Art is a general term for talent and technology. The word has a broad meaning. Later, it gradually evolved into a term for beauty, thought, and realm by adding various high-quality ideas. Art is a social ideology that uses images to reflect reality but is more typical than reality, including literature, calligraphy, painting, photography, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, drama, film, folk art, video games (ninth art), etc.
Art is an important supplement to language. Just like when speaking, we use loudness to represent anger, laughter to represent happiness, dancing with hands to represent anxiety or other emotions to convey to the other party. Therefore, every work of art should have its own unique appeal, and this appeal is the vitality of art.
Characteristics
The unity of image grasp and rational grasp
Image, that is, aesthetic image. In a broad sense, it includes aesthetic situations and artistic conceptions, and mainly refers to vivid, concrete, and sensible images of people and things that can arouse people's thoughts or emotional activities in artistic activities. Image is a unique way of existence for artistic activities. As a product produced by the human spirit, an artistic work depends on a certain material carrier. It must be intuitive, concrete, and a perceptual existence that can be directly perceived by the human senses. Image is the basic element that constitutes a work of art, so each artistic image must appear in an individual and specific perceptual form, truly expressing the external form and internal characteristics of people, things, scenery, and objects in life, with flesh and blood, sound and color, It gives people a vivid sense of reality. The artistic image is the result of the artist's understanding and experience of life, and is the crystallization of the artist's aesthetic consciousness. Therefore, the artistic image has the vividness and concreteness that the artist grasps when he examines and experiences life. It can be felt and experienced through human senses such as vision and hearing. Grasp the colors, lines, sounds, and movements of the artistic image, giving people the aesthetic experience of hearing their sounds, seeing their people, and being there.
The unity of emotional experience and logical cognition
Emotion in art is aesthetic emotion, which is a non-utilitarian and universal emotion of mankind. . Emotion is one of the important factors in the generation of motivation for artistic activities, the process of creation and acceptance. At the same time, emotion is the basic element of artistic creation. Art activities are always accompanied by emotions, which are specific psychological expressions of desire, interest, and personality, and are also a value judgment on whether the object can satisfy one's own desires. The Russian writer Leo Tolstoy once pointed out in his "On Art": Literary and artistic creation is when the artist "evokes in his own heart the emotions he has experienced once and then, after arousing this emotion, uses movements, lines, The images expressed by colors, sounds and words can convey this emotion so that others can experience the same emotion - this is artistic activity. "Emotion dominates the entire process of artistic activity and runs through the entire psychology of artistic creation. in the process. The "feeling" in artistic activities is dominated by the desire for "enjoyment" and is always attracted by the colors and sounds of objects that can arouse one's pleasure; the "perception" in artistic activities often selects and processes objects according to emotional needs , to select and "judge" objects according to emotional schemas; "imagination" in artistic activities creates images that suit one's own emotions and purposes according to the subject's emotional requirements. "Understanding" in artistic activities is often a kind of personalized recognition and perception. Through realization, we can gain a deep understanding of life and the meaning of life. It is undoubtedly an activity full of emotions.
The unity of aesthetic activities and ideology
The aesthetic characteristics of art are the fundamental symbol that distinguishes it from other social practice activities. The so-called aesthetic characteristics refer to the aesthetic quality and aesthetic value of works of art. Works of art are the crystallization of the artist's aesthetic ideals and the result of beautiful creation. It not only touches people with emotion, but also touches people with beauty, giving people a kind of spiritual pleasure. Since the images in works of art concentrate and condense the beauty of images in life, they have more metaphysical aesthetic properties than the images of things that actually exist in life. The image of plum blossoms in traditional Chinese paintings often has old trunks and twisted branches, escaping sideways, standing proud of the frost in the cold, and blooming in spring, which embodies the aesthetic connotation of old trees, new flowers, and youthful bloom, which makes people have a better feeling than in viewing life. Plum blossoms have a richer beauty. Art works express the image of beauty in life, making it more prominent and perfect, and express the ugliness in life, which can also turn the ugliness of life into the beauty of art.
In his works, the artist fully exposes the ugly nature of ugliness in life by ridiculing and lashing it, arousing people's disgust and contempt for ugliness, thereby eradicating ugliness and eradicating ugliness to stimulate people's yearning and yearning for beautiful things. , the ugliness of life at this time has a certain aesthetic significance and value. For example, artistic works with the theme of fighting corruption and promoting integrity fully reveal the harm of social decay to socialist construction by exposing and criticizing corruption, and serve as a warning to the world. They also achieve the shocking effect of turning corruption into magic. It gives the viewer a special sense of beauty.
Type
Art embodies and materializes certain aesthetic concepts, aesthetic tastes and aesthetic ideals of people. Regardless of the aesthetic creation or aesthetic acceptance of art, it needs to be felt and conveyed through the subject's certain senses and trigger the corresponding aesthetic experience. The aesthetic classification of art should mainly be based on the subject's aesthetic feelings and perception methods. According to this principle, art can be divided into four categories: plastic arts, performing arts, comprehensive arts and language arts.
Plastic Art
The so-called visual art, that is, fine art, refers to the art of conveying and accepting aesthetic experience through human visual senses (eyes) and corresponding aesthetic means. ?
Among the various sense organs of human beings, vision is the most complex, detailed and sensitive. It is also the main source of information for people. The richness and diversity of the external world are often understood through visual activities. People perceive. Therefore, the types and styles of visual art are also the most abundant, and even other arts often need to construct artistic images based on visual feelings. ?
Human beings have been exploring visual modeling since ancient times, leaving behind the earliest paintings and sculptures. With the advancement of human civilization, the types and methods of art that use vision as an aesthetic approach are also increasing day by day. Painting, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, calligraphy, photography, etc. are the most typical types of visual art. ?
(1) Painting and Sculpture?
Both painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, as well as point, line, surface, body and other modeling methods to form a certain artistic image. The former is expressed on a two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in a three-dimensional space. Modeling is their most important aesthetic feature. ?
Due to different expression methods, there are many types of paintings, and realism and expression are the two most important methods. Realistic painting directly imitates the images of nature and real things, often using realistic means to achieve specific concrete effects; expressive painting focuses on emphasizing the subjective spirit, and often uses exaggeration, deformation, symbolism, abstraction and other techniques to directly express the subject's emotional experience and aesthetic needs, and achieve The creation of artistic images. For example, the characteristic of Chinese painting is not only that its tools and materials (brushes, rice paper, and ink) are very specific, but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizing "writing the spirit with form" and "having both spirit and form." "The pursuit of charm, conveyance and artistic conception is not to study the material characteristics of images in the objective world, but to touch the image of the painting for the needs of the soul, to implicitly and profoundly express the spiritual quality of the subject, thus forming the unique aesthetic connotation of Chinese painting . ?
(2) Architecture?
Architecture is a symbolic visual art. It “generally can only use things in the external environment to imply and transplant them into it. "meaning" and "create a work whose external shape can only imply meaning in a symbolic way"①. ?
Architecture fully embodies the organic combination of functionality and aesthetics, technology and art. Although various buildings have different forms and uses, they generally embody the principles of "practicality, solidity, and beauty" emphasized by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, and always strive to display various basic Forms of natural forces, human spirit and intelligence. That is to say, while the building has practical functions (can be used for people to live in, etc.), it also has certain aesthetic functional characteristics. Through physical structure, spatial combination, decorative techniques, etc., it forms a rhythmic abstract formal beauty to stimulate people's aesthetic associations during the viewing process, thereby creating various specific aesthetic experiences. For example, the ancient Chinese palaces are square, rigorous and symmetrical, making people feel neat and solemn; the Gothic churches, with their spires and majestic towers, give people a sense of soaring upward. The Temple of Heaven in Beijing, the Pyramids of Egypt, Notre Dame Cathedral in France, the Sydney Opera House in Australia, etc. all use abstract shapes with unique styles to give people unique aesthetic feelings and inspiration.
(3) Calligraphy?
As a unique Chinese art, calligraphy is sublimated from practicality. It uses the particularity of the brush and rice paper to establish an isomorphic aesthetic relationship between the combined movement of the font shapes and human emotions through the stipple lines of Chinese characters, making each Chinese character seem to have life, reflecting the calligraphy The spiritual temperament and aesthetic pursuit of the home. "Chinese calligraphy is rhythmic nature, expressing a deeper conception of the image of life and becoming an art that reflects life."
(4) Photography?
Photography is a very modern visual art. Since the Frenchman Daguerre invented photography in 1839, photography has achieved comprehensive and rapid development in both technology and aesthetics. In particular, with the development of photography technology, human aesthetic vision has expanded to the vast world from space to the bottom of the sea, from micro to macro. Photography has become one of the main expression tools for people's visual aesthetics today and has become the "third eye" of mankind.
Performing Art
(1) Music
Music conveys and accepts aesthetic experience through the auditory senses (ears) and appropriate aesthetic means. Art.
Music expresses the emotional state of the subject through organized music. Its basic components include rhythm, melody, timbre, harmony, tone and intensity, etc., which constitute an extremely rich musical form. Beethoven once praised "music as a revelation more noble than all wisdom and philosophy", while Heine emphasized that "music may be the last artistic language". ?
(2) Dance?
Dance is an art form in which the human body performs continuous movements according to a certain rhythm. It originated from the productive labor of ancient humans and was combined with music and poetry. It is one of the earliest art forms in human history. ?
As an art that expresses the beauty of the human body, dance uses refined, organized and beautified human body movements and postures as a means of expression to convey human aesthetic emotions and express the aesthetic attributes of life. In dance, human body movements continue and change over time along with music, which not only infects the emotions of the appreciator (receiver) and gives aesthetic pleasure, but also creates an atmosphere for direct emotional catharsis, inspiring dance The viewer's emotions enable them to obtain entertaining spiritual satisfaction from rhythm and movement. The aesthetic characteristics of dance are firstly lyrical and expressive. The language of dance is a virtual and symbolic language. Since dance can only be displayed using the body posture of the dancer, it must use exaggerated and symbolic body movements to shape the artistic image and convey the inner thoughts and emotions. Dance constructs a unique artistic image through rhythmic movement processes, postures, expressions, and constantly changing body shapes. The movement that expresses life is the most fundamental aesthetic quality of dance art. Fu Yi's "Dance Fu" of the Eastern Han Dynasty once described the exquisite dance skills and spiritual atmosphere of the dancer "Zheng Nu" in the "Pan Drum" of the Han Dynasty: "Luo Yi followed the wind, long sleeves crossed, flying in and out, rustling and merging. Flat bird ticket Birds and swallows are nestled in the sky, and the swans are frightened. They are graceful and leisurely, and their movements are exquisite and graceful. They are pure and clean, and they practice rituals to show their ambitions. They are wandering alone in the mountains. "E, in the water and the water, it changes with the will and allows for a full life." In this description, it is not difficult for us to see from the dancer's soft, soothing, erratic and charming body movements that there is strength in the softness, graceful and powerful. Its vigorous energy and rapid beauty, like a rushing wind, leaping like a giant, as quiet as a virgin, and moving like a rabbit, perfectly express the dancer's inner feelings of "qi is like floating clouds, and ambition is like autumn frost". ?
Generally speaking, dance is divided into two categories: life dance and art dance. The former is a dance activity that people perform in daily life. The most popular one is the ballroom dance that originated in Europe and later became popular in various countries around the world, including elegant waltz, tango and rumba with distinctive rhythm, and dynamic disco. Art dance refers to works performed by dancers on the stage and created through artistic conception. It requires high dance skills to complete, such as ballet, modern dance, folk dance, dance drama, etc.
(3) Quyi
Quyi is the collective name for various rap arts of the Chinese nation. It is formed by the long-term development and evolution of folk oral literature and singing art. It is a performing art category that uses "oral rap" to narrate stories, shape characters, express thoughts and feelings, and reflect social life.
Most of them focus on narration, supplemented by endorsements, and have the characteristics of "one person with multiple roles (that is, one actor simulates multiple roles)", either speaking or singing; a few focus on endorsements, supplemented by narrative, and sing according to roles, with different folk arts. The varieties are closely related to the regional dialects in which they are produced, and folk art music is an important part of my country's national music. The number of actors during the performance is small, usually only one to two or three, and simple props are used. Performance forms include sitting and speaking, standing and speaking, sitting and singing, standing and singing, walking and singing, split singing, colorful singing, etc. There are three types of tunes: combined prose and verse, all prose and all verse. Musical styles include the "couplet style" of singing tunes, the "main tune style" of singing seven-character sentences or cross sentences, or a combination of both.
Comprehensive art
The so-called comprehensive art refers to art that conveys and experiences aesthetic experience through simultaneous activities of visual and auditory senses and corresponding aesthetic means. . It mainly includes movies, TV, drama, etc.
Movies and TV
Movies and TV are both arts that combine audio and video and combine audio and video. Since the birth of film in 1895, in just over a hundred years, film's artistic creation methods and aesthetic expression capabilities have rapidly developed and enriched, which not only greatly expanded the aesthetic appeal of film art, but also formed the Its own aesthetic characteristics make it the most expressive art type in the 20th century. As a modern communication medium, television is also a young audio-visual art category. It penetrates into all aspects of human real life and has a huge impact on contemporary society. ?
Drama
Drama is a comprehensive art that is organically synthesized from literature, painting, sculpture, music, dance and other art forms. It is an art in which actors play roles and perform the contradictions of life in public. An art form of conflict, development, evolution. ?
Drama
Drama is a traditional art of the Chinese nation and an enduring wonder in traditional culture. Chinese opera is composed of music, dance, literature, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Opera has a long history in China. In the long process of development, it has been continuously enriched, innovated and developed after more than 800 years. It pays attention to singing, acting, chanting and playing, is rich in dance, and is highly technical, forming a complete opera art system that is different from other dramas.
According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of operas in various ethnic regions in my country, and there are tens of thousands of traditional plays. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, many adapted traditional plays appeared. New historical plays and modern plays showing modern life themes were warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous opera types include: Peking Opera, Kun Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, Hunan Opera, Cantonese Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Ping Opera, Jin Opera, Han Opera, Chao Opera, Fujian Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Huangmei Opera, Hunan Flower Drum Opera...and more than 50 types of operas. In particular, Peking Opera is the most popular, spreading all over the country and not restricted by region. However, in recent years, the development of drama art in China has been declining and has been impacted by new art. In particular, a large number of Hong Kong and Taiwan songs have poured into the mainland. Students are chasing stars and flocking to them, but they know very little about the artistic treasures of our Chinese nation.
Because "drama" and "qu" are the main factors in ancient Chinese drama, it is called "opera". Chinese opera mainly includes Southern Opera of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends and legends of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as traditional repertoires of Beijing Opera and other local operas in modern times. It is a general name for Chinese national drama culture.
Language Arts
Language arts mainly refers to literature. Literature uses written language (words) as the medium, unlike other arts that directly appeal to people's audio-visual senses. Regardless of the transmission or reception of literature, the subject's imagination must be used to feel, experience and construct aesthetic images. ?
As a huge art category, literature usually includes different genres such as poetry, prose, and novels. Among them, poetry is the earliest literary genre to appear. It uses rhythmic language to directly touch people's emotions, creating an emotional world that transcends reality and only exists in the human mind. Prose is a literary genre that expresses the main thoughts and emotions and reveals social significance relatively freely by describing certain events. It has the characteristics of broad subject matter and unrestricted language. Its aesthetic characteristics lie in the freedom, flexibility and diversity of artistic expression. change. The novel mainly focuses on narrating stories and shaping characters. Through the complete storyline, the characters are created in multiple aspects. ?
To put it simply, the aesthetic characteristics of literature are mainly manifested in four aspects: image, totality, indirectness and profundity.
?