Zhuang language is divided into two major dialects, the southern dialect and the northern dialect are different in pronunciation. The southern Zhuang language has the opposite relationship between aspirated and unvoiced sounds, such as [k/kh] [p/ph] [t/th], and the foreign Danong language belongs to the southern Zhuang language. However, the northern Zhuang language only has no aspirated stops [k] [p] [t], and the Buyi language in China belongs to the northern dialect of Zhuang language. The Dai language in Yunnan, Lingao language in Hainan, Thai language, Lao language and Shan language abroad all have the closest kinship with Zhuang language, and they all belong to Zhuang Dai language branch of Zhuang Dong language family.
there are mainly two kinds of characters for the current staff. One is the Sawndip, which has been created according to the six-character formation method of Chinese characters since the Tang and Song Dynasties. It is also known as ancient Zhuang characters and local folk characters, and is widely used in folk religious classics, ballads, letters, bills, names and places, and so on. However, in the history of Liao dialect, the square characters have not been unified and standardized, and their forms and meanings are often different due to different dialects. They are only popular among the people and have not been officially recognized in history. The other is that in 1955, a phonetic Zhuang language with Latin letters, Slavic letters and self-created symbols was created. In 1957, the Zhuang Language Program was approved by the State Council, ending the history that the Zhuang people did not have their own legal characters. Today, one of the four minority languages on the RMB is pinyin Zhuang language. Buyi character is a dialect character created on the basis of Pinyin Zhuang language according to the policy of "Bu-Zhuang character alliance". In the 198s, Zhuang language realized all Latin alphabetization spelling reform, while Buyi language also carried out all its own Latin alphabetization reform. Because the same spelling rules were no longer maintained, the "Zhuang-Bu script alliance scheme" was actually cancelled. Although Zhuang and Buyi have their own scripts, due to historical and practical reasons, the education of Zhuang and Buyi languages has not been popularized in Puliao area, resulting in the social situation that the majority of Zhuang and Buyi people only know their mother tongue and don't know their own scripts, which is a serious constraint on the cultural development and cultural inheritance in Puliao area. How to popularize the national language education in Zhuang and Buyi areas in the future is an urgent problem to be solved.
4. national culture
Liao people are a poetic nation, which is manifested in the development of Liao people's ballad culture. Guangxi is called "the sea of songs", which is related to the good songs of Zhuang nationality. The Buyi area in Guizhou also has the title of "poetry hometown and singing sea". In traditional society, folk songs run through people's life. From the birth, people will be influenced by folk songs, love songs, get married and sing songs, give birth to children, gather songs during festivals, create songs when they work, sing songs when they are happy, and lament when they are sad. When a person's life ends, relatives and friends will come to mourn. The good songs of Liao people have a great relationship with the disunity of their writing in history and the lack of popularization of writing education. Pu Liao ordinary people can't record and inherit their national culture with words, so poetry and ballads play an important substitute role invisibly. The folk songs of the Zhuang nationality record the long epic of the Zhuang nationality, which is strict in rhythm and has invented a unique second harmonic in music. Therefore, the cultural factors contained in the folk songs of the Zhuang nationality are extremely rich, and the vast sea of songs of the Zhuang nationality is the Wang Yang of Zhuang culture.
The most famous epics of the Liao people are the myth of Genesis and Buluotuo, which tells the origin of human beings (Buyi literature research is generally translated as Buluotuo, which is actually written in different sounds). It can be said to be the Bible of the Liao people's religion or the encyclopedia of the Liao people's ancient culture. On the basis of concentrating the national folk literature, music, dance and skills, the Zhuang people created Zhuang opera. Zhuang Opera is mainly divided into South Zhuang Opera, North Zhuang Opera, Yunnan Zhuang Opera and Shigong Opera. Buyi drama was developed from Beilu Zhuang drama. Although it has also formed its own local characteristics, it has not yet separated from the category of Beilu Zhuang drama.
Zhuang people have their own language, called Zhuang language for short. Zhuang people also have their own characters, including ancient Zhuang characters and Zhuang phonetic characters.
Zhuang language belongs to the Zhuang-Dai branch of the Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and it is the main communication and information dissemination tool for the Zhuang people. With a population of more than 17 million, Zhuang language is a minority language with the largest population in China.
Zhuang language can be roughly divided into two dialects, namely northern dialect and southern dialect. At the same time, there are various dialects in the two major dialects. There are eight dialect areas in the northern dialect: Qiubei, Guibei, Youjiang, Tanbei, Yujiang, Hongshuihe and Lianshan dialect. These dialects are quite consistent, and the lexical identity rate is about 85%. There are five dialects in the southern dialect: Tannan dialect, Zuojiang dialect, Dejing dialect, Yiguang dialect and Wenma dialect. The consistency of these five dialects is relatively small. For example, the same rate of national vocabulary in Debao and Qinzhou is only about 63%; There are great differences between Qinzhou Zhuang language and Wenshan Zhuang language in pronunciation and vocabulary. There are a little more differences among the dialects in the southern dialect. In a word, although there are differences between the northern and southern dialects of Zhuang language, their * * * is the main one; There are also slight differences in pronunciation among dialects, but they also have great similarities.
Zhuang language has its own characteristics in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. In phonetics, there are 22 initial consonants, 18 vowels, 6 relaxing rhymes and 2 stopping rhymes in Zhuang pronunciation, which is unique to Zhuang pronunciation. Grammatically, Zhuang grammar takes word order and function words as the main grammatical means, with the subject in front, the predicate and object in sequence after the subject, and the subject is the object of predicate statement. Attributions are all postpositioned, such as flower red, horse white, river big, mountain high and so on. This is just the opposite of Chinese attributive preposition. Postposition of attribute is a prominent feature of Zhuang grammar. Vocabulary is characterized by monosyllabic words, which are generally divided into 12 categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, modal particles and phonological words. Rich vocabulary. After 1949, many words in Zhuang language were borrowed from Chinese. This further enriches the vocabulary and expressions of Zhuang language. There are also rich synonyms in Zhuang language, such as washing your face, washing clothes and washing utensils. This is also the feature of Zhuang language, and the richness of Zhuang vocabulary is also reflected in the culture of place names. According to the statistics in 1982, there were more than 7, names of Guangxi place names in minority languages. Most of them were named by ancient Zhuang ancestors in Zhuang language.
Guzhuang characters, also known as vernacular characters, came into being in the Tang Dynasty and were created by some Zhuang literati (including wizards) who were educated by Chinese culture with the help of Chinese characters or their radicals. There are more than 4,8 ancient and Zhuang characters commonly used by the people, and there are more than 8, variant characters with the same sound but different writing methods. The structure of ancient Zhuang characters is a combination of borrowing, imitation and creation. Borrowing refers to borrowing Chinese characters or their radicals. Imitation is the method of imitating six books of Chinese characters. Creation is the re-creation of words. Generally speaking, there are four ways to form ancient and Zhuang characters: 1. Pictophonetic characters are words made up of radicals and symbols of Chinese characters. 2, knowing the word, is the use of the meaning of Chinese characters, plus some special symbols, or more than two Chinese characters merged into a word. 3. Borrowing Chinese characters means borrowing Chinese characters directly. There are two kinds of loanwords and loanwords. Borrowing sound is to borrow the positive or homophonic of Chinese characters to record Zhuang characters. Once borrowed, its original Chinese meaning no longer exists, but it means strong meaning. The other is to borrow words from sounds and meanings. It is a word that borrows both sound and meaning. 4. Ideographic characters. It is to shape the object according to the thing, to describe the sample according to the thing, and to outline the basic image of the object with simple and generalized strokes.
Guzhuang characters flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zhuang people generally use it to record or write myths, stories, legends, ballads, proverbs, scripts, couplets, inscriptions, prescriptions, genealogy, family, contracts, lawsuits, scriptures, financial records, etc., which provides valuable written materials for studying the economy, politics, culture and even customs of ancient Zhuang society.
Pinyin characters are characters created by Pinyin based on Latin letters. * * * key signature with 28 letters, with letters such as Z, J, X, Q and H as the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth tones respectively, is placed at the end of the word. It was formulated in December 1955, based on the northern dialect and taking the pronunciation of Wuwu County as the standard, and was approved and promulgated by the State Council in 1957. In 195s and 196s, Zhuang language was introduced in Zhuang areas. At present, Zhuang schools have been established in counties where Zhuang people live in compact communities, and literacy in Zhuang language is carried out among the masses. Many Zhuang people will write letters, keep accounts and record folk songs in Zhuang language, and have also published many books in Zhuang language. It also translated and published Chinese textbooks for primary and secondary schools in Zhuang, and compiled texts for Zhuang cadres, Zhuang textbooks for normal schools and advanced Zhuang textbooks. Phonetic Zhuang writing is playing a positive role in the political, economic and cultural development of Zhuang nationality.