1. The Origin and Evolution of Ancient Tombs
"Burial" refers to the way of handling the remains of the deceased, and "tomb" refers to the place where the coffin is buried. In the early days of primitive society, humans did not bury the bodies of their own kind, but abandoned them in the wilderness. Starting from about the Middle Paleolithic Age, humans began to bury the remains of the dead. On the one hand, it was out of concern for collective members and attachment to deceased relatives; on the other hand, it was due to the emergence of the concept of the immortal soul and the emergence of primitive religion. Based on the awe of the soul and the fantasy of life in the underworld, people gradually formed the worship of the dead. Therefore, the remains of the deceased were processed to please the soul of the deceased, which resulted in various burial methods. According to archaeological excavations, primitive people had already buried their dead in a certain way during the Late Paleolithic Age, about 18,000 years ago.
In the Neolithic Age, people's religious concepts further deepened and people paid more and more attention to the burial of the dead. Tombs began to have a clear system, that is, they developed from cave cemeteries in the Paleolithic Age to outdoor clan cemeteries*** cemetery. Most of the more than 2,000 Yangshao Culture tomb sites located in the Yellow River Basin are earthen burials, and their layout is similar to the villages where people lived at that time. Moreover, the heads of the corpses in many public cemeteries are facing in the same direction.
In the Central Plains region, which was the first to enter class society, pit tombs were the main form of burials. However, until the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were no obvious mounds on the cemetery ground. "The omens of literature and military affairs are flush with the ground." The omen refers to the area of ??the cemetery. The royal tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty are flush with the ground, and there are no signs on them. This is the method of "no sealing, no tree" mentioned in "Yixi Ci". That is to say, there are no graves or trees in the cemetery.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, mound-style tombs began to appear in the Central Plains. After the appearance of earthen mound tombs, they quickly became popular. The cemetery changed from "unsealed and without trees" to "sealed with trees" and "big tree sealed". The height and size of the tomb and the number of trees in the cemetery became a way to indicate the identity of the deceased. kind of sign. After the emergence of tombs, there was a corresponding difference in the meaning of graves and tombs: "Tomb (tomb)" is the place where the coffin is buried underground, and "grave" is the sealing soil on the tomb.
2. Ground construction of tombs
1. Since the appearance of sealing earth on tombs in the Spring and Autumn Period, the tomb has not only become a symbol of the tomb, but also a symbol of status and identity. The emperor's tomb has a large scale of enclosure, which is called "ling" or "mountain tomb". It mainly went through three stages.
(1) Square top sealing shape
During the Warring States Period, the square shape of the tomb seals was the most important. Therefore, in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the seals of imperial tombs were mostly in the "square top" shape, that is, the imperial mausoleums. The seal is located above the underground palace, and is rammed with a layer of loess to a certain height. The top is shaped into a square or rectangular flat top, which is called "square top". The entire tomb mound is like a square cone with the top cut off, like an inverted bucket, so it is also called "overturned bucket shape".
(2) Because the mountain is in the shape of a mausoleum
The Han Dynasty Emperor Ba Mausoleum is the first imperial mausoleum in history that is shaped like a mountain, but the customization began in the Tang Dynasty. Using the peaks of the mountain as the tomb of the emperor's tomb is taller, more spectacular, stronger and more durable than the "Fangshang" Fentu Mausoleum, thus more fully embodying the supremacy and majesty of the imperial power. Since Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, built Zhaoling with Jiujun Mountain as the mausoleum, it has become an established system of imperial mausoleums in the Tang Dynasty, and it is also an important imperial mausoleum shape in my country.
(3) Baocheng Baoding Shape
Starting from the Five Dynasties, the tombs of rulers of some remote small countries in the south were sealed in the shape of round mounds, such as the Yongling Tomb built by the former Shu king. This is mainly because the south is humid and rainy, and it is difficult to maintain the original shape of the square-shaped tombs. In order to prevent the tombs from being eroded by rain, people built dome-shaped tombs and surrounded them with stones. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, officially adopted this model when he built the Xiaoling Mausoleum, and the tomb's earth seal evolved into the shape of a "treasure city and treasure top". A circular brick city was built on the underground palace, which was called "Baocheng". The brick city was filled with earth to form a dome higher than the city wall, which was called "Baoding". There is a protruding square city platform in front of Baocheng, with a Ming Tower built on it, which is the "Fangcheng Ming Tower". The imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties basically had this shape.
2． Cemetery layout and sacrificial buildings
The "mausoleum" is the tomb of the emperor, the "bedroom" is the living place for the emperor's soul, and the "temple" is the place for sacrifice and worship. The trinity together forms the mausoleum.
(1) Pre-Qin period
Cemeteries may have appeared in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Some of the early cemeteries used natural ditches and cliffs as barriers, while most of them dug trenches or rammed walls around the tombs. There is a gate on one side of the cemetery. Except for the mausoleum, there are no other ancillary buildings in the park. Sacrifice is mainly performed in the ancestral temple.
By the time of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the royal family had its own mausoleum area. There was a platform-style building in front of the tomb, which may be of a "sleeping" nature. There was also a temple building for worshiping ancestors. This shows that the "ling", "bedroom" and "temple" as the components of the mausoleum began to be nurtured in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. But the "mausoleum" in the true sense appeared in the middle of the Warring States Period. The "Zhaoyu Diagram" unearthed from the tomb of King Zhongshan in Pingshan County, Hebei Province shows that the layout of the cemetery is rectangular, surrounded by two inner and outer walls. The royal mausoleum is located in the middle of the cemetery, on the tomb mound. Five Xiangtangs, also known as sleeping rooms, are built on the top, as well as on the outer two sides and rear wings.
(2) Qin and Han Dynasties
Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and further improved the mausoleum system. While inheriting the mausoleum system of the Qin State, the cemetery layout also absorbed the mausoleum practices of the other six countries. The cemetery generally imitates the planning and layout of the capital palace, fully reflecting the supremacy of imperial power. The cemetery faces east from the west. There are two layers of walls inside and outside, and a tall square-shaped enclosure is located in the middle of the inner city. To the north of Fengtu are the dormitory hall and the toilet hall.
The Western Han Dynasty inherited the Qin Dynasty’s mausoleum system and developed it. The cemeteries all face east and west, with a square plane and only one garden wall. The mausoleum is located in the center of the cemetery. The burial tomb area is to the east of the cemetery, on both sides of Sima Shinto. Starting from the Eastern Han Dynasty, no walls were built in the cemetery, and the mausoleum was changed to face north and south. Instead of building a temple inside the mausoleum, a "stone hall" was built in front of the mausoleum for regular worship and sacrifice. At the same time, a Shinto was built in front of the mausoleum, with pairs of stone statues and horses lined on both sides of the Shinto. The Eastern Han Dynasty pioneered the practice of building sacrificial halls in front of mausoleums and placing stone statues on both sides of the shrine, which was continued and developed by subsequent dynasties.
(3) Tang and Song Dynasties
The scale of the tombs in the Tang Dynasty was not only larger than that of the previous generation, but also more carefully laid out. The layout of the cemetery imitates the regulations of Chang'an City, with all facing south and divided into three layers of walls. The entire cemetery is divided into three parts from front to back: the first part is the mausoleum and sacrificial buildings, the north is the seal, and the front is the Xian Palace (also known as the Shang Palace), which is a place for worship and sacrifice. The dormitory hall where the souls live and the lower palace where palace people and officials live are outside the cemetery. The second part is the Quehe Shinto. There are stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto such as stone people and stone horses. The third part is the tombs on both sides of the front of the cemetery. The entire cemetery layout has the south gate as the main entrance, north and south as the central axis, and is symmetrical from east to west, reflecting the design idea of ??standing facing south and facing north.
The imperial mausoleums of the Northern Song Dynasty restored the square shape and sealed the earth, and the layout of the mausoleum basically followed the system of the Tang Dynasty. But what is completely different from previous dynasties is that the cemeteries are facing mountains and rivers. Because the idea of ??Feng Shui was prevalent in the Northern Song Dynasty, the surname "Zhao" was short of water in the five-syllable corner, and "the auspicious direction requires high mountains and high water." Therefore, the site of the mausoleum should be selected in a place with "the dome of the southeast and the heavy land of the northwest." Instead of the system of placing mausoleums at the lowest point of the terrain, facing mountains and rivers, and placing mausoleums in Gaofu, the mausoleums are placed at the lowest point of the terrain, facing mountains and rivers, and all mausoleums face Shaoshi, the main peak of Songshan Mountain. After the emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty died, they hoped to be buried in the Central Plains. All the tombs did not have mausoleums and stone carvings, and they were called Cangong Palaces. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian burial customs of latent burials were followed. There were no graves, horses would trample them after the burial, and there was no cemetery. The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan, located in Yijinhuoluo Banner, Inner Mongolia, is a commemorative mausoleum based on the "Babaishi" that enshrines Genghis Khan's tomb.
(4) Ming and Qing Dynasties
The layout of the cemetery in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was influenced by the palace architecture at that time. Although it inherited the Tang and Song Dynasty structures, it abandoned the separation of the upper and lower palaces and concentrated various buildings on a central axis running north and south. The plan of the cemetery was changed from a square to a rectangular one. The mausoleum and the sacrifice hall are separated by walls. The front part consists of the stele pavilion, the divine kitchen, and the sacred storehouse, and the second entrance courtyard is composed of the sacrifice hall. The lower palace building and the residence of the palace residents in the front are abolished. , the old system of serving, in order to highlight the function of worship and sacrifice. The rear part of the cemetery is a mausoleum, and the whole cemetery fully embodies the palace architectural pattern of front dynasty and back chamber. 3. Tomb chambers and burial utensils
1. Tomb chambers
(1) Vertical pit tombs and horizontal pit tombs
Tombs are also called tombs and can be divided according to the way of excavation. They are vertical cave tombs and horizontal cave tombs. The vertical cave tombs are earth pits dug from the ground down, and the horizontal cave tombs are earthen caves that were first dug to a certain depth and then dug horizontally. The tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. It is a typical representative.
(2) Brick tombs
During the Warring States Period, hollow brick tombs appeared, which became very popular in the late Western Han Dynasty, among which the roll-top brick tombs were the most common. In the Western Han Dynasty, stone structure tombs also appeared, which were constructed of mixed bricks and stones. The carvings and paintings on the Han portrait bricks and portrait stones mainly showed the life of the tomb owner, which fully reflected the social lifestyle at that time.
(3) Courtyard-style tomb
The ruling class of the Tang Dynasty pursued "the tomb is like a real house". The underground tombs extend on an axis, followed by slope tomb passages, passages and patios, front and rear Corridor, front and rear tomb chambers and niches. The layout of multiple passages and patios is like multiple courtyards in real life. The front and rear tomb chambers express the idea that the front is a hall and the back is a chamber, and also reflect the hierarchical status of the deceased. This type of tomb has a large number of murals painted on the tomb passages, patios, etc.
(4) Imitation wood structure tombs
On the basis of inheriting the masonry tombs and courtyard tombs of the previous dynasties, the Song Dynasty began to develop imitation wood structure tombs, using masonry materials, On the four walls and top of the tomb, the wooden architectural form is imitated, and components such as leaning columns, lanterns, brackets, pillars, and caissons are made. The doors and windows are lifelike, the brackets are complete, the beams are carved, and the decorations are painted to express the idea of ??"Building French Style" in the Song Dynasty. incisively and vividly.
2． The coffin and coffin system
The coffin and coffin are the burial utensils used to hold the remains of the deceased. "Coffin" is a device for collecting corpses; "coffin" is a box that is placed outside or around the coffin. "Shuowen" paragraph note: "The wooden coffin is made of wood, and it is surrounded by the coffin, just like the earth has a guo." The development of coffins reflects the strict feudal hierarchy.
(1) Coffin
The earliest coffins discovered so far are mostly made of tiles or stone. The urn coffin burials at the Banpo Cultural Site in Xi'an were made more than 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Clay pots were used as burial tools for children, and sarcophagi were often found in tombs of the Hongshan Culture in Liaoning. Wooden coffins already appeared in the Neolithic period, but they were only commonly used after the Shang Dynasty.
(2) Coffin
The coffin is a layer added in a larger space in addition to the coffin or coffin set. It is used to protect the coffin in the earth cave. Between the coffin and the coffin The space formed was used to place funerary objects. The height of the coffin chamber in the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi is 3.1 to 3.5m, and 3171 long wooden bars and 380m3 of wood were used. The construction of the coffin chamber is exquisite, the most typical one is "Huang Chang Ti Cou". The so-called "Huang Chang" means that all the wood for the coffin is made of cypress turmeric wood core. "Ti Co" means that the cypress wood is laid out layer by layer. On all sides, the wood faces inward and is perpendicular to the wall panel of the coffin room on the same side. This coffin room system was widely used by emperors before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty, tomb chambers built with hollow bricks played a role in protecting the coffins, thus replacing the previous role of coffins. The original coffin system quickly died out. Therefore, later generations usually call the outermost layer of the coffin coffin.
3. Burial Objects
(1) Pottery
In the late Neolithic Age, with the popularization of pottery production, the funerary objects were mainly pottery, including various daily necessities, production tools, weapons and decorations Products, etc., were mostly used by the deceased during his lifetime. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, pottery ritual vessels also appeared among the funerary objects.
(2) Bronze ware
During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze ware production technology was developed and widely used by the upper class of society. Moreover, bronze ritual vessels have become a symbol of aristocratic status and status, so they are often buried with bronze ritual vessels in the tombs of nobles. Bronze ritual vessels mainly include wine vessels, eating vessels, musical instruments, weapons, chariots and horses, tools, etc., and are equipped in complete sets. More than 210 bronze ritual vessels were unearthed from Fuhao's tomb in Yinxu, Anyang. The complete set of bronze ritual vessels from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng weighs 10 ton. The Qin bronze chariot and horse are exquisitely crafted, complex in structure, exquisite in craftsmanship and accurate in proportion. They are known as the "Crown of Bronze".
(3) Silk fabrics
my country is a big country with a developed silk industry. Silk fabrics play an important role in funerary objects. However, due to the difficulty of preservation, few of them can be preserved to this day. Silk and linen fabrics have been buried with people during the Shang and Zhou dynasties as discovered by archeology. Silk fabrics unearthed from Han Dynasty tombs include silk, yarn, qi, Luo, brocade, etc. A piece of plain yarn Zen clothing unearthed from the Western Han Dynasty tomb in Mawangdui weighs less than 50g.
(4) Jade
The ancients believed that "a gentleman is more virtuous than jade" and "a gentleman never leaves his body without reason". Therefore, burial jade has become an important ritual jade, as early as the Neolithic Age. It has appeared in the tombs of the period that "if gold and jade are in the nine orifices, the dead will be immortal." It is believed that covering the corpse with jade can prevent decay. In the early Neolithic Age, jade pieces became exquisite earrings worn by the deceased. In the late Liangzhu Culture, a large number of jade articles were unearthed from almost every tomb, surrounded by jade congs, with jade bis and jade xuanji in the middle, forming a "jade burial". A total of 755 pieces of jade were unearthed from Fuhao's tomb in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, including ritual vessels such as congs, bis, rings, huangs, and ambers, as well as jade weapons, utensils, and ornaments. The Warring States Period was the most glorious period for the development of jade. A large number of jade burial objects were unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi and the tomb of the King of Zhongshan.
(5) Ming utensils
The so-called Ming utensils, also known as ghost utensils and ghost utensils, are various utensils specially made for burying the dead. The raw materials used are mostly pottery, porcelain, bamboo, wood, and stone. The imitations include ritual vessels, weapons, tools, and models of vehicles, ships, warehouses, wells, houses, courtyards, fences, etc., as well as humans and animals, etc., which are everywhere in the world. Do whatever you see. Terracotta warriors are a type of ancient artifacts, the most representative of which are the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang. They are the same size as real horses and are arranged in military formations. Their scale is huge, and their production has reached the pinnacle of the discovered terracotta warriors of all dynasties. A large number of low-temperature glazed pottery "Tang Sancai" were used in the tombs of the Tang Dynasty. Various types of Sancai figurines with complete division of labor appeared, including tomb-suppressing animal figurines, ceremonial figurines, music and dance figurines, etc., becoming typical representatives of the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. After the Northern Song Dynasty, paper-tied utensils gradually became popular, but they were not buried with the deceased but burned during or after the burial.
4. Tomb Stone Carvings
1. Stone statues
In front of ancient mausoleums, especially those of emperors, princes, and bureaucrats, there are neatly arranged stone carvings of people, animals, and legendary monsters, which are called "stone statues." Its function is to mark the tomb and ward off evil spirits, to indicate the status of the tomb owner, to guard the tomb in front of the tomb, and to commend the tomb owner for his merits. The stone statue in front of the tomb of Huo Qubing, the general of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, is the earliest mausoleum stone carving. There are 44 stone statues in total, carved from huge stones, with rich and vivid shapes. The most representative one is the horse trampling the Xiongnu. The stone statues of the imperial tombs were custom-made from the Qianling Mausoleum of the Tang Dynasty.
2． Tombstone
The term "stele" has already appeared in the pre-Qin period, but the role of the tombstone at that time was different from that of later tombstones. It is a large stone slab with a round hole in the middle of the upper end. The round hole is called "chuan". It is standing next to the tomb and used to thread ropes to slowly lower the coffin into the tomb. It can also be placed at the door of the official's door to tie the coffin They were tied to livestock or erected in palaces and temples to measure the shadow of the sun and record the time. There are no words on the stone slabs.
About the late Western Han Dynasty, people began to inscribe text on the stone slabs that were originally erected next to the tomb for the coffin, describing the tomb owner’s surname, family background, dates of birth and death, life stories, as well as praise and A poem of condolences. The shape gradually became more regular from ordinary stones to a custom-made three-part tombstone consisting of the head, body and base, becoming a true tombstone. Early tombstones are still worn. The top is made into a square pointed shape and is called Gui Shou, and the top is made into an arc shape with cloud patterns engraved on it and is called Hao Shou. As a result, tombstones have become an integral part of funeral culture. They are not only a symbol of the status of the deceased, but also embody a strong sense of ethics and morals. They have become important historical materials for the study of history. After the Han Dynasty, tombstones tended to be perfect on this basis. The "Shu Sheng Ji Stele" in front of the Qianling Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty is an outstanding representative of tombstones.
3. Epitaphs
Epitaphs are also stone carvings that record and praise the deceased. The difference is that epitaphs are buried in tombs. It originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty and became popular after the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the early period, the epitaph was in the shape of a stele. In the late Southern and Northern Dynasties, the epitaph was shaped into a square shape, consisting of a memorial cover and a memorial stone, which was called a Yihe epitaph. Most of the zhigai are in the shape of a rounded top, and some are in the shape of a turtle, with titles in seal script engraved on them. Zhishi is engraved with Zhiwen and Zhiming. Zhiwen is written in prose style, tracing the deceased's name, place of origin, dates of birth and death, official resume, and genealogy, and describing and praising the deceased's life story, talents, and conduct. Zhiming uses rhyme to express condolences and praise for the deceased. After the Tang Dynasty, the names of the authors and calligraphers were also signed. Many of the epitaphs unearthed in the past dynasties are calligraphy treasures and important historical materials.
Section 2 Tourism development of ancient tombs
1. Tourism attraction factors of ancient tombs
1. A large-scale double building
2. Rich and diverse tomb artifacts
3. Superior and beautiful natural environment
For example, the Qianling Mausoleum of Wu Zetian and Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty. The mountains are soaring and towering. From a high altitude, the scenery of the Guanzhong Plain is unbelievable.
4. The celebrity effect of the tomb owner
For example, the world-famous Tomb of Yue Fei has long been a famous tourist attraction on the West Lake in Hangzhou.
5. Comprehensive and diverse cultural values
2. Development of tomb tourism resources
1. Ways to develop tomb tourism resources
The main way to develop tomb tourism resources is to use the above-ground remains of tombs and underground buildings and cultural relics to attract tourists and carry out sightseeing activities. In some tomb areas with relatively rich ground remains, certain archaeological excavations, and a large number of historical relics, they have strong competitiveness in the tourism market because they can display richer cultural connotations to tourists.
For example, the Dingling Tombs of the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing have undergone archaeological excavations, showing the complete structure and shape of the Ming Dynasty imperial tombs from above ground to underground. The number and types of cultural relics are very rich, making it a must-see attraction for tourists in Beijing. Although the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Shaanxi has not been excavated, a large pit of burial figurines - the Terracotta Warriors and Horses pit - was unearthed, and a large number of cultural relics were unearthed. Among them, the bronze chariot and horse are known as the "crown of bronzes", and the pottery figurines and horses are the largest in size. Unprecedented and unprecedented, it has won the reputation of the "Eighth Wonder of the World" and its tourist attraction has been everlasting since its opening. However, the tourist attractions of most tomb-type scenic spots have declined in recent years due to limited cultural relics, insufficient cultural connotation, and a single development and display method.
2． Principles of development of tomb tourism resources
(1) Principles of merit-based development
(2) Principles of cultural display
(3) Principles of activity design
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(4) Principles of proper restoration and protection of cultural relics
Section 3 Chinese and foreign imperial mausoleums
1. Design concept of Chinese imperial mausoleums
1. The basic idea of ??"life and death are one"
2. The architectural concept of “imitating the capital”
3. The guiding ideology of "the emperor is supreme"
2. Main imperial tombs in China
1. Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin
The First Emperor of Qin, surnamed Ying Mingzheng, was a famous statesman and military strategist in my country’s feudal society. In 221 AD, he unified the six countries and established the first centralized feudal state, which also created the founding of our country. The imperial mausoleum system in feudal society.
2． Imperial Mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty
Except for the Ba Mausoleum of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and the Du Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, among the 11 imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty, the other 9 are distributed on the Xianyang Plain of Shaanxi Province, arranged in a row, forming a "Yin Chen Jue" , the west wind is shining, the mausoleum of the Han family is a magnificent scene. Except for the tomb of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, which was "carved out of the mountain to make a mausoleum", all of them were "cut through the earth to form a tomb", and a tall "square" shaped tomb was built on the ground. The length and width of the bottom are about 150-170m, and the height is about 20-30m. Thick burials were popular in the Han Dynasty, and the tombs were extremely rich in funerary objects. The burial utensils were "yellow intestine inscribed together" and the burial clothes were "gold-studded jade clothes", which were extremely gorgeous. Most of the imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty were built with mausoleums, on the one hand, to enshrine the tombs, and on the other hand, to relocate the great clans and officials from Guandong in order to strengthen the foundation and suppress the subordinates, and consolidate centralized rule.
The Maoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest imperial mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty. The circumference of the cemetery is 1688m and the height of the seal is 46.5m, which is far more than the custom-made 30m of the imperial mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty. On the east side of the cemetery, there are a large area of ??architectural remains and burial tombs. According to the law of the Han Dynasty, 1/3 of the tribute from the world was buried in the mausoleum every year. During the 54 years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the number of burial objects in Maoling was very huge.
3. Imperial Mausoleums of the Tang Dynasty
From the founding of the Tang Dynasty in 618 AD to its demise in 907 AD, there were 21 emperors in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the tombs of 19 emperors are in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province. Because Wu Zetian and Tang Gaozong were buried together in the Qianling Mausoleum, so Also known as the Eighteen Tombs of the Tang Dynasty in Guanzhong. The Tang Emperor Mausoleum District starts from the Qianling Mausoleum of Gaozong in the west and ends at Tailing Tomb of Xuanzong in the east. It is distributed in 6 counties along the North Mountain of Guanzhong and stretches for 100 kilometers. In the Tang Dynasty, the system of burying imperial relatives and meritorious officials in imperial mausoleums was implemented. Among them, the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had the largest number, with 167.
4. The imperial mausoleums of the Song Dynasty
The imperial mausoleums of the Northern Song Dynasty are distributed between the northern foot of Songshan Mountain and Luohe River in Gong County, Henan Province. The scope of the mausoleum area is about 10km from east to west and about 15km from south to south. Next to the mausoleum area, there are 21 queen mausoleums, where hundreds of descendants of the royal family and famous generals and ministers are buried, forming a huge group of mausoleums. The mausoleum area faces Songshan Shaoshi to the south, the Yellow River to the north, the mountains to the east, and the Yiluo Plain to the west. The water is deep and the soil is thick, so it is considered an auspicious place with "high mountains and high waters".
5. The Xixia Royal Tombs
The Xixia Royal Tombs are located at the foothills of Helan Mountain in Ningxia, 5km from east to west and 10km from north to south. There are 9 imperial mausoleums and 193 accompanying tombs. They were built from the early 11th to the early 13th century. The ground of the cemetery All the buildings were destroyed when the Mongols subjugated the country. The construction of the Xixia royal tombs was greatly influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, but its own characteristics are still very obvious. For example, the unearthed stone statues are sitting with their knees bent as if they are bearing a weight, and their shapes are unique.
6． There are 15 imperial mausoleums of the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Taizu in Nanjing and the Jingtai Emperor Mausoleum in Jinshan, Beijing, 13 of them are concentrated at the southern foot of Tianshou Mountain in Changping County, Beijing. , commonly known as the "Ming Tombs". The basic layout is centered on the Chang Mausoleum of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, with the mausoleums arranged on the left and right, and a single Shinto and mausoleum stone carvings are used. This is an innovation in the history of Chinese imperial mausoleums.
7. Imperial Mausoleums of the Qing Dynasty
There were 12 emperors in the Qing Dynasty. Except for Puyi, who did not have an imperial mausoleum, the imperial mausoleums of the other 11 emperors were distributed in 3 mausoleum areas. , namely the "Shengjing Tomb" in Shenyang, the "Qingdong Tomb" in Zunhua County, Hebei, and the "Qingxi Tomb" in Yixian, Hebei.
3. Famous foreign royal tombs
1. Egyptian Pyramid
"Pyramid" is our country's name for the square cone-shaped pharaoh's tomb in ancient Egypt. There are nearly 100 Egyptian pyramids distributed on the west bank of the Nile, from Giza near Cairo to Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. The most representative one is the Pyramid of Khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid. It is one of the seven wonders of the world and was built around the 27th century BC. It is made of 2.3 million stones. Surrounding the Great Pyramid are other pyramids of the royal family, forming the Khufu Pyramid Complex. Among them is the famous Sphinx, the Sphinx, which is carved from a single boulder, plus its two prostrate front legs, with a total length of 73.5m, symbolizing The combination of human wisdom and the fierce strength of the lion.
2． Taj Mahal of India
The Taj Mahal is located to the west of the ancient capital Agra, 195km east of New Delhi, the capital of India, on the south bank of the Yamur River. The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum built by Shahji Khan, the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire, for his beloved concubine Taj Mahal. It is known as one of the seven wonders of the world. The Taj Mahal is rectangular in shape and surrounded by red sandstone walls. The entire mausoleum is built of white marble. The bottom floor is a square altar 7m high and 95m long. The bedroom is in the middle, 74m high, with an octagonal shape below and a dome above. It is divided into 5 rooms. A marble coffin is placed in the marble fence of the central palace. . There are four white marble three-story circular minarets with a height of 40 meters at the four corners of the altar. From the top of the tower, you can overlook the whole city. The entire mausoleum presents a typical Islamic architectural style.
Section 4: Tombs of Historical Celebrities and Unique Tomb Forms
1. Tombs of Historical Celebrities
1. Kong Lin
Kong Lin, also known as the "Holy Forest", is located 1.5km north of Qufu City, Shandong Province. It is the family cemetery of Confucius. According to historical records, Confucius was buried here after his death. Emperors continued to grant land, and by the Qing Dynasty it had reached 200hm2. The circumference of the Confucius Forest Wall was 7km, with towering ancient trees, numerous tombs, numerous steles and stone rituals. Pass through Wangu Changchun Square, then go to Confucius Gate and Shenglin Square. In the north of Zhushui River, there are major buildings such as Xiangdian, Kaiting and Zhuzhiding. Behind the Xiangdian is the tomb of Confucius, to the east is the tomb of Kong Li, and to the south is the tomb of Kong Zhi. , into a layout with children and grandchildren. Outside the wall of Kong's tomb is the cemetery of Kong's descendants.
2． Yue Fei's Tomb
Yue Fei's Tomb is located at the foot of Qixialing on the bank of West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, on the west side of Yue Fei's Temple. There is a tomb gate in front of the tomb, and a screen wall with the words "Serve the Country with Loyalty" in front of it. The tomb is surrounded by ancient cypresses and stone railings. The front pillar is engraved with the couplet "Good and evil have been the same as ice and carbon since ancient times, and reputation and reputation are now judged as false and true". Under the door of the tomb are kneeling iron statues of Qin Hui, Qin Wangshi, Zhang Jun and Wan Qigao. The door of the tomb is engraved with a cautionary couplet: "Green mountains are fortunate to bury loyal bones, and white iron is used to cast innocent ministers." The north and south compartments are corridors of steles from past dynasties.
3. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located at the southern foot of Zijin Mountain in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing. It was built from 1926 to 1929. The entire cemetery is in the shape of an alarm bell, and the buildings are built along the hillside, rising layer by layer, including the archway, tomb passage, mausoleum gate, stele pavilion, sacrificial hall, and tomb chamber. In the memorial hall is a seated statue of Sun Yat-sen, surrounded by "Outline of the Founding of the People's Republic of China" and reliefs of his deeds. The tomb has a spherical structure, with a marble tomb in the center, and a sarcophagus with a recumbent image of Sun Yat-sen engraved on it. The total area of ??the cemetery is 3000hm2, and the forest area is 2133hm2. Under the blue sky and white clouds, among the green pines and cypresses, the white marble and blue glazed roof buildings form a very harmonious, elegant, solemn and majestic picture. Ancillary buildings also include a music stage, Guanghua Pavilion, waterside pavilion, etc.
2. Unique burial forms
1. Sky burial
Sky burial is also known as bird burial, open-air burial, etc. It is popular among Tibetan, Monba and other ethnic minorities. It is called "Tuchujiewa" in Tibetan. Usually after a person dies, the limbs are tied together, covered with a white cloth, and the body is laid to rest for several days before being placed in an empty room to hold a memorial ceremony. The descendants of the deceased carry it to the door of their home, and then ask a sky burial master to carry the body to the sky burial site. After family members and relatives accompanied the sky burial master to the crossroads, one or two relatives and friends followed the sky burial master to take care of the sky burial ground. After arriving at the celestial burial site, lamas chanted sutras, beat drums, and simmered mulberry trees as offerings to the gods to attract eagles. The celestial burial master dismembered the corpse on the celestial burial platform, cut the meat and smashed the bones, and mixed it with tsampa for the eagles to peck at. It is considered auspicious to eat it all.
2． Hanging coffin burial
Hang coffin burial, also known as cliff burial and cliff cave burial, is a burial method in which the body is placed in a coffin and hung in the air or placed on a cliff. This burial custom probably began in the late Neolithic Age, became popular during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and has existed throughout the ages. In my country, they are mainly distributed in Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing and other regions, among which Gong County in Sichuan, Zuoyoujiang in Guangxi, and Wuyishan in Fujian are the most concentrated. The Hanging Coffin No. 1 and Boat Coffin No. 2 burials in Wuyishan, Fujian, date back to about 3400 to 3800 years ago. Hanging coffins are mostly buried on cliffs facing the river and the sea. The distance between the coffins and the water surface ranges from ten to dozens of meters, and some are even as high as hundreds of meters. Hanging coffin burials are mysterious and peculiar. How some hanging coffins were placed on the cliff is still a mystery, which has attracted the attention of many tourists.
3. Pagoda burial
Pagoda burial refers to a unique Buddhist burial form in which the remains of eminent Buddhist monks are placed in a pagoda after their death. All well-known Buddhist temples have tomb towers, but the Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest in Songshan, Henan is the most famous. The pagoda forest is located on the north bank of the Shaoxi River in the west of the temple. There are more than 230 masonry tomb pagodas dating from the Tang Dynasty. They are of various styles and shapes. They are concrete expressions of Buddhist culture and ancient masonry architecture and sculpture art. The Lingyan Temple Pagoda Forest in Changqing County, Shandong Province, where eminent monks from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty are buried, is also one of the well-preserved large-scale Pagoda Forests in my country.