A bronze shell is the bronze shell coin of Chu, which is called Ant nose money or grimace money. This name is not the original name of Chu Bei coin. It's a conventional name. The earliest record of this kind of copper imitation shell as ant nose money was Hong Zun's "Quan Zhi" in Song Dynasty. He said: "This money is narrow on the top and wide on the bottom. The back is flat, the face is convex, and there are words like carvings, which is also called ant nose money. " There is no detailed explanation of what kind of words are engraved here, but there are probably two kinds of words cast with the word "turbulence" and "curse" "Turbulent" shaped shell, the money body is pointed and rounded, the face is convex, and the back is flat. The inscription "turbulent" shaped shell is like an ant crawling on the nose, so it is called ant nose money, and the word "curse" is the same as ant nose money. The word "curse" seems to be a grimace, so it is called "grimace money" by later generations. Later, all the copper shells with words were called ant nose money. The so-called "ant nose" is light and small. On Immortals says: "Donate priceless Chun Hook (sword name) with the lack of ant nose", which means that the priceless sword was abandoned only because of minor defects, so it can be seen that ant nose money is small money.
Chu Bei's inscriptions include "chaotic glyph, mantra, security, monarch, Xin, Jin and xing" and so on. Some people interpret the word "chaotic" as "holy pestle" (declining rate), while others think it is a combination of "five Zhu" and "six Zhu". The word "curse" is often interpreted as "shell", "cry" and "shell", so it is necessary to further study and demonstrate the meaning of Qian Wen.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the ant nose money has been mostly unearthed in Henan and Jiangsu. The grimace money has been found in Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places. In 1963, 5, pieces of grimace money were unearthed in Xiaogan Wild Boar Lake, Hubei Province, with the word "curse", with an average weight of about 4.37 grams. Judging from the location of the excavation, tombs and quantity. Ant nose money was cast in the early Warring States period (5th century BC), while grimace money was cast in the middle and late Warring States period in the 4th-3rd century BC. The territory of Chu was not large at first, but gradually expanded, and the circulation scope of ant nose money and grimace money also expanded, gradually forming an independent monetary system in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. [/color][/size]
bloodshot jade in April 25-1-14 3: 2
[align = center] [size = 5] [color = brown] knife coin [/align]
There is also a knife-shaped coin in Chinese historical currency, which is later called "knife coin".
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi, located in the eastern coastal area of China, benefited from fishing and salt, and there was a prosperous scene of commodity exchange. With the continuous development of economic exchanges, according to local customs, the State of Qi has cast a bronze coin shaped like a knife (bronze knife), which is called "knife coin". "Knife coins" were first used in Qi, but in the Warring States period, they also circulated in parallel with "cloth coins" in Yanzhao and other places. It evolved from the tool cutting used in handicraft industry and daily life.
the official name of "knife coin" is "knife coin", which consists of four parts: the head, the body, the handle and the knife ring. The edge of the knife is outlined, and the blade does not face outward, but to the left instead of to the right. The concave-backed convex blade has a head close to three pictographs, and the blade body and handle are two rectangles with similar sizes, and the knife ring is circular. These geometric shapes are skillfully combined to form a stable, full and round image beauty and harmonious beauty. According to the actual measurement, the diameter of the knife ring and the length of the knife head are 1: 7.5, which is exactly the ratio of human head to height. The length of the whole "knife coin" (generally about 18 cm) is almost the length of a human hand. If six knife coins are connected end to end, they can form a ring. This is the "Zhou Li? As mentioned in Kao Gong Ji, "building a family is a cut, with a long foot and a wide inch, and it is a six-sided rule." These precise designs and ingenious ideas fully reflect the wisdom of the ancient working people. Later, with the expansion of Qi's territory and the war with neighboring countries, the circulation of Qi's sword coins gradually expanded to Yan and Zhao areas. At this time, the knife coins were formed into three series: Qi Dao, Yan Dao and Zhao Dao because of their different casting places and shapes. [/color][/size]
[[i] This post was last edited by April's bloodshot jade at 18: 53 on October 13th, 25 [/i]]
April's bloodshot jade at 6: 54 on October 14th, 25
[align = center] [size Qi Dao is relatively heavy, famous for its thick and exquisite shape. Its basic shape is pointed head, curved back and concave blade. There is a ring at the end of the Dao, and there are characters or decorative patterns on the face and back. Qi Dao can be divided into three-character Dao, four-character Dao, five-character Dao and six-character Dao. At present, Qi Dao has been found and recorded as follows: Qi Fa Fa, Qi Zhi Fa, Anyang Fa, Saving Ink Fa, Ba Bang Fa and Qi Jian (Made). Among them, "Jiemo", "Anyang" and "Qi" are all place names. "Jiemo" is now Jimo, Shandong Province, "Anyang" is now Caoxian, Shandong Province, and "Qi" refers to Linzi, the capital of Qi State. According to the actual measurement, the method of Qi Zhi is generally 18.3-18.5 cm long, 2.87 cm wide and weighs 44.5-5.5 g; The method of saving ink is generally 18.5 cm long, 2.8-3 cm wide and 59-61 g; Anyang Dharma is 18-18.5 cm long, 2.8-2.9 cm wide and weighs 44.5-47 grams. Qi Jian (made) state is about 18.2-18.5 cm long, 2.6-2.9 cm wide and weighs 42.3-47 grams. Qi Fa Hua is about 17.8-18.7 cm long, 2.6-2.9 cm wide, and weighs 4.8-5.4 grams. The latter two kinds of Dao coins were cast by Tian Qi in the Warring States Period, which are characterized by the continuous outer edges of Dao coins, and the characters on the surface of the coins are only "Fa Hua". The legalization of Qi Jian (made) state governor is a six-character knife. It is said that it was a commemorative coin at that time, which was handed down very rarely and was very precious. Between 378-324 BC, that is, during the period from Qi Weiwang to Qi Xuanwang, the State of Qi unified all kinds of sword coins by standardizing the law. [/color][/size]
April's bloodshot jade 25-1-14 6: 55
[size = 5] [size = 5] [color = brown] [align = center] Daoshou Dao [/align]
Daobi entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and expanded. First of all, "sharp first knife" (including "needle first knife") appeared in Yan State. Yan's appearance of knife coins should be influenced by Qi. Yan Zhaowang was able to accept talents. During his reign, he opened up territory and established Shanggu, Yuyang, western Liaoning and Liaodong counties. There are "needle first knife", "sharp first knife" and "Ming knife" in Yan State. Needle-headed Dao (with a sharp tip) has a similar body to a sharp-headed Dao, but the tip of the blade is longer, the handle has straight lines, two on the front and one on the back, the copper is not refined, the production is also very rough, and the text is simple or unwritten, which is mainly circulated inside and outside the Great Wall, so it is also called "Xiongnu Dao". "Xiongnu Knife" was unearthed in Chengde and Zhangjiakou during the Japanese Puppet War, and was acquired by the Japanese. Now it is mostly hidden in Japan.
the "sharp-headed knife" (with sharp head) has a total length of 15-18cm, a width of 1.8-2.6cm and a weight of 15-16g. Its shape is similar to that of Qi Dao, with concave arc back, extremely thin blade body and extremely thick blade back, but they are all named because the upper end of the blade looks sharp, with two straight lines on the back of the handle and a knife ring at one end. At first, there were no words on both sides, and then most of them only had words on one side, mostly single words. In the past, most of the "sharp first knives" were known to come from Hejian, Baoding and Liaocheng. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, 943 complete "sharp first knives" were unearthed by the repair team of Xiaochengzi Commune in Lingyuan County, Liaoning Province in 1974, and the inscriptions on coins are one, six, day, seven, eight, nine, already, hai, line, jade, hill, work, sign, arrow and arrow. In 1975, a number of "sharp-headed knives" were unearthed in Shi Qiaocun, the ancient city of the former Qi State in Linzi, Shandong Province, and there are 8 intact knives. In 1978, a batch of 1845 "sharp-headed knives" were unearthed in Yanxiadu Military Camp, Hebei Province, with the widest width of 1.8-2.2 cm. The inscriptions are: more than 13, such as Da, Ji, Yang, Japan, Xing, C, Shang, Gu and Ya; In 1979, the site of Lingshou City in Zhongshan in the Warring States Period was explored, and a "sharp-headed knife" was unearthed in the cultural layer of the site from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period. The outer edge of the blade was raised and broke at the handle, and the handle had two ridges, one of which was a ridge, but the head of the handle did not extend into the surface of the knife. Its inscriptions were one, three, five, eight, work, non-union, transformation, and one.
According to the stratum judgment, the "Pointed First Knife" coin was earlier than other knife coins found in the city, but the Pointed First Knife was unearthed alone, and there was no phenomenon that other knife coins were mixed together. Therefore, the "Pointed First Knife" was earlier than the Dao of Zhongshan State. Judging from the sharp-headed knives unearthed in various places, there is a very close relationship between the sharp-headed knife and the swallow knife. The shape of the "sharp knife" was finally changed, the tip of the knife was reduced to a slope shape, and the word "D" was cast on the face. From this, it can be seen that the "sharp knife" was not the "legalization" cast by the Yan government, but the currency cast by some local ethnic groups in Yan State for commercial needs. Ming characters appeared on the late "sharp first knife", which was the forerunner of Ming knife. [/color][/size][/size]
April bloodshot jade 25-1-14 6: 57
[size = 5] [color = brown] [align = center] Yan Ming Dao, Qing folding Dao [/align]
Yan Guo's.
characters or symbols are often cast on the back of "Ming Dao", and now there are more than hundreds of them, which are generally signs of casting place or casting heat. Among them, those with the inscription "Qi" on the back are usually considered to be made by the State of Qi, but they are called "all the knife", while others are mostly called "Yanming Dao". "Ming Dao" may be earlier than the founding of Yan, and Yan people should cast empty cloth or shells when casting coins, and they will not cast "Ming Dao" at the beginning. Because the Yan people used cloth and shells in Guanzhong, it was not until the land of Yan that Yan Zhaowang cast Ming Dao after the restoration of the country. Its head is narrow, the tip is blunt, and the arc of the back of the knife is small and interrupted. It is famous for its "Ming" character, which is about 14-17 cm long, 1.3-2.2 cm wide and weighs 15-18 grams. It was once unearthed in Yanxiadu site in Yixian, Hebei, Hejian, Baoding, Lingyuan, Liaoning and other places. It is an early form of Yanming Dao.
"Ming Dao" can be divided into "round folding knife" and "Qing folding knife" according to its tortuous state.
Generally speaking, the "circular folding knife" is a large knife, with a length of about 12.8-13.5cm, a width of 1.6-1.9cm and a weight of about 14g. Its style is the same as that of the "pointed first knife", except that the face of the knife has a word "Yan", and the back text has left, right, inside, outside and middle respectively, and other characters are matched, which may be Ji Fanwen. The joint between the blade body and the handle is circular. The back text is more complicated, mostly with Yi characters and left and right characters, such as left, left, left, left Yi, Yi Yi, right, right and right six.
"Chin folding knife" (also known as square folding knife) is generally small, about 12.4-13.3cm long, 1.5-1.7cm wide, weighing 12-18g, and some only weigh 1.4g. This is an individual phenomenon. The joint between the blade and the handle is a square fold, which was called a "parallel fold" by ancient money makers. Its font is large, majestic and bold, and its style is close to that of Jimo Knife. The back text has words such as left, right, eight, and outside, and there are words such as work, line and culture. Yan Zhaowang sent Le Yi to cut Qi and occupied its seventy-two cities for six years. The "knife coins" cast in the State of Qi are also round and thick, and are usually regarded as treasures in Yan Dao. The "round folding knife" has a weight loss phenomenon, the difference can be more than three centimeters, which is about the time when Huiwang came out. During this period, on the one hand, the territory of Qi State was completely lost because of the failure of Tian Dan, the general of Qi State, and on the other hand, it was out of harmony with Zhao State, resulting in economic difficulties and contributed to the phenomenon of currency weight loss.
Since then, Yan may have carried out a currency reform, abolishing the round folding knife and switching to the square folding knife, with the same style and reduced weight. After the reform, it seems to have settled down for a period of time and started to lose weight. The square folding knives at the end were narrow and short, and the casters were rough, but the number was not as much as at the beginning. Scholars concluded that it might have been cast by the prince of Yan in Liao, but it was soon destroyed, so there were not many. This kind of cutting knife with drooping edges is mostly unearthed in Shandong Peninsula and Jinan, Yidu, Feicheng, Juxian, Changyi and other places. There are many place names such as Ju, Anyang, Qi, etc. on the back, some of them are numbered and the number of unearthed words is small.
Yan's use of "knife coins" should be more than a thousand years. After five reforms, it is much more stable than other regions. It's just that it's remote and backward in technology, and its knife currency is a little rough, but it has a profound local style, which is straightforward and vivid, which is not as good as that of Qi and Zhao. [/color][/size]
Blood-bloodshot jade in April 25-1-14 7: 2
[size = 5] [color = brown] Qi's monetary system in the era of Chiang Kai-shek's office is still unknown, about "knife", "cloth" and "\" At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Tian, a doctor, monopolized power and vigorously promoted knife goods, which was one of the means for him to usurp the throne. Knife coins began to occupy the main position in the market. In the twenty-third year of King Zhou 'an (379 BC), Tian destroyed Jiang's family and established Qi, and its knife coins gradually became the legal tender of Qi.
The "Legalization of Qi" in Qi Dao, commonly known as the "four-character Dao", is about 17 cm long and 2.8 cm wide, with a thin and powerful face and a simple beautiful and elegant. There are "≡", subscripts "|" and "?"near the blade head in the back. Further down, there are days, days, days, days, days, days, days, cultures and figures. There are also disputes about the positive interpretation of words. Some scholars think that the word "Qi" is the national title, the word "Zi" is interpreted as "Fa", and the new interpretation is "Ai". There are also many people who think it should be interpreted as the word "squire". People called "Ai" said that Jiang Taigong, the ancestor of Qi State, had done Ai law, so he should read "Ai". People called "Tai Gong" said that it should be in memory of Jiang Taigong, but they didn't know that this kind of money was made by Tian. At that time, Tian Chang, Tian Pan, etc. occupied Qi City, slaughtered the clan of Chiang Kai-shek and killed powerful officials, which was extremely fierce. At the same time, it issues new money, controls the market and accumulates wealth, so it is called "legalization", just as Wei called its money "Shangjin", so it may be interpreted as "alas", but it cannot be interpreted as "Taigong". Regarding the "three" in the back, some people think that three is combined with the cross below, which is pronounced as "thirty" and is a historical value. In fact, this is the symbol of coins at that time, and both "empty head cloth" and "pointed foot cloth" have this symbol. And this "ten" word is indeed of historical value. Qi used to use "cloth coins" and "money", and Tian used knife coins to balance food and control prices, which was a way of inflation, compared with Liu