Li Qingzhao, a poetess who didn't want eyebrows before and after the Song Dynasty's southern crossing, criticized more than a dozen writers of the previous generation in one breath in her masterpiece On Ci, saying that Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi "learned from heaven and man, were small words, and they were as straight as taking care of the sea, but they couldn't read every sentence", while Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong "wrote articles like the Western Han Dynasty, and if they were small lyric poems, she was the first to reveal" those who knew different words " "This view was not only original at that time, but also insightful. Throughout the history of Ci in Song Dynasty, it can be divided into two periods, and the southern crossing of Song Dynasty is just the demarcation of Xinjiang. In the early stage, that is, the Tang and Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, the development of Ci was a process of gradually becoming independent from the vassal of poetry and becoming an enemy country. In other words, Ci became increasingly "different". Li Qingzhao's theory of "other schools" marks the history of Ci before Du Nan, which is also out of historical necessity. Although Su Xin's theory of "Poetry into Ci" and even "Poetry into Ci" is reasonable, theorists and writers have never denied the objective boundaries of poetry. Mr. Wan Yunjun recalled learning ci from Mr. Wu Mei in the Preface to Poetry Appreciation, which involved this question:
I still remember that I was a beginner in lyrics and wrote almost the same as modern poetry. My husband said to me: this is a poem, not a word. So he taught me to read more famous poems of Tang and Song poets, and write while reading, slowly writing like a poem. Later, I learned to write songs for my husband, but he said, "This is a poem by Qin Liu, not a song. So I watched some famous Yuan Zaju more, and then carefully wrote the music, and slowly began to look like it again. (Wan Yunjun's Appreciation of Poetry and Music)
Experts can judge whether it is right or wrong through epiphany and intuition, whether it is like or not, which shows that the difference between poetry, words and songs does exist. The author's nuance here is conducive to creation; It is helpful for readers to know a little. This section focuses on the difference between poetry and poetry, and the song is left in the next section.
It has been pointed out that literati have embarked on a narrow and deep road since they participated in creation. The word "narrow and deep" is the simplest summary of the difference between poetry and thought and art. Ci, originally called Quzi Ci, grew up from the feast of songs and gradually replaced the position of five or seven words as songs and poems, so it has a natural division of labor with poetry from the beginning, rather than the whole inheritance. Although the Ci school is bold and unconstrained, it can express a variety of themes, but from the overall tendency, Ci focuses on expressing people's hearts, especially "glamorous" feelings, and is not good at narrative and reflection. "Word as the body, should be repaired, can be said that poetry can not be said, but can not be said that poetry can be said. Poetry is wide and long. " Poetry has a wide range of materials and strong reflection function, so there is a word "what poetry can't say can't be said" Ci, on the other hand, is more profound and one-way expressive, so it can "say what poetry can't say" and "the so-called poetic context", that is, through sentence patterns with uneven length, it can depict a certain artistic conception more concretely, meticulously and centrally. Poetry is often a sentence, a meaning or a situation, the whole poem has a wide meaning and many images; Words are often one meaning or one meaning, with subtle meaning and delicate image. " ("Li Zehou's" The Course of Beauty ")" The lyrics of Song people are beautiful. Every word is like a banana heart, which is peeled in layer by layer and turned out layer by layer, which is called delicacy; There are no redundant sentences in the article, and there are no redundant words in the sentence. The style and meaning of words are relative. If it is natural, it will not be cut with an axe. This is called a secret. " (Yu Pingbo's Notes on the Elegant Room of Enlightenment) Due to the artistic pursuit of profundity, the expression of words tends to be novel and ingenious, and the language is more beautiful than poetry. Due to the above reasons, the artistic style of ci is graceful from subject matter to technique. "Elegant poetry and charming words" is not bad, which is a big difference between the two genres. Yu Wenbao's "Blowing Sword Record" contains:
Dongpo has a mentor in Yutang. Because I asked, "What is my word like Liu Ci?" He said, "Liu Langzhong's words are only for girls. She gnashed her teeth and clapped her hands to sing' Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon'. The bachelor must be a Kansai, holding an iron plate and singing' River of No Return'. "
The true nature of the word is written for "a girl of seventeen or eighteen, making a decision with red teeth." Claiming to compose music, but never saying "the colored lines sit in Iraq unintentionally", he is proud of Liu Yong's "Xianggong Yan Shu" (see "Painting Spectrum" for details), and there is a saying that "Huanxisha":
A new song and a glass of wine, the weather was old last year. When will the sunset come back? There is nothing to do, flowers bloom and fall, and it seems familiar that Yan returns. Wandering alone in the small garden, fragrant path.
When Wang Shizhen answered people's questions about the boundary between poetry and poetry, he said, "It's like meeting Yan Hui." Definitely not a sweet poem. "In fact, these two lines of Yan Shu's poems have also been used in poetry (Zhang Shisi Wang Cheng collated seven laws), but it is really" sentimental and gentle, which is based on the family language. If seven laws are formulated, it will be weak. " (Chronicle of Linz by Zhang) Of course, we can't absolutize the definition of poetry. The overlapping phenomenon of "poetry is like a poem" (Chao, commenting on Qin Guanyu and Shi Hua) and "a poem is like a poem" (predecessors commented on Su Shi's language) exists objectively. However, it is even more impossible to take a relativistic attitude and obliterate this overall difference, which also exists objectively.
The style of ci is produced on the premise of the rapid development of five-character poems and seven-character poems, which is obviously different from five-character poems in form. It neither excludes Qi characters (for example, Shengchazi and Mulan all belong to Qi fonts), but it is also characterized by long and short sentences. If the adaptability of the theme reflects the breadth of life, it is a poem containing words; Then, in the richness of sentence patterns, it contains poetic words. Mr. Wan Yunjun put it well:
In the written language of Chinese characters, there are two situations in terms of rhythm and syllable: the end of a sentence is three words, and the end of a five-character or seven-character rhyme is always three words; There is another sentence that ends in two words, but this form can't be accommodated in a five-character and seven-character poem. That is to say, compared with the general written language, the five-character seven-character poem has defects, which naturally causes the change of poetry form.
The long and short sentences of lyrics and songs are mainly composed of five words, seven words, four words and six words. They are flat and harmonious, with clear rhythm, staggered length, staggered height, irregular and irregular, which is really a perfect form.
Five-character and seven-character sentences are from Tang poetry, and four-character and six-character sentences are from Ci Fu (parallel prose). There are only four basic sentence patterns of four or six words: flat, flat, flat, flat and flat. Organized, that is, four four four, four six four six, four six four six. In a word, words are the comprehensive development of sentence patterns. (About Appreciation of Poetry and Music)
What needs to be added slightly is that in the five-character and seven-character syntax, there are more words in the form of "Xia Shang died" and "Xia Shang died three times and four times", and the combination of coordinate words has changed accordingly. In addition, sentence patterns of one to nine words are also useful. So many sentence patterns have infinite possibilities in permutation and combination. There are thousands of records now, and the form is far more flexible than five or seven words. Someone once played Du Mu's poem "Qingming Festival" and punctuated it again to make it a long and short sentence:
During the Qingming Festival, it rained and pedestrians were on the road. Want to break the soul. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? A shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village.
As a quatrain, the neat form and intonation of singing and sighing are replaced by long and short sentences and intricate intonation, and the reorganization of structure has caused the renewal of charm.
With the increase of sentence patterns and even-leveled sentence patterns, words are more strict in meter than poems, so they are called "words". Although there are some words with simple language and close to nature, on the whole, words in written language are farther away from natural spoken language than modern poetry. If modern poetry has taken a big step in violating the grammatical conventions of prose, then writing has taken a step further in this respect. The pattern of long and short sentences is worse than that of modern poetry in the complicated inversion of word order. If you don't understand this, sometimes you don't understand the meaning of words at all, let alone appreciate them. "A hero of all ages can't find his place in Sun Zhongmou" (Song of Eternal Sorrow by Xin Qiji) is simply nonsense from the grammatical point of view, but it doesn't hurt to become a good word. "Looking at the distance, offering sorrow for hate, making a hairpin bun" (Xin Qiji's "Shui Long Yin"), the sentence means: looking at the distant mountains, it looks like the beauty of a hairpin bun, but I have no intention to appreciate it. It's only at this time that they repay me with hate. Look at the degree of inversion and dislocation of word order and sentence order here! "Swallows fly, and green water surrounds people" (Su Shi's "Butterfly Loves Flowers"), which means that green water surrounds people. "Affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, born early" (Su Shi's Nian Nujiao) means that Ying Xiao Wo is affectionate. "The partition wall is only across the Yangtze River, and the saliva pot is empty and the elegy is short" (Qian's "Shizhou Slow"), which means that the elegy is empty and the saliva pot is short. Laugh at the fence and call it a light, and the children in the world (Qi Tianle by Jiang Kui) should be regarded as laughing at the children in the world and calling them fence lights. "Even bananas swish when it doesn't rain" (Wu Wenying's Tang Duoling), it should be said that bananas swish when it doesn't rain, and so on. And the list goes on. Secondly, when grammatical pause is out of sync with prosodic pause and syntactic pause, the former must obey the latter. This is saying: it seems that it is not a flower, but a little bit is a tear; Jin's words are: "It doesn't seem so good, Huayang is a bit, it's tears." (Su Shi's Hidden Water Dragon) It turns out that hatred is like grass, and the shovel still exists. Speaking of words, he said, "Hate is like grass, but the shovel still exists." (Qin Guan's "Liu Ba Zi") This kind of destruction of grammatical conventions just constitutes the special aesthetic tone of Ci.
In the normal state of this word, there is a typical syntax that marks the characteristics of the word, that is, the so-called word collar or word tease, which is the focus of the word, so powerful disyllabic words are often used. Such as "Sigh-the building is outside the door, but the sadness and resentment still persist" (Gui Zhixiang by Wang Anshi), "Fang-endless spring, a thousand miles in the blue sky" (Chun Qing Ze by Zhang Xian), "Gradually-the frost is cold and the river is cold, and the afterglow is the building" (Klang Ganzhou by Liu Yong), therefore, someone asked. Xia A: "Without wind, stirring a solitary sail is the taste of poetry, and' hanging a sail is the wind' is the taste of words. "In the Scholars, Zhuge Tianshen wrote a poem," Why is the peach blossom so bitter and red, and the willow is suddenly pitifully green? Du Dao: "It's not bad to add the question' Why is peach blossom so red' to this sentence." "But it's not good in poetry. "In essence, these two situations are characterized by saying that a word is the word. Some leading words are inverted function words, such as "square", "gradual" and "positive"; Some leading words are ellipsis, such as "Dan" is ellipsis of "look" and "why" is ellipsis of "why". This one-word outline, multi-sentence method, has a unique convergence and divergence, which embodies the taste of typical words.