar historical books either have extreme arguments and insufficient basis; or their writing is sparse and misses the point. Only Chen Shou's works achieve the unity of content and written expression.

After all, Chen Shou was a minister of Jin, and Jin succeeded Wei and ruled the world. Therefore, "Three Kingdoms" respects Cao Wei as orthodox. In the "Book of Wei", a chronicle was written for Cao Cao, while in the "Book of Shu" and "Book of Wu" there are only biographies and no chronicles. When Liu Bei is remembered, it is called "The Biography of the First Lord", and when Sun Quan is remembered, it is called "The Biography of the Lord Wu". This is an example of history books serving politics, and it is also a characteristic of "Three Kingdoms".

Although Chen Shou nominally respected Wei as orthodox, he actually wrote books based on the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu, faithfully recording the situation of the three kingdoms, showing that they were independent and independent of each other. are the same. As far as the method of recording events is concerned, the "Biography of the First Lord" and "The Story of the Lord Wu" are also about the chronology of events, which is exactly the same as this chronicle, but they are not called chronicles. Chen Shou's handling of this matter was in line with the actual situation at that time, which shows his brilliance and originality. Generally speaking, "Three Kingdoms" records are relatively simple, which may be related to the amount of historical materials. Chen Shou was from the Three Kingdoms period and was thirty-one years old when the Shu Kingdom fell. The "Three Kingdoms" he compiled was a modern history at that time. Many things he had personally experienced, heard and seen, which were relatively real. It is said that he had the conditions to collect historical materials. However, due to the recent era, many historical materials have not been disclosed; at the same time, because the grievances have not been eliminated, it is difficult to give fair praise and criticism, which also brings certain difficulties to the selection of materials and the revision of history.

From the comparison of the three books of Wei, Shu and Wu, "Shu" has only fifteen volumes, which is simpler than the two books of Wei and Wu. This is probably the reason why there are more historical materials on Wei and Wu than on Shu. When Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms", the State of Wei already had Wang Shen's "Book of Wei", and the State of Wu also had Wei Zhao's "Book of Wu" for reference. This provided great convenience for Chen Shou to collect historical materials. However, the Shu Han Dynasty had neither historians nor ready-made history books to draw from, so it was very difficult to collect historical materials. Chen Shou spent a lot of effort, even searching for some fragmentary fragments, and found only fifteen volumes of "Shu Shu". The deeds of many important figures in the "Book of Shu" are very briefly recorded, which shows that the historical materials of the Shu Han are quite lacking. In addition, due to political reasons, Chen Shou may have discarded some materials, such as some disgraceful things involving Sima Yi, which were inconvenient to write, so he had to discard them.

"Three Kingdoms" is based on carefully selected materials. Pei Songzhi's "Annotations to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms" contains as many as 20 memorials and imperial edicts recording the transition between the Han and Wei dynasties. Chen Shou's "Records of the Three Kingdoms: Chronicles of Emperor Wen" recorded this important event in just one 173-word edict. Regarding the death of Sun Ce, we discard the absurd legends in books such as "Sou Shen Ji" and only remember that Sun Ce was killed by Xu Gong's assassins.

These all reflect his careful examination of historical facts and careful selection.

The writing of "Three Kingdoms" is concise and clean. It often uses concise pen and ink to write vivid characters. "The Biography of the First Lord" records that Cao Cao and Liu Bei discussed heroes. When Cao Cao said: "Today's heroes are only Shijun and Cao Er. There are not enough disciples in the original period." The record made Liu Bei's dark mood vividly appear on the paper.

The "Biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Lu Meng" records that when Cao Cao heard that Liu Bei had occupied Jingzhou, he "just wrote the book and put the pen down on the ground", vividly highlighting Liu Bei's position in Cao Cao's mind and the situation at that time. . The book describes the elegance of celebrities, the strategies of counselors, and the prowess of generals. Most of them are sparingly written, but they are vivid.

Chen Shou showed his interest in the title character in the book. He said that Liu Bei is a hero, Cao Cao is a great man, Sun Ce and Sun Quan are heroes, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, and Lu Su are wizards, Pang Tong is a master, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia, and Dong Zhao are extraordinary people, and Dong He and Liu Ba are magistrates. He Qia and Chang Lin are beautiful men, Xu Miao and Hu Zhi are officials, Wang Can and Qin Mi are talented men, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cheng Pu, Huang Gai are tiger ministers, Chen Zhen, Dong Yun, and Xue Zong are good ministers. , Zhang Liao and Le Jin were good generals, which reflected the trend of the times at that time.

The "Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou, like the first three histories, is also a private history. After his death, Shangshu Lang Fan Kui wrote: "Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" with many words of exhortation, good friends and good deeds, and good for the morals. Although the writing is not as beautiful as the others, the quality is straightforward. I would like to record it." It can be seen that after the "Three Kingdoms" was written, it was well received by people at that time. Chen Shou's narrative is brief, rarely repeated in the three books, and his records are detailed and detailed. It is also very careful in the selection of materials, which has been valued by historians of all ages. The historians regard "Historical Records", "Hanshu", "Later Hanshu" and "Three Kingdoms" collectively as the first four histories, which are regarded as masterpieces of biographical history.

Chen Shou can also conceal taboos in his narrative without losing the truth, and promote good things without hiding shortcomings. In the era in which Chen Shou lived, various political relations were complicated, and historical and practical issues were entangled. Chen Shou made great efforts to reflect the historical reality in a tortuous way. "Three Kingdoms" has some concealment about the relationship between Han and Wei, but the wording is subtle and not false, and some real situations are revealed elsewhere. For example, in the first year of Jian'an (193), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty moved the capital to Xuchang. This was Cao Cao's attempt to blackmail the emperor into disobedience. Chen Shou does not need to write explicitly about Cao Cao's political intentions here. This is a taboo. But when he writes about moving the capital instead of calling him emperor, he says that Dong Zhao and others persuaded Taizu to agree to it. This is a criticism. In addition, he revealed the true situation at that time in "The Biography of Xun Yu", "The Biography of Dong Zhao" and "The Biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Lu Meng". Although Chen Shou had feelings for his homeland towards the Shu Han Dynasty, he did not hide the mistakes of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang. He recorded Liu Bei's killing of Chang Yu out of personal grudge and Zhuge Liang's misuse of Ma Di. This is also a manifestation of the talent of a good historian.

However, the "Book of Jin·Chen Shou Biography" written by Fang Xuanling and others in the Tang Dynasty, while acknowledging that Chen Shou was "good at narrative and talented in history", also believed that Chen Shou was included in the book because of personal enmity. Show something. It is said that "Ding Yi and Ding Giao were famous in the Wei Dynasty. Shou said to his son: If you can find thousands of dendrobium rice, you should write a good biography for your respected lord. If Ding doesn't follow it, it will not be an official biography. Shou's father joins the army for Ma Su. , Su was executed by Zhuge Liang, Shoufu also sat in the quilt, and Zhuge Zhan had a short life. Shouwei Liang established a biography, saying that Liang's generals were not long and had no ability to match the enemy; Only a few historians, such as Liu Qiu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Liu Zhiji of the Tang Dynasty, believe this piece of historical information about Chen Shou Suomi in the "Book of Jin·Chen Shou Biography". Most historians believe that this historical data is inconsistent with the facts and is false. Pan Mei of the Qing Dynasty pointed out in "Textual Research on the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms": "Ding Yi and Ding Giao, the officials are no more than stabbing traitors on the right and Huangmen Shilang, they have no ability to defeat the front and take the sword, and they have no effect of being promoted to a temple or a temple. King Chen Si wanted to shake the tomb and provoke the flesh and blood, but it failed, and executions followed. In fact, the sinners of the Wei Dynasty could not have an official biography. The "Book of Jin" said that Suomi had to have an official biography. This is the most unreasonable. "Zhao Yi also pointed out in "Twenty-Two Historical Notes": "Book of Jin" states that "Shou's father joined the army for Ma Su, Su was executed by Zhuge Liang, and Shou's father was killed by Kun, so Shou's father was called "Liang Zhuan", which is called "Liang Zhuan". General strategy is not the best. This is a theory of ignorance. It is not necessary to be good at using troops.

It also contains a memorial, saying: "The Duke sent troops to the ministers, and the ministers immediately ordered the officers and soldiers not to harm them. The cavalry supervisor Cheng Wudi Cheng Ji crossed the soldiers' formation. He injured the Duke and died. The ministers collected the gifts and paid them to the imperial officers, and rectified them. "Sin."... In this way, Zhao Yi sighed: "This record is like this, and there are no scattered biographies about it. This is especially true for the writing. However, it is like being an official in the Jin Dynasty, and I dare not not be tabooed by the Jin Dynasty." When it comes to Cao Wei, there is no need to keep tabs on the affairs of the other dynasties." Zhao Yi's accusation is sharp and profound, and there are many examples. For example, when Cao Cao conquered Tao Qian, he killed innocent people indiscriminately. It is recorded that Cao Wei's war against Shu "exclusively used to conceal the defeat and praise it. "Victory is appropriate." Finally, Zhao Yi believed that Chen Shou was not only involved in many of the rulers in power, but was also tabooed in many biographies. Such a back-up tune made Zhao Yi puzzled: "Why should Shou's method of writing history be like this, back-up? The original histories of the countries that Yi Shou based on have been concealed and not written down, so they still keep it." It is old and not revised?"

The twists and turns in Chen Shou's history do exist. He is obviously a way to avoid disaster during the transition between the Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty. As a feudal The history books of the times will inevitably protect those in power, and keeping taboos for the venerable is a potential rule that cannot be surpassed. Even Nan Shi and Dong Hu, who Zhao Yi affirmed and wrote straightly, cannot withstand scrutiny. The so-called "Zhao Dun regicide" ("Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Second Year") is also a conclusion that confuses right and wrong. The reason for their argument was that Zhao Dun "was a high official and would not cross the border when he died, nor would he consider thieves when he returned" and failed to fulfill his responsibilities as a minister.

Zhao Yi also made a historical examination of Chen Shou's calligraphy, pointing out: "Gai Shou was writing books in the Jin Dynasty, so he had to protect it when the Wei and Jin Dynasties changed. The succession of the Han Dynasty by the Wei Dynasty is the same as the succession of the Wei Dynasty by the Jin Dynasty. If you want to protect the Jin Dynasty, you have to protect the Wei Dynasty first... Of course, it is also possible that the Wei and Jin materials that Chen Shou referred to were originally recorded in this way. It is understandable that the revision of history would be more concerned about the actual background during the change of dynasties due to the specific historical environment in which Chen lived.

Valuing truth, not false beauty, and not concealing evil should be the principles that historians must abide by. It should be noted that except for the sensitive issues and powerful figures in the Wei, Jin, and Yi dynasties, Chen Shou's narrative is still of the highest standard. It is informative and credible. There is no need to deny Chen Shou's writing style, nor should we doubt the historical value of "Three Kingdoms". Qian Daxin said: "The reason why I follow Zuo again is because of the credibility of the narrative. Gai Shichen wrote, and after a long time, he discussed Yi Gong, and his knowledge must be accurate in recent times. The Three Kingdoms between the Han and Jin Dynasties were intertwined from beginning to end and lasted for hundreds of years. Those who were inconsistent with the two histories often relied on this book to correct them... Yu Xing liked history, except Ma Ban, so he recommended this book as too standard (Ye) , Ouyang (repair). " ("Preface to the Debate and Questions of the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms")

"The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms" also has its shortcomings, which must be paid attention to. In the narrative, in addition to the contradictions in some people's records and biographies, other The biggest shortcoming is that there are many protective and praising words about Cao Wei and Sima, which have been criticized by historians of the past. In addition, the whole book only has records and biographies, but no ambitions and descriptions. This is a major shortcoming in the completion of "Three Kingdoms". Later, because the narrative was too brief, during the reign of Emperor Wen of the Southern Song Dynasty, the famous historian Pei Songzhi made annotations and added a lot of material.