The smallest unit of pronunciation is called phoneme, and Arabic has 36 phonemes.
Arabic phonemes can be divided into vowels and consonants.
1. Vowel: The vocal cords vibrate, and the airflow in the oral cavity is not hindered, only limited by the opening and closing of the mouth, the height of the tongue, the front and back, and the circle of the lips. Arabic has eight vowels.
2. Consonants: Phonemes that are hindered in one way or another when the airflow passes through the mouth or nose are called consonants. Arabic has twenty-eight consonants.
(1) consonants can be divided into unvoiced consonants and voiced consonants according to the vibration of vocal cords.
Voiceless consonants: the vocal cords do not vibrate and the airflow is strong. Such as [t] and [s].
Voiced consonants: vocal cords vibrate and the airflow is weak. Such as [d] and [z].
(2) According to different pronunciation methods, consonants can be divided into stops, fricatives, fricatives, nasal sounds, side sounds, vibrato, semi-vowels and so on.
Stuffing: the lips or tongue completely block the corresponding parts of the mouth, the soft palate rises, and the nasal cavity closes. Such as [k] and [q].
Frictional sound: air flows out from the gap formed in the mouth through friction. Such as [f] and [s].
Fricative sound: It has the characteristics of choking and fricative sound. When the airflow passes through the mouth, it quickly changes from complete blockage to friction through the gap. Such as [d].
Nasal sound: the mouth is completely blocked by the lips or tongue, the soft palate droops and the nasal cavity is released. Such as [m] and [n].
Sidetone: the airflow is blocked in the middle of the mouth and flows out from the gaps on both sides of the tongue. Such as [l].
Vibrato: The tip of the tongue vibrates, which makes the airflow channel open and close many times in a short time. Such as [r].
Semi-vowel: It is a kind of consonant between vowel and consonant, but the airflow is weak and the friction is small. The semi-vowels in Arabic are [w] and [j].
(3) According to the different pronunciation parts, consonants can also be divided into:
Lip sounds, such as [b] and [m];
Lip sounds, such as [f];
Interdental sounds, such as [] and [θ];
Tongue tip sounds, such as [t] and [d];
Top sounds, such as [s] and [d];
Tongue sounds, such as [j];
Tongue root sounds, such as [k];
uvular[q]；
Laryngeal wall sounds, such as [], [];
Laryngeal sound [h], [].
Characteristics of Arabic pronunciation
1. From the pronunciation position, Arabic pronunciation is mostly concentrated in the front and back end, with more tongue tip sounds, top sounds and throat sounds. The main characteristics of Arabic top sound are that the tip of the tongue is close to the gum and the tongue surface is concave. There are four typical top tones, among which the phoneme [dad] is unique to Arabic in all languages in the world. Arabic is therefore called "Dade".
2. There are several groups of sounds that are difficult to distinguish in Arabic, so you should pay special attention when learning pronunciation.
3. The pronunciation of each language has its own characteristics. When learning Arabic pronunciation, we must always pay attention to the difference between Arabic pronunciation and mother tongue or other foreign languages, and never replace Arabic phonemes with familiar approximate phonemes of mother tongue or other foreign languages.
Extended content: Arabic learning methods
Our mother tongue is Chinese, and Arabic is a tool for everyone to make a living in the future. Chinese is like the apostrophe of the word "ren", and Arabic is like the apostrophe of the word "ren", which supports each other and becomes an indomitable character. We should regard Chinese and Arabic as "dual mother tongues".
What is the essence of Arabic? It is not a purely intellectual discipline, nor is it a discipline with high-end technology changing with each passing day. Arabic is a tool-based subject, with humanistic color, established rules and stable regularity.
Although there are countless words and sentences in Arabic, there are only a few in morphology and syntax. At first glance, it's complicated and difficult, but when it comes to the law, it's easy. Beginners are a bit boring and monotonous, so it is interesting to "activate" the rules.
How to "activate" rules and learn easily and interestingly? Lay a solid foundation, master methods, orient at different levels, and win through interaction. First push:
(A) I heard that direct learning method:
In the primary stage, imitation is the mainstay. I hear I'm ahead. Practice more. Even in the intermediate and advanced stages, listening and speaking ability is the most important. Listening is the premise, saying is expression. Overcome the psychological barrier of being afraid of mistakes, start with reading aloud, be brave in listening and speaking, practice eloquence, communicate with others and speak skillfully. The following methods are simple and effective:
(1) Imitate recording: Pay attention to pronunciation and intonation first, and appreciate the sense of rhythm, rhythm and expressiveness of Arabic. Then dictate what you understand, and it will be imperceptible.
(2) Communication and interaction: When learning a language, you should speak more and try to speak loudly and clearly. Situational teaching, simulation exercises, with students as the protagonist and teachers as the directors. Teacher-student interaction in class, classmate interaction after class, personal self-questioning, boring becomes wonderful.
(3) Ask questions continuously within a limited time, and individuals or groups will ask 25 in-depth and quality questions about familiar topics within three minutes to improve their expressive ability and train their thinking ability.
(4) Seminar on "From the Dead to the Living": Several students discuss familiar topics. Cooperative learning promotes each other. Don't recite the text, but use the vocabulary and sentence patterns in the text flexibly to express your ideas. We learn the text, just like buying building materials to learn design, and then using it to build our own house. Go deep into the text and break down the teaching materials. This is what people often say, "birth, aging, illness and death", that is, the combination of learning and use, learning and use, thinking high, enjoying the fun of thinking, and tapping their own potential, just like groundwater.
(5) Solitaire storytelling: Several students use Solitaire to tell familiar stories, one sentence or two, and many people tell a complete story in an orderly and colorful way. It looks like a good play, and learning is fun, that is, inspiring thinking and practicing listening and speaking. Personal ability is limited, and only a win-win situation with others can achieve success. "In a threesome, there must be a teacher." The number of partners determines the success.
We advocate that listening and speaking should be ahead, but reading and writing should also keep up, reading and writing should be orderly, and writing should be fast and regular. It is an important and effective method to practice "dictation" frequently and know the handwriting of calligraphy.
Arabic is a language of "understanding before reading". Written language only writes consonants, which only gives readers 75% meaning, and the other 25% depends on the readers' knowledge of morphology and syntax to judge correctly. Grammar is the soul of an invisible but analyzable language. At the intermediate level, if you learn more language knowledge, you should
On the basis of continuing to improve listening and speaking ability, gradually adopt:
(B) Grammar analysis learning method:
When learning the text, we should analyze the source of each derivative, understand the composition of each phrase, and analyze the grammatical components of each word in each sentence. We should not only know the nature, number, case and reference of each word, but also know the reasons, so as to overcome blindness and improve our consciousness.
Adhering to grammatical analysis is helpful to correctly understand the meaning of Arabic sentences, and is conducive to the comparison of Chinese and Arabic bilingual sentences, thus improving the ability of mutual translation. Arabic emphasizes hypotaxis and formalism. An Arabic verb is rich in connotation and expresses six concepts: action, tense, person, number, gender and voice. Chinese emphasizes parataxis, often omits the subject, and there is no morphological change, but the capacity between the lines is very large, which can be described as concise. By analyzing the grammatical components of Chinese sentences and Arabic sentences, we find that the expressions and components of the two languages are different, but they express the same meaning respectively. Therefore, we can understand the translation skills that people often say-"get carried away" and "separation of form and spirit", and understand the alternative interpretation of these two idioms. We will also find that the order of similar grammatical elements in Chinese sentences and Arabic verb sentences is somewhat opposite, so that we can understand the meaning of "shun translation" that people often say. We will also see that the composition line of Arabic verb sentences is: verb+subject+object+several adverbials (complements), and the sentence has a long tail. The arrangement line of Chinese sentence components is: subject+adverbial (complement)+verb+object, and the stomach in the sentence is very big. Two different arrangement lines are two different sentence patterns and two different arrangement procedures, which can be interpreted as two different "computer software". In translation, as long as the sentence components of the original text are disassembled and input according to the composition procedure of the translation, a basically correct translation of declarative sentences can be obtained. Everyone says this is called "program conversion translation method".
Grammatical analysis learning method helps students to adjust what they want to say into a straight line according to the established procedure, so as to express it in an orderly way. Through the analysis of many similar sentences, students can improve the image thinking of the same sentence to abstract thinking, thus being flexible and avoiding analogy.
Job hunting is the lifeblood of students. Do you have your own career plan? If you don't want to take the academic road, then choose an applied career! If you choose the economic and trade direction, because the academic system is short and the task is heavy, then board the "through train" as soon as possible, take a practical shortcut and use:
(3) Professional integration communication method:
Since we have chosen a distant place, we must go through thick and thin and fly with our dreams. Professional integration means that while learning basic courses (intensive reading, extensive reading, grammar), we should pay attention to "directional" learning.
In the intermediate stage, we should focus on training our listening, speaking and translating skills in social life, that is, the ability to accompany a group to visit, shop, see a doctor, go through the welcome formalities and speak the basic knowledge of China and Arab countries. These extensive social life contents are partly in basic courses and partly in oral listening orientation courses. In addition, students need to learn oral books by themselves after class. Ordinary spoken books are in Chinese and Arabic, which is not difficult and is accompanied by many supplementary words. Through self-study, you can recharge yourself and make yourself basically competent for the interpretation of general social life.
In the advanced learning stage, we can upgrade our orientation from social life to economic and trade exchanges. The secret of life is to manage your own strengths. Since you like economy and trade, you should focus on the pursuit and make yourself a compound talent with a solid foundation in Arabic and understanding economic and trade translation. Enterprises just want to have practical talents with skills and communication skills.
Economy and trade is a science, a set of business, with special terms. Starting with simple business cards, invitations and forms, learning to read and write ordinary administrative letters, gradually turning to e-mail for business inquiry, offer and counter-offer, and then learning various labor contracts and project contracting documents, is difficult for self-study. On the basis of students' preview, the teacher's point of view is like a thousand pounds, and it is hazy.
In the study of economic and trade integration, a lot of oral and translation training is very important. As for the basic skills of translation, we refer to "get carried away", "harmony between form and spirit", "reverse translation" and "program conversion translation method" in grammar analysis learning method. Strive for standard format, accurate terminology, faithful writing, fluency and elegance. Translation is slow, but interpretation is fast. First of all, with the help of your own business knowledge and background information, understand the other party's speech, concentrate on remembering the speaker's views and ideas, no matter what expression he uses, and then explain what you understand according to your own understanding. Therefore, interpretation is an explanatory translation with high flexibility and faithfulness to the principle of the original text.
It is not enough for economic and trade work to understand economic and trade knowledge and master business terms. In dealing with foreign businessmen, communication skills are the decisive factor. You can't do things well until you get to the point. Business people should have a clear purpose, pay attention to discretion, master moderation, improvise, be friendly and keep the bottom line, and turn when it is time to make concessions. In the process of dynamic communication, they can't just stick to the design in advance. In addition, warm greetings, appropriate compliments, communicate feelings, create harmony, and find a breakthrough for the purpose topic. These communication skills are embodied in business conversation textbooks. We should not only understand the words, but also the meanings, and the teacher will also inspire the students' understanding.
In vocational integration training, mock company interview and written examination are important links. Interview is a color photo, which shows the knowledge level, practical experience, expression ability and ideological accomplishment of job seekers, leaving a decisive first impression on business leaders. In the face of this crucial battle, we should smile, look at the examiner, and calmly tell our academic qualifications, economic and trade knowledge, social practice, positions we have held, computer skills, driving experience and other specialties in Arabic and Chinese. Let the company leaders see that you are a useful talent, have a good level of Arabic, have the spirit of cadres, and engage in economic and trade work is your strength. In this way, you can seize the opportunity. This is the result of your long-term investment, which puts you on the "through train" of study and employment.
Who will you learn from at school today and continue to learn from in the enterprise tomorrow? To myself. To this end, students should not only learn knowledge, but also learn to seek knowledge by themselves and have the ability to learn. This will be studied and discussed:
(D) thinking cognitive learning method:
Teachers should guide students from understanding language phenomena to studying the correct thinking process, cultivate thinking habits and master cognitive methods, so that students can not only harvest knowledge products, but also master the productivity of seeking knowledge and have the ability to acquire knowledge independently, laying the foundation for students' lifelong development.
Some students try to remember the answers, but they don't think about the process carefully. The superficial knowledge he remembers only stays in the perceptual stage, so it is direct, one-sided, superficial and rigid knowledge. God does not necessarily reward hard work, but people who are not good at thinking will be "double-subject poor": they have neither money nor rest time. Thinking is to find the law, accept the teacher's inspiration, find the internal connection of knowledge through self-judgment and reasoning, make a leap in the process of understanding, get rational understanding, develop one's own intelligence, improve one's dialectical thinking ability and self-quality, and have the ability to use the law of knowledge for self-study. Only 10% of a person's lifetime knowledge is learned from teachers at school, and 90% of the knowledge is taught by teachers. Sharpening a knife is not a mistake for a woodcutter. This knife has permanent value.
How to cultivate self-study ability?
(1) Insist on preview before class: attend class with problems that can't be solved during preview and listen to the teacher's explanation. The question mark is a key. According to the teacher's instructions, open the channel of logical thinking, and students can experience the hardships and fun of learning in the exploration of dialectical thinking.
(2) Word family learning method, word tracing method: when looking up a dictionary, analyze each entry in a three-mother verb according to vocabulary knowledge, explore the reasons why a verb is translated into different Chinese because of different object collocations, and find the core meaning of the verb, which will never deviate from its original meaning. Then sublimate the image change law of some verbs into abstract concepts, and you will have the ability to draw inferences from others. Meanwhile, three words with the same basic letters are "relatives and friends". Associating these words with the relationship between * * * and "blood relationship" is more reliable and enhances judgment and speculation.
(3) Organizational syntactic system: All kinds of syntactic knowledge are acquired in different texts. In the later stage of the advanced stage, we should systematize all kinds of expressions in the same project, such as summarizing all kinds of exclamations, state adverbials and adverbials of various reasons and purposes. Let various syntactic forms find similar "friends" or opposite "opponents", including the arrangement of synonyms, synonyms and antonyms. Make syntactic knowledge points form a network. On the knowledge network, we can associate and migrate the whole content of the same type from a knowledge point, internalize knowledge, improve ourselves, and transform syntactic rules into application skills, thus mastering automation. In this way, a thick grammar book will make you "thin" when you read it.
(4) "The reader wins the world". Reading is the main channel to use skills and acquire knowledge. It depends on a large number of words, skilled grammar and flexible thinking. Flexibility means adjusting the direction, adapting quickly and "activating" the original knowledge. Look at long sentences, find out the "trunk" of the sentence by abbreviation, that is, the beginning and predicate of a noun sentence, the verb, subject, object and various adverbials of a verb sentence, and then distinguish other "branches and leaves". When understanding the content, we should stick to the sentence and judge its meaning through logical thinking.
Reading depends on cultural knowledge. Arabic is a tool to express humanistic thoughts, a carrier of culture and a part of culture. If we lack humanistic knowledge, sometimes we know all the words and the grammar is clear, but we just don't know what the sentence means. Therefore, consciously expanding the knowledge related to one's own business is also an important part of improving self-study ability by using thinking cognitive learning method.
In the teaching process, teachers should always care about students' mental health, especially when they encounter temporary difficulties, and try their best to reduce students' psychological pressure and anxiety. Teachers should regard students' test scores as a kind of personal privacy. Students who didn't do well in this exam, sum up their experiences and lessons, and strive to do well in the next exam, and their scores will change. Teachers should take a long-term view of students' progress and development, so that students can study with confidence and peace of mind. Teachers should help students become stronger than themselves, not make excuses. Let the students know: "Today is hard, tomorrow is not hard." This is the teacher's cultivation of students' thinking and personality. Thinking determines students' way out, and personality determines students' fate.
The above four learning methods have their own advantages, and they are carried out in the primary, intermediate and advanced stages of Arabic, each with its own emphasis. So our usual learning method is called "comprehensive method". The overall purpose is to consolidate the foundation of Arabic, improve the ability to use and master self-study skills.
In order to make learning lively, we should also carry out the second class, hold Arabic reading, calligraphy and speech competitions, and learn to sing Arabic songs. , so that our Arabic teaching is both formal and flexible, facing the social market and striving for social recognition and favor.
Learning and job hunting can't always be smooth sailing. We should learn to plant a "patient tree" in our hearts.