Du Mu (803-852) was born in Tang Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi). Tang Dezong Zhenyuan was born in a bureaucratic family with a strong cultural tradition in nineteen years. His distant ancestor Du Yu was a famous politician and scholar in the Western Jin Dynasty. Great-grandfather Du hoped to be a great frontier fighter when he was in Xuanzong, and he loved literature. Grandfather Du You, a famous politician and historian in the middle Tang Dynasty, served as the prime minister of Dezong, Shunzong and Xianzong successively. He studied hard all his life, made the past serve the present, and wrote 200 volumes of General Code. Father Du died and went to Yuan Wailang as a driver. Du Mu is very proud of his family background. He said, "The old man opened Zhumen, which is in the center of Chang 'an. There was nothing, thousands of books was full. There are 200 pieces in one episode, Wang ("Poems for My Little Nephew and Aunt in Winter").
Du Mu's childhood was rich and happy. Du You's Fan Chuan Villa is located in the south of Chang 'an, with the beauty of Lin Ting, quiet flowers and trees, and Du Mei often plays in the garden. After my father and his father died, the family became increasingly poor, "eating wild Artemisia Pogostemon, cold without night candles." In the second year of Mu Zong Changqing (822), when Du Mu was 20 years old, he had already learned a lot of classics and history, especially the knowledge of chaos control and military affairs. At the age of 23, I wrote Epang Palace Fu. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (828), he was buried at the age of 26. In the same year, he was admitted to the founder of Xiande. Cao and Zuo Wuweibing, principals of Ting Primary School, joined the army. In winter, he went to Jiangxi to observe the curtain of special envoy Shen Chuanshi, and then went to Yun Xuan as his staff to observe the special envoy. In the seventh year of Daiwa (833), in Huainan, Niu Sengru was promoted, transferred to a secretary, and lived in Yangzhou for a big banquet. In the ninth year of Daiwa, in order to supervise the empire, East Capital was set up separately. Two years later, he entered Xuanhui for observation, and Cui Dan was appointed as the judge of Yingyong. Xuanguanzuo fills the vacancy, the history museum is repaired, and the food department is better than Yuanwailang. In 842, Wuzong Huichang became the secretariat of Huangzhou. Later, he served as the secretariat of Chizhou and Zhou Mu. Can promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages, and care for the people. In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (848), he won the right to kill Bai and became the foreign minister of Sixun and History Museum. Four years, for Huzhou secretariat. The following year, he was called to Beijing to be a doctor and an official. In the third year, I moved to Zhongshu Sheren. He died in Chang 'an at the age of fifty. Author of Fan Chuan's collected works.
Du Musheng lived in an era when the Tang Dynasty seemed to want to revive, but it was hopeless. Faced with domestic troubles and foreign invasion, he is worried and eager to save the world and people. He said in "drinking alone in the county": "Is it for my concubine? I didn't hide it in the mountains. All my life, I am willing to mend clothes. Xiange teaches Zhao Yan, and Lan Zhi bathes in Hehuang. When the suffocation is swept away, it is fierce. " If you are born and sleep, you will live longer, and farmers and businessmen will be rich. "He advocated pacifying the buffer region and recovering the frontier. His spirit of "Kansai cheap man, swearing for a piece of meat" is very similar to Yue Fei's later "Man Jiang Hong". He praised Tan Zhong in Jiang Yan Lu because he could persuade the towns in Hebei not to rebel against the imperial court. In order to realize these ambitions, he advocated that reading should pay attention to "controlling the rise and fall of chaos and giving soldiers;" "The danger of terrain is easy to be near and far, and the ancients gained and lost a lot" (Li Zhongcheng's Book). He stressed that knowing the soldiers or not is related to the rise and fall of a country: "the main soldiers, the sages, and the talents who can learn more must build a country;" If you are strong enough to stab those ignorant people, you will ruin your country. Then, those who think they are the best soldiers in the country should not be allowed to do anything unless they are virtuous and noble. If you are defeated, you are really humiliated by a famous doctor, and your letter is also true (Note to Sun Zi Xu). To this end, he wrote the original Sixteen Guards, Words of Crime, Debate, On Prevention and Notes for Grandson. Because of his lack of talent, his wishes can't be realized, so he is often free in life. All these have influenced his creation.
Du Mu is versatile, composing poems, drawing and writing. Predecessors even said that "there were poems and articles in the Tang Dynasty, but only Han, Liu and Xiao San people" (Hongbeijiang Poems, Volume 3).
There are more than 200 poems by Du Mu, which are rich in content, bold in artistic conception and fresh and elegant in style. His modern poems have always been highly praised by people, especially the quatrains of seven words, which are well-known and popular, such as Crossing the Qing Palace, Red Cliff, Tiaojiang Pavilion, Bo Qinhuai, Jiang Nanchun, Letter to Han Chuo, Yangzhou Magistrate, Walking in the Mountains and Autumn Night, etc. From generation to generation. His seven laws, Early Goose, Hehuang and Runzhou, were sent by Your Excellency Wan Xi, Jia Juren and Xuanzhou to the Shuige of Kaiyuan Temple in Yizhou. When they want to go to Beijing, they will climb the mountain on the 9th and send them to Jiu Feng Building. Also praised. As for his five-sentence, five-rhyme and five-character arrangement, there are also many excellent works, such as Looking at Autumn in Chang 'an, Making a New Decision in Autumn, Titling the Temple of Zen Wisdom in Yangzhou, Thirty Rhymes of Huaqing Palace and Thirty-two Rhymes of Emperors in Past Dynasties. His classical poems are also well written, especially the five-character ancient poems, which are very memorable and touching, such as Du Qiuniang's poems, Zhang's poems, His Solitary Drink, Poems for Feeling, etc.
Du Mu's poems are rich in content and wide in reflection. In the late Tang Dynasty, the vassals were separated, the eunuchs were in power, the party struggle was serious and the society was in turmoil. Du Mu had the ambition to save the world and the people since he was a child, but his ambition was hard to be rewarded because of the sinister officialdom and bumpy official career. Long-term staff life and unstable promotion in the ruling and opposition parties made him feel a lot. Du Mu's poems can be roughly divided into the following categories from the content and theme.
The first category is to care about the world and love the country and the people. These are not many. For example, when he was 25 years old, he wrote "Poems of Feeling for the Feelings", which was full of narration and discussion. With vigorous brushwork, he lamented the profound disaster of the weak country and the poor people caused by the separatist regime and the rapid levy since the Anshi Rebellion, praised the success of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin in governing the country with morality, affirmed Xian Zongchun's violent rebellion, and hoped that the court would make every effort to govern the country, quell the war and achieve stability and unity. At the same time, it also expressed the depressed mood that ambition is hard to pay. In the poem, the words "Yi Di Ri Kai, Li Yuan more gaunt" are concise, precise and moving. Another example is Zhai Jun Du Zu, Jiang Locust, Early Goose, and Thirty-two Rhymes of Wendi in Past Dynasties.
The second category, poetry that comments on history and satirizes the present through the ancient. This is the most striking place in Du Mu's poems. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of such poems: one is a work on history, represented by seven wonders, such as Chibi, Tiujiang Pavilion, No.4 Temple on Mount Tiaoshan, Chunshenjun and so on. Du Mu attaches great importance to the study of the experience and lessons of national chaos control and economic and military issues, so there are often novel and unique comments in epics. The second is to borrow the ancient to satirize the present. In view of the dark political and decadent social reality in the late Tang Dynasty, the poet satirized it with the experience and lessons of ups and downs in history. Historical figures Fuxi, Qin Shihuang, Yang Di and Chen Houzhu, especially Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, are all the targets of criticism in the poet's works. Such as "Guo Qin Zheng Lou" and "Guo Huaqing Palace".
The third category, writing scenery and lyric, writing poetry. There are many such works. Such as going to paradise, Jiangnan Spring, Bo Qinhuai, hiking, Qingming and so on.
The fourth category, poems about women. Such as "Peach Blossom Temple", "Moon" and other poems, sympathize with the lady who was captured by the King of Chu and kept silent for life, and the queen Chen who was abandoned by the Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and confined to the cold palace. In "Golden Valley Garden" and "Palace Family", he lamented the Green Pearl who was forced to jump off a building and the maids who were like prisoners. In the long narrative poems "Poems of Du Qiuniang" and "Poems of Zhang", he wrote down the bumpy life changes of two women, Du Qiuniang and Zhang, by contrast, which reflected the court struggle and social changes at that time from one side.
The fifth category is the reward for expressing feelings. Send a message to Han Chuo, the Yangzhou magistrate.
Du Mu said in "Commemorative Poetry": "A poem is painstakingly written, and it is in the middle." He highly praised Li Bai, Du Fu, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan: "Du Li's breadth is the ashes of Han. Look closely at the four gentlemen and strive for a strong beam with the ancients "("Send my little nephew Ayi to the Winter Solstice "). Du Mu is brilliant, good at absorbing the advantages of his predecessors, and has formed his own unique style. Hong put it well: "Du Fu is at the same time as Han, Liu, Yuan and Bai, but his prose is different from Han and Liu, and his poetry is different from Yuan and Bai. Fu Neng's poems are different from the other four schools, so he can be independent "(see Beijiang Poetry).
Previous people have commented on Du Mu's poems, such as handsome, natural and unrestrained, vigorous, heroic, passionate, light and beautiful, magnificent and gorgeous, elegant and beautiful. Li Shangyin once wrote a poem to express his concern for Du Mu: "The tall buildings are warm and rainy, and the short wings are not as good as the heroes." Deliberately hurting Chun to say goodbye, Du Sixun is the only one in the world. "(Du Sixun). Implicit and accurate, Du Mu's bold and hearty, fresh and elegant artistic features are interwoven with his strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his tender feelings of hurting himself.
Du Mu not only makes good use of figurative techniques and lyrical objects, but also makes good use of line drawing techniques to tell stories directly. He is not only good at Xu Shu's description of characters' stories, but also good at quickly and truly capturing the dynamic changes of scenery and his instant feelings. Pay attention not only to the combination of narration and discussion, but also to the blending of scenes; Contrast is often used, and numbers are skillfully used in poetry. The language style of Du Mu's poems is rich and colorful, fresh and natural. It is bright, beautiful, handsome, subtle, euphemistic, romantic, beautiful and elegant. As all Wang Zu said, "Du Mu's talent is the first person after Tang Changqing!" ("Outside the Pavilion").