The friends you make when you are poor and low in status are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who live and die together and are in trouble are called "friends who are embarrassed"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends who are congenial and have deep friendship are called "friends who never turn back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "the friendship between bamboo and horse"; Friends who associate as civilians are called "friends of cloth and clothes"; Friends with different generations and different ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identities or appearances are called "forgetful friends"; Friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of nobility and inferiority are called "cars and hats"; Friends who support each other morally are called "gentlemen's friends"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met each other" ("friends who have never met each other).
There are three situations in which the ancients called their names directly: (1) claiming their names or first names. For example, "Within five steps, please get the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poems".
(2) used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting is a Taizhou person".
(3) people who are repulsed and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is guilty of evil in the former, while Jia Qing Yu is flattering in the latter".
The ancient people named the word "Chengzi" when they were young, and they took it when they were adults (2 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the word and the name. Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, and they are courtesy and respect for peers or elders.
Say Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is Li Taibai, Du Fu is Du Zimei, Han Yu is Han Tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyou. Title number is also called alias number and table number.
The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is determined by the father or the elder, while the latter is determined by himself. Number, generally only used to claim to show some interest or express some emotion; The title of person is also a kind of honorific title.
such as: Mr. Tao Qian's Wuliu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi (Yu) birth, He Zhizhang's later years named Siming Fancy, Ouyang Xiu's drunkard, his later years named Liuyi Jushi, Wang Anshi's later years named Banshan, Su Shi's Dongpo Jushi, Lu You's Fangweng, and Wen Tianxiang. It is called posthumous title after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes in ancient posthumous title.
For example, Tao Yuanming is the official of Jingjie, Ouyang Xiu is the duke of Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is the duke of Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is the duke of Fan Wenzheng, Wang Ao is the duke of Zhong Wang Su, Zuo Guangdou is the duke of Zuo Zhongyi, Shi Kefa is the duke of Shi Zhonglie and Lin Zexu is the duke of Lin Wenzhong. It is a kind of "evil death" to call Qin Gui a traitor.
the name of fasting refers to the name of fasting or room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called the Zhai Cheng Zhai, and people called it Yang Cheng Zhai. Yao Nai was called Mr Yao Xi Bao and Mr Xi Bao because his name was Xi Bao Xuan.
Another example is that Pu Songling is called Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao is the owner of the ice drinking room, and Tan Sitong is Tan Zhuangfei (whose fasting name is "Zhuangfei Building"). It is said that Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in Ming Dynasty, was called Tang Linchuan (a native of Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu Yanwu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, is a native of Tinglin Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, and is known as Gu Tinglin. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang Warlords, was called Yuan Xiangcheng (a native of Xiangcheng, Henan).
In the late Qing Dynasty, there was a famous couplet full of ridicule: "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the farmer Changshu is barren in the world." The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (a native of Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tongxie who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu.
Although Han Yu, a county magistrate, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu" because the Han family in Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was a noble family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli. Another example is that Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi of Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family of Zhao County.
The official name is "Sun Qiulu is smart and benevolent", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of general Qiulu. In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "Running from the North" and "Yan Taishi's understanding with soldiers, Wen Shaobao's understanding with great light". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, Taishi is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position.
The Book of Wife: "Sima Chun's shirt, I can't be too forgetful." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou.
It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", was once a captain of infantry, and was known as Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhongsan doctor, who was known as Zhongsan in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei used to be Shangshu Youcheng, who was known as Wang Youcheng. Du Fu was known as the left gleaner, and he was also known as Du Gongbu because he was a foreign minister of the Ministry of Calibration. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of the prince and was called Liu Guest. Liu Yong used to be a foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanming Hall, and was called Su Xueshi. The title of "Training frugally to show health" was "a luxury crown for a while in recent times", and the title of Kou Zhun was Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong was a provincial title.
In the Plum Blossom Ridge, "Prince He Shuo of Yu calls him by his husband", and Duo Duo was named Prince Yu in Qing Dynasty. In Biography of Liu Jingting, "Ningnan goes south, Anhui Shuai wants to make a knot in Ningnan, and pay tribute to the pavilion in the shogunate". Ningnan is the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu's title of Ningnan Hou in the late Ming Dynasty.
Another example is that Zhuge Liang once conferred the title of marquis of Wuxiang, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wuxiang. Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked his ancestor Xie Xuan's title of Kangle Gong, and he thanked Kangle in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Wei Zhi once knighted Zheng Guogong, so the world called Wei Zhenggong; Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was knighted Guo Ziyi for his work in pacifying the "An Shi Rebellion" and was called Guo Fenyang in the world. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was conferred the title of Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was knighted as Jing Guogong, who was called Wang Jinggong in the world. Sima Guang once conferred the title of Jue Wen. 2. What can I call others in classical Chinese?
Because you asked this question, I also learned it. I will extract and sort out other people's answers for you. If you have any questions or other questions, please ask
First person:
Male: I, Yu, Yu, Wu, Chen (to the king), I (to the emperor), I, just, just. Student (to the teacher)
Female: concubine, concubine, concubine, slave, little girl, husband and wife (to the king)
The second person is called (generally, it seems to be male and female):
Zi, Ru, female (through you), the first step, if, but, Nai, Er, P. Therefore, pronouns such as
address themselves to others:
father: my father, my husband, strict family
mother: my mother, kind family
son: son, child
daughter: daughter
address him to others:
father: your father, strict order < I say my surname is a certain one, and my name is a cursive name.
second, those who have family friends should be commensurate with each other by their names. Ordinary people call themselves Mr. or a brother, and call themselves brother. The elder is called the old gentleman, and he calls himself the later scholar, or he calls himself by his own name.
third, the father of a person is called your father, and the mother is called your mother. People call themselves parents, saying that they are strict and kind. When you meet a friend's father, you are called an old man, your mother is called an aunt, and you call yourself a late or nephew.
fourth, the ancestor of human beings is called your grandfather, and your grandmother is called your grandmother. People call themselves ancestors and call them family ancestors. Grandmother called her grandmother. See people's grandparents, called too old man, too aunt. Just call yourself your name.
5. Call a man's brother your brother and your brother. People call themselves brothers, saying that they are brothers and sisters. Call a person's sister, and call your sister your sister. People call themselves sisters, saying that they are sisters at home. Meet people's brothers, call them Mr. Ji, or brothers, and call themselves younger brothers. Sisters who meet people are collectively called sisters, and they call themselves younger brothers. (the book payment is called Shi)
6. Call a person's wife, saying that you are the right or the wife, and call a person your wife, saying that you are a humble gentleman or a wife. See a person's wife called sister-in-law, claiming her own name. (a woman can call herself a younger sister)
7. A woman is called a husband of a person, and she is called a gentleman in the government, and a husband of a person is called a wife. When you meet a husband, you should call him Mr., so it's better to avoid calling him. If necessary, just call him himself.
8. Call a person's son your son or childe, and a person's daughter your love or microscope. People call themselves sons, children, and women call them daughters. See the son of man called ShiXiong, call yourself brother, call the female ShiJie, since not.
9. Call people's grandchildren, and call them Sun Yue's daughters. People call themselves grandsons and granddaughters, and they are called little grandsons and little granddaughters. When you meet people's grandchildren, you are called several sons and daughters.
1. The word "person" or "self-deceased elder" shall be added. If you call a person's deceased parents, you should order your wife to be respected first; Call yourself your parents, and be strict and kind first. You don't need to add another word to refer to the deceased next generation, just say "a brother in the past", but you can add the word "dead" or "a certain brother in the past".
Xi. Call people's uncles and aunts, and call them uncles and aunts. People call themselves uncles and aunts, and they call themselves uncles and aunts. See people's uncles and aunts, and call them old ladies and gentlemen; Those who make good friends can be called old men and old aunts.
12. Call people's uncles and aunts, and call them uncles and aunts. People call themselves uncles and aunts, and they call them my mother's uncle's aunt. See people's uncle and aunt, the title is like before.
XIII. Call a person's father-in-law and mother-in-law, and call him Yue Ling's mother-in-law. People are called their parents-in-law, and their mothers-in-law are called their families. Seeing people's parents-in-law, the title is like before.
XIV. Call a man's nephew, and call him your nephew. Call people nephews, and call them nephews. Call a man's son-in-law a son-in-law. People call themselves my nephew, nephew and son-in-law. They call me my nephew, my nephew and my little son-in-law.
XV. Calling people's relatives and friends means calling relatives your friends. People call themselves relatives and friends, saying to give up relatives and friends.
XVI. To be a teacher is to be called a teacher, and to be born is to be high-footed. People call themselves teachers, and they call us teachers. Call yourself a disciple. Call yourself a teacher, say master or my teacher. Call yourself an apprentice or a protege.
XVII. A person's chief is a certain director (hospital, department, bureau, etc.). A person's subordinate is called your subordinate or your subordinate. People call themselves officers, say we are a certain leader, say we are members, say we are colleagues or our family, and call them a certain surname or a certain position.
XVIII. To call a man's master is more noble, and to call a man's servant is more respectful. To be called an autonomous person, I am on the top; Calling yourself a servant is a small price.
(attached)
First, the address is very complicated, and it is customary in various places to meet directly, especially different, so it is difficult to prepare it. This series only records the common users of foreign communication.
second, between relatives, the address is very subtle, and every time there is a mistake, it makes people laugh. This edition is a summary, designed for common use, so it is not included. 3. How to address girlfriends in classical Chinese
1. The most common one is directly regarded as a sister. Isn't that what many girls call it now? In particular, the second person said that they generally don't call each other "girlfriends", which is also called sisters.
generally called sister, elder sister, younger sister, sister-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, or righteous sister-in-law. You can also use surnames or rankings plus sisters, such as the typical title of "Second Sister You".
Pay attention to the dynasties. The word "elder sister" appeared relatively recently. Before the Middle Ages, it was generally called "elder sister". 2, as a "close friend" to call it.
If you introduce me to others, it can be said that it is my "close friend", "close friend", "friend of Jin Lan" and "friend of the stone". There is a person upstairs who has explained it very comprehensively. In short, not all words that specifically refer to male friendship can be used. In addition, "boudoir" itself is the abbreviation of "close friend in boudoir".
3. Call each other by name! Ancient habits are different from modern ones, and they don't call each other by their first names. Generally, little girls with very good relationships can call each other nicknames and birth names, adults can call each other names, and some elegant talented women can call each other nicknames. 4. How to use classical Chinese to address girlfriends
Jin Lan sisters and girlfriends
Specific explanation
1. The most common one is directly regarded as sisters. Isn't that what many girls call it now? In particular, the second person said that they generally don't call each other "girlfriends", which is also called sisters. Generally called sister, elder sister, younger sister, sister-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law, or righteous sister-in-law. You can also use surnames or rankings plus sisters, such as the typical title of "Second Sister You". Pay attention to the dynasty, the word "sister" appeared relatively recently, and was generally called "sister" before the Middle Ages.
2. Just address it as a "close friend". If you introduce me to others, it can be said that it is my "close friend", "close friend", "friend of Jin Lan" and "friend of the stone". There is a person upstairs who has explained it very comprehensively. In short, not all words that specifically refer to male friendship can be used. In addition, "boudoir" itself is the abbreviation of "close friend in boudoir".
3. Call each other by name! Ancient habits are different from modern ones, and they don't call each other by their first names. Generally, little girls with very good relationships can call each other nicknames and birth names, adults can call each other names, and some elegant talented women can call each other nicknames.
knowledge expansion
the friends you make when you are poor and have a low status are called "poor friends"; Friends who are friendly and close as brothers are called "the turn of Jin Lan"; Friends who live and die together and are in trouble are called "friends who are embarrassed"; Friends formed when encountering hardships are called "friends in need"; Friends who are congenial and have deep friendship are called "friends who never turn back"; A good friend of the opposite sex who grew up together is called "the friendship between bamboo and horse"; Friends who associate as civilians are called "friends of cloth and clothes"; Friends with different generations and different ages are called "forgetting to make friends"; Friends who don't care about their identities or appearances are called "forgetful friends"; Friends who don't change their deep friendship because of the change of nobility and inferiority are called "cars and hats"; Friends who support each other morally are called "gentlemen's friends"; Friends who are like-minded and know each other well are called "friends who have never met each other" ("friends who have never met each other). 5. ancient Chinese address to you, me and him
the first person in ancient Chinese is me, me, me, Yu (Yu), loneliness and widowhood. I-In the pre-Qin period, most people claimed that they could use' I'.
The second person names in ancient Chinese are: female (Ru), Er, Ruo, Er, Nai, Gong and Jun.
the third person in ancient Chinese: there is no real third person pronoun in ancient Chinese, but it is used.