Birth pain? Determined to study and shine on the threshold
During the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, China established a complete aristocratic hierarchy. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Confucian school, represented by Confucius, emphasized the culture of rites and music and strived to maintain the status of feudal rulers. The criteria for selecting officials are mostly "Shi Qing Shi Lu system" and "Nine-grade Zhengzhong system". This selection system, which attaches great importance to family status, greatly hinders the way for poor bachelors to enter official positions. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, imperial examinations have dealt a blow to aristocratic families and expanded the opportunities for scholars from poor families to participate in politics and get on the literary scene. Learning well is being an official? Many poor scholars are determined to study in order to get rid of human suffering. For example, Fan Zhongyan, a writer in the Song Dynasty, lost his father when he was a child and his mother remarried. The crowned Fan Zhongyan took the initiative to move out of his stepmother's house and studied hard in a temple. Life is very difficult. According to "Mo Ke Dao Yi Rhino" Volume III:
Fan was the poorest when he was studying, because he studied Taoism. Liu and I are in the temple in Changbai Mountain, but only two liters of millet are cooked every day to make porridge, which will be solidified later. Take the knife as four pieces, take two pieces in the morning and two pieces in the evening, break more than ten stalks, half an altar of vinegar juice, add less salt, and spit it warmly for three years.
In this record, it is explained in detail that Fan Zhongyan was born in poverty and lived in Changbai Mountain with his friends before he entered the examination. He cooked two liters of rice in the morning and put it in a container. After solidification, he cut it into four pieces with a knife. He eats two tablets in the morning and two tablets in the evening, with some salt and vinegar, and eats them in a pot when it is slightly hot. Fan Zhongyan kept this diet for three years. On one occasion, Fan Zhongyan's classmates prepared dining tables for a party, and Fan Zhongyan also politely refused to say:
I am used to eating porridge. After eating a good meal, eating porridge will make me feel bitter.
Fan Zhongyan's story of eating porridge was evaluated by later generations as? Draw porridge? Use it to inspire thousands of candidates to develop the spirit of hardship in order to get good grades. Fan Zhongyan worked hard as an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his contribution in the history of literature was more to open up the artistic conception of ci. Qiu Si was called by later generations? Where did the bold characters come from? .
Throughout the history of ancient literature in China, great poets suffered a lot. Li Bai, a businessman, traveled around the world and had no choice but to serve the country, which made romantic poetry develop to the peak. Ouyang Xiu, who lost his childhood and became a literary leader in one fell swoop, was born in poverty. He spared no expense in fame, worked hard in the literary world and wrote poems, all of which were called brilliant stars in the history of literature.
Suffering for the official? Down and out, writing poems and articles will last forever.
It has continued in the history of China literature. Poetry expresses ambition? China's literary tradition, in the history of literary criticism? Poetry expresses ambition? This is a double understanding of the noumenon and function of poetry. In terms of ontology, what should be the basic structure of poetry? Pool? Functionally, the main function of poetry is to express hugs. Confucian school also believes that:
A poet, with ambition and ambition in his heart, takes poetry as his words and expresses his feelings in words? .
Judging from the development function of poetry, poets often express their yearning and interest in life through poetry. For example, what Tao Yuanming wrote in "Pastoral Miscellaneous Fun"? Sex akiyama? To highlight personality and life preferences, and many great poets in the history of literature are down and out when describing their life ambitions. At that time, poets often encountered setbacks in officialdom and their careers were hopeless. They can only express their hearts through poetry, and they are eager to cross time and space to gain the resonance of future generations. For example, Xie Lingyun, the founder of landscape poetry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, was in a period of social turmoil and political darkness in Wei, Jin and was relegated because of the policies at that time. According to Song Shuzhuan:
Self-proclaimed talents are suitable for participating in power, but they don't know it, but they often resent it.
The main idea of A Record is that Xie Lingyun is brilliant, but he never thought that he could be appointed as an important official, and he often harbors resentment in his heart. Under the ideological trend of metaphysics and Buddhism at that time, Xie Lingyun also expressed his feelings for mountains and rivers, but in his landscape poems, he expressed his political frustration through a natural and ethereal spirit. For example, he wrote in "Go upstairs to the pool":
Spring grass grows in the pond and garden willows become songbirds. Qiqi hurts the song and feels the sound of Chu. It is easier to live forever than to live alone. Holding exercises is not unique to ancient times, and there is no sign of boredom today.
In these poems, Xie Lingyun describes the fresh grass in the pond and the birds singing in the garden, but there is a ray of light? Quiet? 、? Hey? The chill is pressing, and he regrets the long days of living alone and the worrying days of leaving the group. Who is he? Is this world boring? Seemingly secluded, but complaining about helplessness, his words are full of resentment. The ups and downs of Xie Lingyun's official career also made his position in the history of literature. His landscape poems completed the transformation from Tao Yuanming's recluse poems to landscape poems, which made China's landscape poems move from freehand brushwork to rubbings, highlighted the description of landscape scenery, paid attention to the realism of scenery, enhanced the expressive force of language, and made Xie Lingyun's position in the history of literature immortal.
Zhong Rong said that poets are good at Preface to Poetry? Complain And this resentment is also a voice after suffering. Only when a poet has nowhere to tell his heart after suffering can he write a sad poem. Du Fu was demoted, but he was worried about the country and the people. Write it down? Feel the tears, lonely birds sing their sadness? What is the final achievement? Poet saint? Status; Did Li Qingzhao encounter political changes before she was sent? This time, what a sad sentence? Miao Yan, the ultimate achievement? The first poetess in ancient and modern times? The title of; Has Tao Yuanming fallen again and again? Don't bend over for five dou meters? Finally, he became a master of reclusive poets; Wait, the list goes on. Thus, the poets in the history of China literature suffered from political persecution and officialdom disaster, and achieved great literary status and remained immortal.
Life experiences hardships? Emotional repression erupts, and poetry is poor and backward.
The so-called suffering in life mostly refers to the poet's sudden encounter with major events in this life, such as the loss of his wife, husband or even death. Take stock of the great literati in ancient times. Most of their great works are unfortunate products, such as Qu Yuan. Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander? , such as "Li Sao", voted for the Miluo River to die; For example, Sima Qian was tortured by castration, swallowed words in prison and became angry as a historical record. Another example is Canglang Pavilion written by Su Shunqin for the people by selling waste paper; Nalanxingde mourned his dead wife and wrote a song "Huanxisha?" Who reads "the west wind is cool alone" and lets folk families sing the words of thinking about the source of drinking water? All these are caused by the poet's sincere feelings of grief, anger, pain, injury and hatred after experiencing the hardships of life, and he has made great achievements in literature. Like what? The best memorial service in the world? Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi? Remember that dream:
Ten years of life and death are two boundless, disapproving and unforgettable. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. At night, I suddenly dreamed of going home, and the window of Xiao Xuan was being decorated. Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines are expected to break the heart, and the moon and night are short and loose.
After the death of his beloved wife Wang Fu, Su Shi's career plummeted and he was jailed for opposing Wang Anshi's political reform. Later, he was demoted to Mizhou, Shandong Province as the magistrate. When Su Shi was 40 years old, he had lost his beloved wife 10 years. This night, Su Shi had mixed feelings, dreaming of his dead wife, showing his love through time and space, and his dreamy brushwork also expressed his nostalgia for his wife separated by Yin and Yang. A word? Xiao Xuan window, dressing? Expressing his recognition of his wife's beauty and the concept of equality between men and women is enough to show Su Shi's full love for his wife and also reflect his inner sadness and hatred. In this poem, Su Shi suffered the pain of losing his wife, which is a kind of life suffering; And Du Fu's To Li Bai at the End of the Sky was written? A poet should be careful to prosper, but the devil can trouble a vagrant? To express it, right Li Bai is dead? Du Fu listened to rumors and wrote this poem in memory of Li Bai when he had mixed feelings, which was also a kind of bereavement. In Jing Tan Chorus and Poem Preface, Han Yu thinks:
Husband, the voice of peace is weak, but the voice of sadness is wonderful; Happy words are hard to write, poor words are easy to be good. It's an article, always in the wilderness.
What did Han Yu think of this passage? People write ordinary articles when they are calm and happy, and exquisite articles when they are sad and poor? So Han Yu thinks? A good article is written under difficult and vulgar circumstances? .
Great poets often suffer, and the conflict between inner feelings and reality will intensify. When they are extremely angry, they can't help letting it out. This is a creative spirit directly endowed by real life to poets. At this time, they will no longer be troubled by the secular and the king's preferences, but bear the inner pain and burst into great works.
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So-called? Suffering makes a poet? Mostly because the poet was born in poverty, in the development of the ancient official selection system and the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, he learned to be an official? With the deepening of ideas, poets studied hard under the imperial examination system just to be an official and get rid of suffering, and this bitter experience became a valuable asset for their writing and speech; The poet didn't forget his initial intention to be an official, so he always thought he was? Parents? Their conscientious quality makes it difficult for them to gain a foothold in the sinister officialdom, so they are often framed by courtiers and relegated to prison from time to time. Sensitive poets dare to express their inner feelings and are eager to be understood in this suffering; In addition, in the poet's life, he will often encounter major events, such as losing his husband, wife or life. This kind of suffering will be even more depressed. When he is worried, he will boldly express his inner truth and write immortal poems and songs, so that future generations will lament every time they read them. Therefore, the poet's suffering is closely related to his birth, official career and life experience, and it is precisely because of these sufferings that the poet's status is becoming more and more lofty.