Which four famous books were burned in the history of our country?

The second large-scale book burning happened 1,44 years ago today. On the evening of January 1th, 555 (Jiayin in November, the third year of Emperor Liang's reign), an unprecedented catastrophe occurred in Jiangling City (now jiangling county, Hubei), the capital of the Liang Dynasty. Emperor Liang Yuan, who was besieged by the Western Wei army in the inner city, ordered the Scheerer Gao Shanbao to burn all the 14, books collected in the palace. The value of these books can be fully understood from their origins. In this regard, "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" has a detailed record, which is roughly as follows: After Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, it was stipulated that officials should be taken as teachers and people were forbidden to collect books. Scholars fled to the mountains, and some even failed to preserve Confucian classics, so they could only spread them by word of mouth. When Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty abolished the law prohibiting people from collecting books, Confucian scholars began to spread their theories among the people. However, due to the fact that the original books were not completely preserved and long-term oral circulation, there were many confusions and omissions. There were two kinds of books in the Book of Songs, and three kinds of the Book of Songs. The Analects of Confucius circulated in Qi was different from that in Lu, and there were several books in Chunqiu, and other ancient books were more chaotic. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Taishigong as a special institution to collect books presented by the whole country. Sima Tan and Sima Qian's father and son wrote 13 Historical Records based on the historical books collected by Taishi. By the time Emperor Han became emperor, these books had been lost, so Chen Nong was sent to collect books scattered among the people. Liu Xiang, a doctor of Guanglu, was also asked to review and sort it out. After Liu Xiang's death, Emperor Ai of Han made his son Liu Xin inherit his father's business, and finally divided 33,9 volumes into seven categories and compiled Seven Outlooks. When Wang Mang fell, the books in the palace were burned. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ming Di and Emperor Zhang all attached great importance to academic culture, paying special attention to Confucian classics. Books were presented from all over the country, and the collection of stone chambers and Lantai in the palace was quite sufficient. So he concentrated the new book on Dongguan and Renshou Pavilion, and made Yi Fu and Ban Gu sort it out according to the Seven Outlooks and compiled it into Hanshu? Art and literature. However, when Dong Zhuo forced Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to move westward to Chang 'an, soldiers plundered the palace and used long scrolls written in silk as curtains and burdens, but there were more than 7 cars of books shipped to Chang 'an. Later, Chang 'an also fell into war, and these books were swept away. After the founding of the State of Wei, books scattered among the people began to be collected and sorted by the secretary of the central organization, which was divided into four parts according to different contents. In addition, a number of ancient books were unearthed in the ancient tomb of Ji County (southwest of Ji County, Henan Province) in the early Western Jin Dynasty, with 29,945 volumes. However, the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion broke out soon, and Luoyang, the capital, suffered from war and became a ruin, with no royal books left. After the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, some were collected one after another, but compared with the original four catalogues, only 3,14 volumes were left. Since then, the suicide note from the north has gradually flowed to the south of the Yangtze River. For example, when Emperor Wu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty captured Chang 'an, he collected 4, volumes of ancient books from the collection of the later Qin Dynasty. By the eighth year of Song Yuanjia (431), Xie Lingyun, the secretary supervisor, had compiled the Four Catalogues, which had recorded 64,582 volumes. At the end of the Qi Dynasty, the war spread to the secret pavilion where books were collected, and books suffered great losses. Liang Chu's secretary supervisor concentrated and arranged books in Wende Hall, with 23,16 volumes excluding Buddhist scriptures. Because Liang Wudi attaches importance to culture, and Jiangnan has maintained a stable situation for more than 4 years, the collection of folk books has also increased greatly. After the Hou Jing Rebellion was quelled, Xiao Yi, the king of eastern Hunan (later Emperor Liang Yuan) ordered the collection of Wende Hall and the collection of public and private books collected in the capital Jiankang (now Nanjing) to be transported back to Jiangling. The remaining 7, volumes should be the old collection of Emperor Liang Yuan in Jiangling. At this point, his collection has reached an unprecedented 14, volumes. What are the consequences of Emperor Liang's burning these books? Sui Shu? There is also a record in the Annals of Classics: due to the long-term war in the north, the loss of books is more serious. After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the North, there were few books in the imperial court. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he borrowed books from the Qi Dynasty in the south, and the collection of books increased slightly. During the Erzhurong Rebellion, the imperial books were scattered among the people. At the beginning of the establishment of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in Guanzhong, the collection of books was only 8, volumes, and then it gradually increased to more than 1, volumes, and after the destruction of the Northern Qi Dynasty, it gained 5, volumes. In the third year of Emperor Wendi's reign (583), he accepted the suggestion of Niu Hong, the secretary supervisor, and sent people to search for different books, stipulating that the original books could be returned after being copied or used, and a silk was rewarded for each curly hair, so he gained a lot. After the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, many books were acquired, but most of them were newly copied during the period of Taijian (569-592). The quality of the paper and ink used was poor and the contents were full of mistakes. This shows that the ancient books in the south have been destroyed by burning books in Jiangling. After finishing, the collection of the Secret Pavilion in Sui Dynasty reached more than 3, volumes. During the reign of Emperor Yangdi, fifty copies of the collection of the Secret Pavilion were copied, and a temple was built in Luoyang, the eastern capital, for the collection of books. In the fifth year of Tang Wude (622), Wang Shichong was destroyed, and after Luoyang was captured, all books were shipped to Chang 'an. Because the boat capsized when crossing Sanmenxia, most books fell into the water and disappeared, leaving only one or two percent, and even the catalogue was incomplete. There were fourteen thousand four hundred and sixty-six books and eighty-nine thousand six hundred and sixty-six volumes collected during the compilation of Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi in the early Tang Dynasty. Since the collection of books in the early Tang Dynasty included books published in the decades after 1955, the old books actually restored were less than half of the original ones. In terms of quantity, Emperor Yuan of Liang destroyed half of the books handed down from generation to generation. In terms of quality, what he destroyed is the essence accumulated in past dynasties, and the quality is naturally far above the manuscripts collected by the people or during the Taijian period, so the loss cannot be valued by quantity. From Qin Shihuang to the early Tang Dynasty, China's books have encountered numerous disasters. From the early Tang dynasty to the present, natural disasters and man-made disasters are hard to count, and most of the nearly 9 thousand books at that time were not preserved. However, a record of fourteen thousands of books burned by the emperor on his own initiative is unique in these two thousand years and rare in the history of the world. If Emperor Liang Yuan hadn't burned books, even if it was damaged when the Western Wei army occupied Jiangling, some of it would have been concentrated in Chang 'an as trophies, and some of it would have been passed down to today, and more information would have been indirectly preserved to today. If so, the history of China before 555 AD will be much richer than what we know today, and the ancient civilization of China will certainly be more brilliant. Today, 1,44 years later, there are certainly not many people in China who know that this catastrophe happened, but the cause of the book burning in Jiangling is worthy of serious consideration by all those who care about the fate of China civilization. The indirect reason why Emperor Liang Yuan burned books was the invasion of the Western Wei Dynasty and the failure of the defensive war. In November of 554 AD (October of Liang Chengsheng's third year), the Western Wei sent generals Yu Jin, Yuwen Hu and Yang Zhong to lead a 5,-strong army from Chang 'an to Jiangling. In fact, two years ago, Emperor Yuan of Liang made Jiangling his capital, which was already doomed to his downfall. Jiangling is backed by the Yangtze River, and there is no danger to defend in the north, and it is far from the long-term political and military center of the Southern Dynasties. In order to cope with the conflicts between brothers and clans and control the potential hostile forces, he stationed his troops in various places, and instead of taking precautions against the strong enemy in the north, the Western Wei Dynasty, he also dreamed of using it to destroy dissidents. Even when he received a secret message from Ma Bofu, an old minister of the Liang Dynasty, he did not believe that the other party was already preparing for invasion. Yu Jin, the commander-in-chief of the Western Wei Dynasty, predicted the tactics of Emperor Liang Yuan when he sent troops: the best policy was to "show off the soldiers of Han and Mian, sweep across the river, and follow Danyang directly", that is, the army voluntarily gave up Jiangling and moved to Jiankang after general mobilization. The central policy is to "move the residents in the country to protect the sub-city and wait for reinforcements", that is, move the residents from the outer city into the inner city, strengthen the fortifications of the city and wait for reinforcements. The best policy is "it is difficult to move, and hold on to Luoguo", that is, do not make any active transfer and stick to the outer city. From the analysis of various aspects, Emperor Yuan of Liang must take the next step. The future development was indeed as expected, and Emperor Liang's tactics were even worse than the last decision. On November 2th, the satrap of Wuning (where he is now in the northeast of Jingmen City, Hubei Province) reported the news that Wei Jun was going south. Emperor Yuan of Liang summoned his ministers to discuss, and the general Hu Monk argued with his adviser Huang Luohan, saying, "The relations between the two countries are friendly, and there is no conflict of interest. It will definitely not be like this." Chen Wang, a servant who sent a mission to the Western Wei Dynasty last year, said even better: "I was trying to figure out Yu Wentai's look, and there was definitely no reason to invade." Emperor Liang Yuan decided to send Chen Wang to the Western Wei Dynasty again. But three days later, Wei Jun had arrived in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), and Yuan Di ordered martial law inside and outside. However, after Chen Wang ran to Shifan (now in Zhongxiang County, Hubei Province), he sent an urgent letter to Huang Luohan: "The border is orderly, and the previous news was child's play." This makes Yuan Di track down again. It wasn't until November 28th that Yuan Di sent someone to Jiankang to recruit Wang Sengbian, a heavily armed general, to Jiangling as viceroy and Jingzhou secretariat, and led the army into aid. However, he had no confidence in resisting Wei Jun. On the evening of December 1st, he lamented that "it will be lost now". Even in such a situation, he did not relax his control over his subordinates. When he attacked Liu Fa and sent troops to aid Jiangling, he sent someone to stop him: "I can break the enemy here. You only need to defend Yunzhou without mobilizing troops." Thus lost a recent reinforcements. On December 1th, Wei Jun crossed the Hanshui River, and sent Yuwen Hu and Yang Zhong to ride attack and capture Jiangjin (now southeast of Shashi City, Hubei Province) and cut off the Yangtze River waterway east of Dongling. On the same day, Emperor Yuan of Liang held a military parade outside the Jinyang Gate in the outer city of Jiangling, but the north wind blew hard and the rainstorm plummeted, so it had to end hastily. The next day, Wei Jun captured Wuning and captured the satrap Zongjun. Yuan Di, who has always been riding in a sedan chair, rode out of the city, deployed around the city and erected a palisade more than 6 miles long. He ordered Hu Sengbian and Wang Bao to be responsible for the defense of the east and west of the city, while the prince patrolled the watchtower and the people carried wood and stones. That night, Wei Jun arrived in Huanghua, which is only forty miles away from Jiangling, and arrived under the mucha on the 14th. On the 15th, Liang Jun opened the door to fight, and the emerging satrap Pei Ji killed Wei Jiang Hu Wenfa. However, on 24th, a fire broke out in the gate, burning thousands of houses and twenty-five towers. Wei Jun took the opportunity to cross the Yangtze River in a big way and ordered to build an encirclement, so that Jiangling was completely cut off from the outside world. Although Emperor Yuan of Liang has repeatedly called for reinforcements from all directions, none of them has arrived. Wang Sengbian, the most powerful city, is far away in Jiankang. Although it has been deployed and sent the former army, it is ready to wait for the opportunity to attack Wei Jun's posterior road. Unfortunately, before it can be implemented, Jiangling has fallen. The other reinforcements, led by Wang Lin, the secretariat of Guangzhou (now Guangzhou), have just arrived in Changsha, although they have traveled day and night. On the 27th, Emperor Liang Yuan, who was deeply desperate, tore off a piece of silk and wrote in his own handwriting: "I will endure death to treat the public (you), and I can do it!" Urge Wang Sengbian to March, but it has already been of no help. On January 4th, 555, Liang Jun opened the door and went to war. All of them were defeated. On the 1th, Wei Jun attacked the city in an all-round way, and the commander of Liang Jun, Monk Hu, died in the middle of the argument. His morale was shaken, and someone opened the West Gate and put him in Wei Jun. Yuan Di retreated into Jincheng (inner city) and immediately sent two nephews as hostages to make peace with Yu. The generals in the south of the city surrendered in succession, and the soldiers in the north of the city fought hard until dusk, only when they heard the news that the city was trapped did they scatter.