1907 On July 5, 32, Qiu Jin was beheaded at Xuantingkou, Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Looking back suddenly, it has been a whole hundred years.
At the foot of the lonely mountain near the West Lake, Qiu Jin's white sculpture has now become China's version of the Statue of Liberty. She became the Joan of Arc in China, which is not only the pride of women, but also the pride of the whole Chinese nation. That strange girl named Jianhu likes to wear men's clothes. In Shaoxing's former residence and hall, there is a painting of her men's clothing hanging beside her bedroom bed. She can't smell anything in the bedroom. There is a secret room behind her bedroom, which contains secret documents of 100 years ago. The living room on the west side is also very hidden. Wang Jinfa and other revolutionary comrades have been attending secret meetings here. The pomelo tree in the front yard has grown into a big tree, and now it will bear fruit.
Qiu Jin is good at fencing, drinking and riding freely. Mr. Lu Xun, who knew her, said that she was cheerful. When she was studying in Japan, she often rode her bike in the street in her student clothes. She also likes to wear kimono. She brought a sharp Japanese knife. In Zhang Yongyuan's famous photo, she is holding a knife. She is a poet. She 1 1 can still write poetry. In her short life, she left many excellent works, including a heroic poem "Fight for a hundred thousand heads, you must save your strength", which is different from the female poems we usually read, but has a tendency to go.
Qiu Jin sculpture
During her study in Japan, she organized women's "Love Society" and "Ten-member Group", participated in revolutionary groups such as the Yokohama Three-Point Conference, and ran a bimonthly vernacular newspaper. She is also a natural speaker. She always gives a speech at every meeting. Her speech is vivid and incisive, and has the power to touch people's hearts. The audience is often moved to tears. /kloc-In 0/905, he joined the Guangfu Association and the League Association and was promoted to the position of President of Zhejiang League Association. After returning to China, she founded the first newspaper, China Women's Daily, to publicize women's rights and revolution.
1907, Xu Xilin went to Anhui and asked her to run Shaoxing Datong school. This is a normal school founded by 1905 Xu Xilin. It is the central organization of the Guangfu Association. Qiu Jin actively contacted Shaoxing military circles, academic circles and social organizations, and brought Longhua Club and Pingyang Party in Shengxian, Jinhua and Lishui into the Guangfu Association to prepare for the uprising. She agreed that Xu Xilin and Deng Cunyu in Huizhou, Guangdong Province revolted at the same time, and personally drafted two documents, the Draft for Popularizing Compatriots and the Draft for Guangfu Association. The date of the uprising was originally set at June 1907, and later it was changed to July 19 again and again. Unexpectedly, on this day, July 6th, Xu Xilin assassinated Anhui Governor Enming. He and his two main assistants, Ma and Chen Boping, were killed, and the Anqing uprising soon failed.
The news came that Qiu Jin was crying in the office of Datong School. But she didn't expect to run away. She didn't feel exposed. There is no evidence in court. She is a woman. She has a friendship with the magistrate of a county, and there will be no great danger. The Qing court didn't know the relationship between Qiu Jin and Anqing Uprising, and Qiu Jin didn't know that Datong Sect was exposed. It was a subordinate of Jinhua Wuyi who accidentally leaked the secret, and the roster was found to be involved with Datong Sect.
1907 July 13, Qing soldiers entered Shaoxing, and students advised Qiu Jin to hide, but she refused. In fact, she made up her mind to die at that time. She evacuated the last group of comrades-in-arms, but Cheng Yi and other teachers and students refused to leave and insisted on advancing and retreating with her. At this time, Datong school was surrounded, soldiers fired and two students were killed. When the whole school was searched, no evidence was found.
Gui Fu, the Manchu magistrate from Hanlin, held a meeting with the county magistrates of Yinshan and Huiji overnight. The conference site is located in Shaoxing, and there are two local officials, Gui Fu, Li Ruinian and Li.
She didn't answer any questions. Asked which friends she has, she replied: You often go to Datong, give me a pair of couplets and take a picture at Datong School. Your government appreciates her talent, because Qiu Jin once gave her a couplet: "Fight for the world, fight for the world". It is said that Qiu Jin also called him "adoptive father" and "adoptive father". Asked again, she insisted: "The adoptive father is my colleague." Your government cannot ask any more questions. He decided to kill Qiu Jin, because they were relatives, and he was afraid that Qiu Jin would cause him trouble.
Your government handed her over to Li Zhongyue, the magistrate of Shanyin County, and told him to die and pay his debts. Li Zhongyue, a native of Shandong, was born as a scholar. He worked as a county magistrate in Jiangshan and Yinshan, Zhejiang, and won the support of the people. When the army surrounded Datong School with live ammunition, he shouted to the soldiers at the scene: "Don't worry, don't shoot when the county is here" and asked them to "arrest, forsyth will get hurt".
Shaoxing is not big. I have met Li, who has just returned from studying abroad. They appreciate Qiu Jin's study articles. They used Qiu Jin's poem to say to their son, "It is better to be a woman than to be your generation!"
Li's fifth son is twelve years old. I remember when Qiu Jin was arrested, he was wearing a dark black crepe robe with pigtails, with blood on his body, reddish face, sharp nose and bright eyes.
The next day, it was raining in Mao Mao, and Li Zhongyue questioned Qiu Jin in the reception room of the county party committee. Instead of extorting a confession by torture, she sat in a chair and asked Qiu Jin, Are you a revolutionary party? She replied, yes. Ask her why there is a revolution. She said that what I advocate is only the revolution between men and women and the family revolution, which is not illegal. I don't know why I was arrested.
Li Moran was speechless. She just asked Qiu Jin to write a confession with her own pen. At first, she only wrote one word. Guess what this is? It's the word "Qiu", which is her family name. Please write it again. She continued to write six words, a century-old masterpiece: Autumn Rain Sorrow.
Li also praised her good handwriting. She replied that it had not been posted and the handwriting was not good. She can write several articles. Li Rang writes articles. She said that she was not used to writing with a brush and gave her a pen, ink and an English exercise book. In an hour, she wrote thousands of words about her life and the reasons for her arrest.
It is really strange that it is so easy to say death now, just like a visitor.
Gui was very unhappy when he heard Li Zhongyue's interrogation report. "You treat her as a guest, of course not. Why not be punished? " Li replied that they are all scholars, and Qiu Jin is a woman. Insufficient evidence. How to punish them? Gui says you can handle it yourself. Bring Fujian tea. At four o'clock in the morning, the last moment arrived, and Qiu Jin was taken to Shaoxing Gu Xuan Pavilion. On that day, Qiu Jin was wearing a white T-shirt and a black tulle shirt, leather shoes and chains, and his hands were tied behind his back. The soldiers guarded her all the way. When she was executed, she made no noise. She just looked at the bystanders on both sides silently, lowered her head and punished her calmly. She didn't cry or break down because of fear. "Look at people like blocking people" means that many people are watching beheading. In the novel Medicine written by Lu Xun more than ten years later, Yu Xia refers to Qiu Jin.
Gui ordered Li Zhongyue to look for weapons and other evidence from the enemy several times, but found nothing. Three days later, he was fired by your government. Thousands of local people saw me off when I left office.
When Li Zhongyue was in Hangzhou, he often looked at Qiu Jin's secret ink "Autumn Rain Sorrow" and wept silently. He finally committed suicide 10 year129 October, at the age of 53, less than 100 days after Qiu Jin was killed. There is a depression behind him, and there is almost no money to buy a coffin. After the founding of New China, the revolutionaries praised Li as a good official in the special era and offered sacrifices to him in the post-autumn society.
There is also a person, Shaoxing's "government penalty seat", an official in charge of justice. We only know his last name is Chen,
Shaoxing people, unwilling to handle the Qiu Jin case, resigned due to illness.
There is no conclusive evidence of Qiu Jin's murder, while Qiu Jin's confession is only seven words: "Autumn rain, worrying about the country and the people". Therefore, Zhang Zengyang and Gui Fu were attacked by public opinion in Zhejiang and fidgeted. After killing Qiu Jin, Zhang Shangchao performed and was recognized by Zhu Pi, who wrote "Please take care". He applied to the court for a month's sick leave. On September 5, the imperial edict handed him over to the governor of Jiangsu. On the 6th, he published it in the newspaper and was immediately opposed by local gentlemen. They sent a telegram to Duchayuan, headed by Zeng Mengpu, the author of "Evil Sea Flowers", a native of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, with more than 30 joint names. Two days later, Shanghai Shenbao published a telegram. As a result, Zhang Zengyang failed to come. He argued that he was ill. A month later, the imperial edict transferred him to the governor of Shanxi, and a few months later he was dismissed due to illness. It is said that he died of depression.
Gui Fu wanted to transfer to Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, but was rejected by the magistrate of Ningguo Prefecture, Anhui Province. Finally, he had to change his name to Zhao. In the four years before the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, there were no officials. Li Yizhi, the first soldier surrounded by Zhejiang New Army, was also notorious and despised.
Li Ruinian, the county magistrate of Hui County, was later appointed as the county magistrate of Xiaoshan County. Shentong Electric, who was present at that time, objected and accused him of being the chief culprit in the Qiu Jin case, but he failed.
Qiu Jin was killed, Qiu Jin's family hid outside, and no one collected the body. Shantang quickly picked her up and buried her at the foot of Fushan Mountain. Two months later, her family secretly moved the coffin to a place, but it could not be buried for a long time. Finally, Xu from Tongcheng, Anhui Province and Shimen, Zhejiang Province was buried in West Lake, USA.
Wu is a sworn sister she met in Beijing in her early years. She was born in Tongcheng and is good at calligraphy. She is the wife and neighbor of Qiu Jin's husband's colleague, who is eight years older than her. Wu and his wife have the idea of reform. They are enlighteners. Qiu read many new books and periodicals of the Wu family. Under the leadership of Wu, I attended the women's heart-to-heart meeting and foot-binding meeting in the upper class, and met the wife of a Japanese teacher in the university auditorium a few days ago.
Qiu Jin met two sisters of the Xu family in Nanxun. Xu is the principal of Xunxi Girls' School where she teaches. They have similar life experiences and the same hobbies. Xu has a younger sister named Xu Yunhua. Under her guidance, the two sisters secretly participated in the Guangfu Association and the League. Qiu Jin once said to Xu before his death: "If you die unfortunately, you are willing to bury your bones."
Qiu Jin was killed and Xu was heartbroken. They are determined to fulfill Qiu Jin's last wish and bury her in the West Lake. The burial arrangement of the West Lake actually began four months after Qiu Jin's death. In June165438+1October of the same year, Xu wrote to Wu, asking her to jointly publish an article in the newspaper, and proposed to meet and bury Qiu Jin. Wu Fuxin disapproves of holding a press conference. After that, they agreed to buy land and bury it in the camp. At the same time, a nun who claimed to be a monk at Dabei Temple in West Lake took the initiative to find Wu and was willing to donate three acres of land as a cemetery. Five and a half months after Qiu Jin's martyrdom, it snowed heavily on February 29th, 65438. I have an appointment with Xu. Wu Can can't come because he is very ill and pregnant. Xu braved the heavy snow to cross the Qiantang River and discussed with Qiu Jin's family about moving the capital to the West Lake. I stayed there for three days.
As a result, she couldn't find Sister Zhu Hui and Dabei Temple in the West Lake. Xu's brother Qiu bought a piece of land at Xicha Bridge under the lonely mountain of West Lake. She wrote to Wu excitedly, telling her that it is adjacent to the cemeteries of Su Xiaoxiao and Zheng Zhenniang, separated by three belle graves, which is enough to make the West Lake last forever. Chen Qubing said that Lin Hejing, Yu Qian, Yue Fei and Su Xiaoxiao can all be compared with Qiu Jin.
190865438+1On October 25th, Qiu Jin was finally buried by the West Lake. I bought this land and paid for 200 yuan's burial. A month later, Qiu Jin's memorial service was held in Mengsi, Lin Lei, Hangzhou, attended by hundreds of people. They decided to set up an autumn club on the spot, and Xu was promoted to president. Every year, the sixth day of the sixth lunar month is the anniversary of the people of Qiujincheng. At the memorial service, Manchu and Han had another argument.
Ten words are engraved on the tombstone of Qiu Jin's tomb:
"Alas, the tomb of Qiu Jin, a woman who built a lake".
This is what Hangzhou people call the "Xi Du Monument", which was written by Wu Zhiying. She was unable to attend the funeral because of illness. An article said that the tombstone reads "Alas, the tomb of Qiu Jin, a mountain woman". No, I've seen pictures of that year.
Soon, an imperial envoy named Chang Hui came to Hangzhou and saw Qiu Jin's tomb. The ten words on the tablet shocked and stimulated his nerves. Someone built such a tomb for the rebellious "female bandits" in Hangzhou West Lake, which is almost comparable to Yue Fei's tomb, so the locals called it "Betty Wong's Tomb" and "Qiu Nv's Tomb". 1908 10 acceded to the throne in June, demanding that the mausoleum be repaired and severely punishing Wu and Xu, accusing them of being the remnants of Qiu Jin.
In February of 65438+, Qiu's tomb was demolished and the coffin was transported back by Qiu's family. On a starry night, Xu Yunhua, Xu's sister, guarded the tombstone. It was treasured in the "Autumn Society" and was patrolled and injured. However, the imperial court was worried that it would cause a strong rebound among the people, so it only ordered the grave to be moved without destroying the body. Wu and Xu are also wanted. When Wu Zhiying learned this news, he resolutely came out of the German hospital in the Shanghai Concession, regardless of hemoptysis, and did not want the protection of foreigners and the concession. She wrote to the Governor of Liangjiang that she had been sentenced to bury Qiu Jin and had no other heart. Why did she regret her death? In order not to get involved with Xu and others, she decided to take full responsibility, and righteously said the following words: "There are opinions, but Zhi Ying dare not muddle through in court. However, Zhi Zhi is willing to regard it as a whole and does not involve one person in the academic community. "
Ceng Yun, then Governor of Zhejiang Province, asked about Ling Lin in Renhe County. I was a county magistrate in Linshimen County for six years, and I was deeply impressed. His answer is: maybe it's a woman's soft egg. Things hurt her. Xu Yunhua is a girl who is not sensible and blindly attached. This county magistrate and Li Zhongyue, as we said earlier, are human beings and have a conscience.
Wu and Xu were not arrested. First of all, because of the attack of public opinion, it caused an uproar. Businessmen in Shanghai created great public anger and held a meeting in a few days. Jiangsu Education Association came forward, and Jiangsu teachers wrote to the Governor of Liangjiang, requesting efforts in this matter; Secondly, Zhang Zengyang and Gui Fu have a lesson from the past and have to worry about public opinion at home and abroad. There were many foreign newspapers in Shanghai at that time, but they all disappeared in the end.
After the Revolution of 1911, Qiu Jin's body was buried in the West Lake. Xu Yisheng was a martyr for decades until his death.
What is even more unexpected is that after Qiu Jin's death, the two little girls she trained became anti-Qing people. They are sisters, named Yin Ruizhi and Yin respectively. Yin joined the Guangfu Association at the age of nine and was the youngest member. Qiu Jin's liaison office in Shanghai was named "Swiss Military Academy". After Qiu Jin's death, they were wanted in Shanghai, forced to die, and learned to make bombs. After the recovery of Shanghai, Yin organized a team to support the Hangzhou Death Squad. 17 years old, she has a pistol in her left hand and a bomb in her right hand. She stood in front of the death squad and attacked the Zhejiang provincial government. It was she who captured Governor Ceng Yun alive and played a decisive role in the independence of Hangzhou. Her death squad also played an important role in the process of conquering Nanjing. Yuhuatai was first occupied by her death squad. Sun Yat-sen appointed their sister as an adviser to the temporary presidential palace, which may be the youngest presidential adviser in the world.
One hundred years ago, why did Qiu Jin's death touch the nerves of an ancient nation? Why do public opinion condemn murderers, informers and bystanders so strongly? Why did Qiu Jin's death break the heart of conscientious China people? There are at least the following reasons:
First, there is no evidence of killing Qiu Jin, and there is no confession. According to the laws of the Qing dynasty, people who did not confess should not be executed. Public opinion generally calls it "Qiu unjust imprisonment", and people constantly accuse him of "killing Ms. Qiu without confession, witnesses and evidence". There was neither a formal trial nor the charges announced were clear. The shenzhou women's newspaper pointed out that the pistol used for self-defense and the words used to express temperament are all so-called evidence? Because there is no evidence, Qiu Jin is just a returned female student who runs a newspaper and a school. After Qiu Jin's death, a man named Tao sent a telegram to the Beijing Military Department. The telegram was very long, and it read: "Young husband deceives you, wise husband deceives you, and Qiu Jin was sentenced to death for no reason." He relies on the cruel laws in his mind. "
The telegram exposed Gui Fu's atrocities in great detail. In order to obtain evidence, Franz Chen and other six arrested Datong school teachers and students were strangely tortured, kneeling with fire and bricks, trying to get evidence from them that Qiu Jin was "passed by bandits", but to no avail. Because there was no evidence and confession, Zhang Zengyang had a headache and finally made a confession in Shanghai Shenbao. It's already August 13, and nearly a month has passed. However, Shenbao also has an "editor's note", which openly questioned the authenticity of this "confession". Others think that Zhejiang officialdom inspired Qiu Jin's handwriting to imitate it.
At that time, the only evidence of Qiu Jin's murder was "bandits" and "sentries". It is said that twelve Shaoxing gentry jointly wrote to the government about the relationship between Datong Sect and Qiu Jin and Xu Xilin. In fact, they all had contact with Qiu, and they were afraid of involving themselves before making this decision.
Among them, there are two teachers who are most condemned by public opinion. One is Yuan Yi, president of Shaoxing Middle School, and the other is Hu Daonan, director of Yinshan Spring Research Institute at that time. After Datong was killed, the magistrate instructed the magistrate to discuss everything with Hu. The day before Gui killed Qiu Jin, he attached a telegram to the governor, saying that Hu told him that Qiu Jin would plot with Zhu Shaokang and others. Zhu is the leader of Pingyang Party and has tens of thousands of followers. He is in Shengzhou and will come to Shaoxing recently. Please take preventive measures. This confirms Hu's identity as an informer. When Qiu Jin and Hu studied in Japan, they had different views on revolution and gender equality. The outspoken Qiu Jin called Hu a "dead man" to his face.
Shanghai and other newspapers accused Yuan Yi of leaking Qiu Jin's death, so they wrote to the Governor of Zhejiang to defend themselves. It can be seen that the public opinion is fierce.
It is worth noting that shortly after the incident, a group of squires in Shaoxing jointly wrote to the Shaoxing government to demand bail for the arrested Xu Xilin's father. Among them are Yuan Yi and Hu Daonan. Hu is the leader. The highly respected Cai Yuanpei also tried his best to defend Hu, arguing that Hu could not be an informer. Hu, Cai and Xu are familiar with each other, engaged in revolutionary activities for a long time and respected Qiu Jin. There is a saying that Hu likes to drink, and Cai Yuanpei says he is a heavy drinker. That day, he was just drunk and wanted to sleep. Someone came to see him, and he was desperate to stamp the tip-off. This is written by Qiu Jin's brother Zong Zhangji, and it is said to be a local rumor. In Qiu's article, it is a contradiction whether Hu snitches. One is a secret letter to Hu, and the other is "several generations of training Hu." Qiu Jin was killed in three years, and Hu was assassinated in Shaoxing. Killed by two people in Hu Sheng County. Cai Yuanpei thought it was wrong for Hu not to be suspected, but he didn't confirm it.
Second, the handling of the Qiu Jin case also violated the orders of the Supreme Emperor. Because in April of 1905, in the name of Emperor Guangxu, Wu and Shen Jiaben's joint appeal was approved, and the letter clearly stated: "From then on, all capital crimes will be terminated, and the Lunar New Year, the first day of the Lunar New Year, and corpse driving will be deleted forever." At the same time, it is obvious that even the trial and punishment are exempt except those who knowingly commit crimes. At that time, the whole world thought that Qiu Jin was implicated and beheaded because of the assassination of An Ming in Xu Xilin, Anhui Province, which was particularly unfair. Three days after Qiu Jin's martyrdom, Japanese students studying in Zhejiang jointly sent a telegram to the Governor of Zhejiang, publicly accusing him of violating this commandment.
Third, Qiu Jin was a woman, so the way Qiu Jin was executed was especially criticized by the local people. Historian Fan Wenlan is from Shaoxing. He recalled that even those old-fashioned people and those who disapproved of Qiu Jin believed that Xuantingkou was the place where Jiang Yang thieves were killed. Qiu Jin is not a robber and should not go there to kill them. Women can only be hanged and whipped. Qiu Jin shouldn't be beheaded. At that time, there were two execution grounds in Shaoxing, one was Xuantingkou, and there was a high square stone, execution ground and execution place. The hanging was carried out at a small teaching point in Shuicheng Lane. They said that in the past, women were sentenced to death, and the most serious thing was hanging without beheading. It caused a shock in the local area. There is a folk song "Ten Preventions", in which four defenses are "Qiu Jin doesn't prevent killing". Killing a weak woman and a scholar who returned from studying abroad in such a bloody way caused public outrage not only in Shaoxing but also in Shanghai. At that time, the booming newspapers, magazines, publishing, dramas and novels in Shanghai were almost angered. However, there was a concession in Shanghai, and the Qing court could not control public opinion, which was completely illegal.
Fourthly, as Professor Xia Xiaohong said, Qiu Jin's tragic story itself contains a plot that can give full play to literary imagination. She is warm-blooded, female, beautiful, young, talented and dedicated to the revolution. These are legends. According to incomplete statistics, there were more than ten kinds of drama scripts before the Revolution of 1911, and there were four kinds of novels and short stories.
There is another reason why the death of Qiu Jin made a nation suffer so much in the long night a hundred years ago. This is a big country, where Manchu and Han are antagonistic, and the government is corrupt, incompetent, greedy and selfish, which is abhorrent. Deep down, people are eager for social change. Qiu Jin represents such a voice. She was killed. Can China people with good figure not feel sad?