Jiangnan, of course, there is autumn; However, the vegetation withers slowly, the air is humid, the sky is pale, and it is often rainy and windy; A person sandwiched between Suzhou, Shanghai, Hangzhou, or Xiamen, Hong Kong and Guangzhou can only feel a little coolness, and the taste, color, artistic conception and posture of autumn can never be fully satisfied, tasted and enjoyed. [Inheriting the word "Man" in the previous paragraph, the author describes the shortcomings of autumn in the south from different aspects in a derogatory way to compare the beauty of autumn in the north. Before the second semicolon, list the shortcomings of southern autumn directly, and then write personal feelings. Before and after the use of parallel short sentences, it reads like a Shandong fast book and criticizes it, which firmly devalues the autumn in the south to the extreme. ] Autumn is neither a famous flower nor a fine wine. That kind of half-open and half-drunk state is not appropriate in the process of enjoying autumn. 【 Further explain why autumn in southern China is not enough. Here, the metaphor is set from the opposite side first, and then from the front side. It describes that autumn in the south is like autumn but not like autumn. The implication is that only autumn in the north is a famous flower in full bloom, which makes people enjoy it. It is the strong smell of wine that makes people enchanted. ]
The first part points out the characteristics of "clear, quiet and sad" in autumn in the north to lead to the following, and compares autumn in the north with autumn in the south to express the yearning for autumn in the old capital.
It has been nearly ten years since autumn in the north. Every autumn in the south, I always think of the reed flowers in Taoranting, the willow shadows in Diaoyutai, the insects in Xishan, the jathyapple in Yuquan and the bells in Tanzhe Temple. (1) Taoran Pavilion: Located in the south of Beijing, the name of the pavilion comes from Bai Juyi's poem "When the chrysanthemum is ripe, you will be drunk and Taoran". ② Diaoyutai: Located in Sanlihe River outside Fuchengmen, north of yuyuantan park, with quiet environment. "Ming Yi Tongzhi": "There are springs under the stage, which converge into a pool, and its water is inexhaustible until winter." ③ Xishan: the general name of the mountains in the western suburbs of Beijing, which is a scenic spot in the suburbs of Beijing. ④ Yuquan: It refers to Yuquan Mountain, which is a branch of the eastern foot of Xishan Mountain. ⑤ Tanzhe Temple: It is said that "the temple site is located on Qinglong Lake, with more than a thousand chapters of ancient philosophers, hence the name Tanzhe Temple". Zhe，zhè。 Describe the yearning for the autumn of the old capital. "Reed flowers in Taoranting, willow shadows in Diaoyutai, insects in Xishan, jathyapple in Yuquan and bells in Tanzhe Temple" are all descriptive noun phrases. A word is a picture, showing vivid beauty, and the author's yearning is beyond words. Obviously, it is these royal gardens and places of interest that constitute the wonderful artistic conception of "Autumn as the Old Capital". According to common sense, describing the autumn of the old capital should deliberately describe these scenic spots; However, when we read the following, we found that the autumn written by the author is not a place that everyone yearns for, but a low broken house and a sloping bridge after the rain. This raises our question: what is the author writing about autumn in the old capital for? ] Even if you don't go out in Beiping, you can rent a rafter and live in a dilapidated house in the imperial city. Get up in the morning, make a bowl of strong tea and sit in the yard, you can see the high blue sky and hear the pigeons flying in the blue sky. (① Rafters: room. Wood strips with boards or tiles on rafters, chuán and purlins. ) From the bottom of the locust tree leaves, counting a ray of sunshine leaking to the east, or in the broken waist, facing the blue morning glory like morning glory, you can naturally feel the breath of autumn. When it comes to morning glory, I think blue or white is the best, followed by purple and black, and pink is the lowest. It is best to have a few sparse and slender autumn grasses as a foil at the bottom of the morning glory. This is the first photo the author showed us of the ancient capital Qiu Jingtu. Let's appreciate it carefully and see how rich and profound it is. The time of this painting is in the morning, the main body is "a dilapidated house", and the background of the house is "the imperial city is crowded with people". Let's imagine this "imperial city" first. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, it was a 600-year-old capital, and how many people reached their peak here. How many people fell into the clouds here and lost their homes. Let's take a look at this "sea of people" What are officials, bureaucrats, literati and businessmen all gathered here for? "The world is bustling, all for profit, and the world is bustling, all for profit." For this fame and fortune, how many people stay up late to study, hanging beam and stabbing stocks; How many people are curious and curious. But what about the author? Being in a "sea of people in the imperial capital", but wandering outside the "Vanity Fair", he rented a "broken house" and "made a bowl of strong tea and sat in the yard". Isn't this an extraordinary hermit who doesn't care about fame and fortune? Let's take a look at the autumn scenery described by the author: there are "high blue sky", "pigeons flying in the blue sky", "sunshine" and "blue flowers of morning glory". Autumn is "quiet", without the noise of "the imperial capital is crowded with people". This is autumn in the author's eyes; Facing autumn, the author's heart is as "quiet" as autumn. Holding a teacup in his hand, he looked at the blue sky with his eyes open, listened to the cries of pigeons, "counted the sunshine that leaked to the east" and "looked at the blue flowers of morning glory like a trumpet", and he finally felt at ease, without the troubles, joy and joy in vanity fair. This situation can not help but remind people of Tao Yuanming's poem: "Building a house is in a human condition, and there are no chariots and horses. When you ask what you can do, your heart is far away from yourself. " It turns out that this "broken house" is actually the "Peach Blossom Garden" of the author in "A Sea of People in the Imperial Capital"; However, can the author's heart be "far" to "pick chrysanthemums under the east fence and see Nanshan leisurely" like Tao Yuanming? No, "autumn" is still "sad" in the author's mind, so there is the following passage: "When it comes to morning glory, I think blue or white is the best, followed by purple and black, and reddish is the lowest. It is best to have a few sparse and slender autumn grasses at the bottom of the morning glory as a foil. " Why "blue or white is better"? Because blue and white are cool colors, blue is quiet and deep, and white contains elegance and purity, which is most in line with the author's leisurely mentality. Purple-black, although it is also a cool color, has an emotional appeal of sadness and despair. The author is sad but not sad, frustrated but not desperate. Red is called warm color, which shows enthusiasm and passion, which is most out of line with the author's mentality. Why use autumn grass as a foil? Because autumn grass is a withered and decaying thing, using it to set off the blue flowers of morning glory naturally shows the sadness of autumn properly. ]
The locust tree in the northland is also an ornament that can remind people of Qiu Lai. Like a flower, but not a flower, when you get up in the morning, it will be all over the floor. When you step on it, there is no sound, no smell, only a little tiny and soft touch. After sweeping the street in the shade, the silk pattern of the broom falling on the dust looks exquisite and leisurely, and subconsciously feels a little lonely. The ancient dream that the world knows autumn is in these depths. (1 Loneliness: cold and lonely. (2) A plane tree leaves, the world knows autumn: "Huai Nan Zi Shuo Shan": "When you are young, you will know your age when you see the leaves fall." Volume 24 of "Peaceful Magnolia" quotes "A leaf falls and you know the autumn on earth". This is the second picture that the author showed us. It is the old capital of Qiu Jingtu, with autumn locusts falling and broom streaking. Writing "Lori" has both visual images and tactile images. Flowers covered the ground, visual image; Keep your feet on the ground and feel the touch. There is no silence here, no one is silent, and the Sri Lankan people are wandering around and enjoying themselves. When writing the Silk Thread of Broom, the author produced a series of associations from the "strips" of silk thread: "I feel delicate and relaxed" and "I feel a little lonely". Pay attention to the word "deep" when reading this passage. Why did the author write "falling core"? Why do you say that the "distant thoughts" caused by these "denucleation" are "deep"? Let's first understand the comments: "When a young man is old, he will know his twilight years when he sees the fallen leaves", where "small" means "fallen leaves" and "big" means "twilight years"; Judging from the scene of Falling Leaves, the sigh of life in "Towards dusk" is that Xiao Ming is big and looks at the scenery. Looking back at the author's description of autumn locust, we will suddenly realize that the author also "sees the big from the small" and gives birth to the sadness of "lonely" life from the scene of "falling into the core" "falling", "no sound", "no smell" and "only a little soft feeling can be felt"; "The silk thread left by the broom looks exquisite and leisurely." This is Xiao Jing. However, the author realized the great feeling of "lonely" life from these "small scenes". What comes from the "falling nucleus" is the "loneliness" of life, which is "deep". ]
? Qiu Chan's faint lingering sound is a specialty of the north; Because there are trees everywhere in Beiping and the houses are low, you can hear them singing everywhere. In the south, you have to go to the suburbs or the mountains to hear Qiu Chan's cry, which is like a cricket and a mouse in Beiping and a housefly that every household keeps at home. [The author shows us the echoes of Qiu Chan, the third old capital of Qiu Jingtu, in a comparatively descriptive way. In the south, cicadas are far away from human beings, while in the north, cicadas have such a close relationship with human beings. It is no wonder that cicadas have been admired by literati since ancient times, either to express their feelings or to express their ambitions. Who knows if he is still singing? Who will listen to me? ? King Robin, persecuted by Wu Zetian, fell. He used cicada as a metaphor, and his virtuous character was reflected in it. "Leaning on Chai Men, listening to cicadas in the evening breeze." Wang Wei, who lives in seclusion in Wangchuan, is used to express his carefree mood. Yu Dafu's life is similar to that of Wang Wei and Wang Luobin. I'm afraid it's hard to avoid sadness when I hear cicadas singing in my old capital. ]
There is also autumn rain. The autumn rain in the north seems to be stranger, more delicious and more decent than that in the south. [This is the following leading sentence. "Strange", "delicious" and "decent" summarize the characteristics of autumn rain in the north. Parallel prose close to spoken English fully expresses the author's admiration. ]
Under the gloomy sky, a cool breeze suddenly came and it began to rain. It rained a layer, the clouds gradually rolled to the west, it was sunny again, and the sun appeared again; Idle people in the city, wearing thick green cloth or jackets and biting their pipes, stood in the shadow of the inclined bridge after the rain and stood at the bottom of the bridge. When they meet acquaintances, they will say (1) zhuó, wear and write "zhe" in a slow tone with a little sigh. )
"Oh, it's cold-""This word is pronounced very high and dragged on for a long time. )
"Isn't it? A layer of autumn rain is cold! "
People in the north always read array words like stacked words, flat and even. This mispronounced rhyme is just right. (1) level off: refers to the rhythm of scrutinizing words. Chinese characters have four pronunciations. In ancient times, Pingping claimed to be a flat tone, and the rising tone, falling tone and entering tone were collectively called Legato. In modern times, Yin Ping and Yang Ping are collectively called Pingsheng, and rising and falling tones are collectively called Nuo. Rusheng words have been merged into four tones respectively. This is the fourth photo of the ancient capital Qiu Jingtu that the author showed us: the inclined bridge after the rain. "Suddenly ... it began to rain. After a layer of rain, ... the sun showed its face again. " Scenes of clouds and rain are vividly written, showing the "strangeness" and "taste" of autumn rain in the north; "One layer of autumn rain is cool", and the autumn rain in the north is more like autumn rain. However, the focus of the author's attention is not the rain, but the "urban idlers" who cross the bridge after the rain. The author described their clothes, movements and intonation, showing their leisure. The author also described their language like this: "Oh, it's really cold-""This word is pronounced very high and dragged on for a long time. )"。 Why is the word "le" particularly prominent? Pronunciation is very high, and it takes a long time. The purpose is to render a "quiet" atmosphere. The sound of "music" is raised high and dragged long, and the echo is louder and farther away, which makes it more empty, so it can show the leisure of urban idlers. "Isn't it? A layer of autumn rain is cold! "Why does the author say" this mispronounced rhyme is just right? "It turns out that the ancients paid attention to the even and even poems, which made the sentences cadence, ups and downs and full of musical beauty. The standard pronunciation of this sentence is "a burst of autumn rain and a burst of cold" As a result, the second, fourth and sixth words are all dull, and the tone has not changed. Misread as "a layer of autumn rain and a layer of cool", the second and sixth words are flat tones, and the fourth word is flat and flat, which has become a poem, so it is just right. Why should the author comment on this? It turns out that the author first described the carefree life fragments of urban idlers in a relaxed and cheerful style, and then poeticized the life of urban idlers through such poetic sentences, expressing his yearning for the rural life of urban idlers. ]
Fruit trees in the north are also a miracle for Qiu Lai. The first tree is a jujube tree; It will grow up in the corner, on the wall, beside the toilet and at the door of the kitchen. (① First: This means "the best". This kind of jujube, like an olive and a pigeon eggs, is in its heyday in autumn, showing a light green and yellowish color among the small oval leaves; Jujube leaves fall, jujube is red, and there will be a northwest wind. Convenience in the north is a dusty world. Only these dates, persimmons and grapes ripen at the turn of July and August, which is a good day for clear autumn in the north and the best golden day of the year. (1) Golden Day: Golden Day. This is the fifth picture of the old capital Qiu Jingtu: Autumn Jujube. Jujube turns from light green to light yellow and then red. With the change of jujube color, the seasonal characteristics are written to express this "GoldenDays". Seeing this, we will naturally ask a question: in this article, the author is quite ingenious in the choice of colors. When we read the previous text, we found that most of the authors chose some "cool colors", such as cyan, blue, gray and white, to express the brightness, quietness and sadness of autumn. But here, the author suddenly switched to warm colors and used green, yellow, red and so on. Which one didn't destroy the harmony of autumn colors and dilute the unique quiet and sad atmosphere and charm of autumn in the old capital? In fact, the author wrote the golden autumn to better contrast the sad autumn. As Wang Guowei said, "When writing about happiness, it is more important to see sadness." Autumn is the season when dates, persimmons and grapes are ripe. Similarly, for people, the autumn of life should also be the harvest season. However, if autumn comes and you have nothing, don't you feel sad about living alone in the face of fruitful autumn? It should be noted that once autumn is over, "the northwest is windy and the north is convenient for a dusty world"; Isn't life the same? After autumn, only aging and death are waiting! Perhaps because of this reason, people have a sigh of sadness about autumn. The author has a long discussion on the sadness of Autumn Life below. ]
The second part narrates autumn, describing five kinds of landscapes in turn, such as the broken house in autumn morning, the fallen flowers in Qiu Shu, the lingering sound in Qiu Chan, the bridge in autumn and the red dates in autumn, which shows that Autumn in the Old Capital is bright, quiet and sad.
Some critics say that China's bachelor of arts, especially poets, are full of decadent colors, so there are many words praising autumn in China's poems. But what about foreign poets? Although I don't read many foreign poems and essays, and I don't want to write bills for autumn poems and essays, if you look through the collections of poets in Britain, Germany, France, Italy and other countries, or the anthology of poems and essays in various countries, you can always see a lot of praises and lamentations about autumn. (① Note: Same as "copying". ② anthology, which means "anthology" in English. ) In the long pastoral poems or poems of the four seasons by famous great poets, the part about autumn is always the most exciting and interesting. It serves to show that sentient animals and interesting human beings always have the same deep, distant, severe and bleak feelings for autumn. It shows that mourning for autumn is human nature, regardless of nationality or race. ] Not only a poet, but also a prisoner in prison. In autumn, I think I will feel an irresistible affection. Autumn belongs to people, so there is no country, let alone the difference between race and class. [Further explain that there is no class in Sad Autumn. From the word "class", we can see that the "prisoners" mentioned by the author are political prisoners, referring to revolutionaries who are imprisoned for trying to innovate. "An uncontrollable emotion" refers to the grief and indignation of being in prison, worrying about the country and the people, and being ambitious. In China, there is an idiom "Autumn Scholar ①" in the text, and there are very common readers such as Ouyang Ziqing's "Autumn Sound" and Su Dongpo's "Red Cliff Fu", so I feel that the relationship between China literati and autumn is particularly deep. (1) Qiu Shi: In ancient times, it refers to those intellectuals who were still frustrated in their twilight years. (2) Autumn Sound refers to Ode to Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu. Under the feudal autocracy, China's literati were oppressed, destroyed and frustrated too much. Therefore, in the autumn of life, China literati can't help sighing at the thought of unsuccessful career and hopeless fame. Ouyang Xiu's Ode to Autumn Sound and Su Dongpo's Ode to the Red Wall are among them. But the strong smell of autumn, especially in China, can only be felt in the north. 【 "Autumn" and "Autumn" appear repeatedly in the text, but their meanings are not fixed. Autumn here is not limited to natural autumn, but refers to the autumn of life. "The deep taste of autumn" is a lonely life that China literati have tasted for thousands of years and expressed by Ouyang Xiu and Su Dongpo with pen and ink. "North" means "old capital". Why is it that "the thick smell of autumn in China can only be felt in the north in the end"? Because this is the "old capital", the capitals of all dynasties are here, how many literati have lived here for thousands of generations, and how many literati have lost their feathers and lost their lives here. Therefore, only by staying in the old capital can we deeply appreciate the "deep taste of autumn". ]
Autumn in the south, of course, also has its special places, such as the bright moon of the Twenty-four Bridges, the autumn tide of Qiantang River, the cool fog of Putuo Mountain, the residual lotus in Lizhi Bay and so on. , but the color is not strong and the aftertaste is not lasting. (1) The Moon on the Twenty-four Bridges: There is a poem in Du Mu's "Judgment of Yangzhou Han", "On the moonlit night on the Twenty-four Bridges, where do jade people teach to play the flute?" Twenty-four Bridge, or Twenty-four Bridge, is located in Slender West Lake in Yangzhou, Jiangsu. According to legend, Yang Di once ordered 24 maids to play the flute here on a moonlit night, hence the name. Twenty years old, Annie. ② Autumn tide of Qiantang River: Qiantang River is located in Zhejiang, leaving Hangzhou Bay and entering the East China Sea, with a trumpet-shaped estuary. During the high tide around Mid-Autumn Festival every year, due to the terrain contraction and the sudden drop of the estuary water depth, the river surface is choppy and the tide rushes forward with an irresistible trend, forming the "Qiantang frenzy" landscape. ③ Putuo Mountain: an island located in Zhoushan Archipelago, Zhejiang Province, which is said to be the Dojo of Guanyin Bodhisattva. According to Buddhist scriptures, Guanyin lived in Putuo Luojia, South India, hence the name Putuo Mountain. ④ Lai Chi Wan: Located in the west of Guangzhou. ) Compared with Qiu Lai in the north, it's just yellow rice wine dried in vain, porridge white steamed bread, bass white crab, yellow dog white camel. [This paragraph echoes the beginning, comparing the autumn in the south with the autumn in the north, and vividly explaining why "the rich flavor of autumn in China can only be felt in the north". "Just like yellow wine to white wine, porridge to steamed bread, perch to big crab, and yellow dog to camel." This is a rational statement, but compared with concrete things, it is vivid and interesting. Yellow rice wine is warm, white and dry; Eating bass is delicate and chewing crabs is heroic; Drink gruel in the south, swallow dates, chew hard buns in the north, and chew them carefully. The yellow dog in the south is smart and thin, and the camel in the north is big. The four metaphors start with food culture, which makes people feel the taste of autumn from the taste of food and taste the abstract taste from the image. Autumn in the north is like "white dried buns, big crabs and camels", which makes people feel thick, deep, thick and long; Autumn in the south is like "yellow wine, porridge, perch and yellow dog", which makes people feel moist, shallow and short. Such a rich and vivid image makes people have a long aftertaste and know it clearly. ]
Autumn, autumn in the north, if I can stay, I am willing to fold two-thirds of my life for a third of it. This is the last sentence of the article, and it is also a sentence with far-reaching significance. "Autumn, the autumn of this northern country" refers to the "autumn" discovered by Yu Dafu in "The Imperial Capital is a sea of people". Not in Taoranting, Gouyutai, Xishan and Yuquan Mountain, but in a broken house, under a locust tree, on a bridge and on a fruit tree. In short, it is in the "countryside" of the city, among the idle people in the city. The author wants to keep this autumn, that is, to keep this leisurely, carefree and detached urban "pastoral" life. He yearned for such a life so much that he said, "If I can keep it, I would like to fold two-thirds of my life and change it for a third." In other words, as long as you can have such a life, even if your life span is shortened to only one-third of what it should be, you are willing. However, life will never stop moving, and we can't stay this autumn. Therefore, although this sentence expresses the author's good wishes, it is more about expressing his helpless lament. ]
The third part discusses autumn, expressing the feelings of autumn in nature and the autumn in the north, that is, the autumn of life, and expressing the literati's deep, affectionate and deep taste in autumn; A further comparison of autumn between the north and the south plays an echoing role in structure.
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