I like math very much in high school. I learned more in a short time than our math teacher taught me. I always answer difficult questions. Summarize the written questions. The math teacher gave me a written answer. The teacher's name is Mustafa, and one day he said to me:
"My child, your name is Mustafa and my name is Mustafa. This will not work. There must be a difference between us. From now on, your name is Mustafa? Kemore. "
Since then, my name has become Mustafa? Kemal is gone.
Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) was a Turkish bourgeois revolutionary, the founder of Turkey and the first president.
188 1 year, Kemal was born in Thessaloniki, Greece (now Thessaloniki), formerly known as Mustafa. His father, Ali Riza, served as a lieutenant in the local militia during the 1877- 1878 Russian-Turkish War. My mother, Zubeiyide Ghanim, comes from the countryside in western Thessaloniki.
Mustafa loved the military since childhood. 1893 was admitted to the Thessaloniki Military Preparatory School. Mustafa got the title of Kemal from his math teacher, which means "perfect member". From then on, he was called Mustafa Kemal. Later, he was promoted to monastir Military Academy (1895) and Istanbul Military Academy (1899).
While studying in monastir and Istanbul, he became interested in literature and history, and began to contact the works of French bourgeois enlightenment scholars Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu. The patriotic poems of the great Turkish poet Namyk Kemal further inspired his enthusiasm for the motherland and the nation.
1June, 905, Kemal graduated from the military academy and obtained the rank of captain. 1906, Kemal initiated the organization "Motherland and Freedom Association" among officers and intellectuals in Damascus. They swore together: "Only revolution can answer tyranny. Freedom is the mother of progress and liberation. " 1in the spring of 907, Kemal secretly sneaked back to Thessaloniki to establish the "Motherland and Freedom Association" branch. 1September, 907, Kemal was allowed to transfer to Thessaloniki, and then formally joined the "Joint Progressive Association" (namely the Youth Turkish Party). Actively participate in opposing Sudan's autocratic rule and demand the restoration of 1876 Constitution. 1in April, 909, feudal forces headed by Turkey and Sudan counterattacked the revolution. Kemal actively participated in the organization of the "Action Army" and served as the Chief of Staff. He led the "Action Army" into the capital, quickly quelled the rebellion of feudal forces, and finally deposed Sultan abdulla hameed.
At that time, the young Turkish Party leaders Talat and enver were satisfied with the restoration of the Constitution and the overthrow of the tyrant, and did not change the state system. Due to disagreement with the party leaders, Kemal quit the Young Turkish Party and devoted himself to military research. During his tenure as an instructor in the third army, he translated and published two books, platoon combat drills and company combat drills, and wrote a book, Tactics.
From1911-1913, Kemal participated in the Italian-Turkish war in Tripoli (now Libya) and the Balkan war, which showed his military talent for the first time. 19 13 was transferred to the military attache in Sofia at the end of the year. He was working in Sofia when World War I broke out. Kemal believed that Turkey's reckless participation in the war would be a "terrible disaster". But as a soldier, he immediately resigned as a military attache and went to the front. 19 15 years, in the defense of the Da Daniil Strait, he led the troops twice to stop the allied forces from landing in Leboltnu and Anafata, winning the reputation of "Istanbul Savior". 1965438+In April 2006, Kemal was promoted to Brigadier General and was awarded the title of Pasha. In August this year, in eastern Anatolia, he successfully stopped the Russian attack and recovered the lost territories of Mouche and Bitlis. The Russian General Staff also has to admit that he is the "most famous, courageous, talented, energetic and original" general in the Turkish army. 19 17 Kemal was transferred to Syria as commander. During the war, Kemal always opposed the traitorous behavior of enver, the main leader of the Young Turkish Party, and accused German officers of interfering in Turkey's internal affairs and controlling the Turkish army. He said: "We Turks should manage our own affairs. It is a shame for our country to invite these Prussians. "
19 18 10 At the end of the year, the Ottoman Empire was defeated and surrendered, and it was forced to sign the Moderow Armistice Agreement, which humiliated the country. The Allies immediately took this opportunity to carve up the Ottoman Empire. The capital Istanbul and the Strait were occupied by the Allies. British, French, Italian and Greek armies seized territory in Thrace and Anatolia respectively, and divided their spheres of influence. Britain and France also instigated and supported the separatist movements of Armenians, Kurds and Greeks along the Black Sea. As Kemal later pointed out, at that time, "Ottoman territory was completely divided, leaving only a small piece of land inhabited by Turks." Finally, even this small place wants to be carved up. "In this case, Turkey's national independence movement has flourished. All localities have set up power-expanding associations and other nationalist organizations attended by patriotic soldiers, intellectuals, businessmen and officials. However, the lack of contact and unified leadership among these organizations has virtually weakened the power to resist foreign aggression.
When the Modilos Armistice Agreement was signed, Kemal was on the front line in Aleppo, Syria. 165438+1In mid-October, he resigned and returned to Istanbul to seek a way to save the country. At first, he lobbied between parliament and Sudan, hoping to establish a tough cabinet with him as military minister to resist the pressure from allies. After the failure of lobbying, Kemal began to realize that Istanbul under foreign control was difficult to do anything, and decided to go to Anatolia to carry out the national salvation movement. Therefore, he happily accepted the appointment of the Sudanese government as the inspector of the ninth army. On May 19 19, Kemal left the capital by boat for Anatolia. On May 19, he arrived in samson, a coastal city in the Black Sea.
Throughout Anatolia, the spontaneous struggle of the masses who resisted the occupying forces and defended national independence and sovereignty made Kemal see the source of saving the country and strengthened his belief in saving the motherland. On the one hand, Kemal instructed military and political leaders to strengthen the activities of nationalist organizations, on the other hand, he set out to unify nationalist organizations in various places. On June 22, Kemal issued a secret notice, seriously pointing out that "the territorial integrity and national independence of the motherland are in jeopardy" and that "only the will and perseverance of the nation can save national independence". He asked all localities to send three representatives to Siwars for a meeting immediately. At this time, the Sudanese government issued an order to report back to Istanbul, and Kemal ignored it. 1965438+On July 8, 2009, he resolutely resigned from the military and decided to stay in Anatolia and fight for the complete independence of Turkey.
After Kemal's active activities, nationalist organizations scattered all over the country finally united at the Siwars conference in September 19 19, and established the Anatolian and Rumailian Rights Protection Association, and elected a representative committee headed by Kemal to lead the national ethnic struggle. The General Assembly demanded that every effort be made to defend Turkey's national sovereignty and territorial integrity. The resolution adopted by the General Assembly became the basis of the National Assembly in June 65438 +0920+10/October 65438, and it was the same program that nationalists all over the country must abide by.
1920 in mid-March, the allied forces formally occupied Istanbul and dispersed the Ottoman parliament. On April 23rd, Kemal lost no time in convening the Grand National Assembly in Ankara and formally establishing the Ankara government. The Grand National Assembly solemnly declared that any treaty signed by the Government of the Sultanate in Istanbul after1March, 920 16 was null and void.
1in the summer of 920, in order to force the Sudanese government to accept the severance of the treaty and stifle the nascent nationalist regime, the allies instigated the Greek army to launch an offensive in Anatolia and captured large areas such as bursa. In response to the arrogance of the enemy, Kemal made an exciting speech in parliament. He said, "gentlemen! If the destroyed land is not one-fiftieth but all, if the whole country is in flames, we will go up the mountain and continue fighting there! " His words expressed the heroism of the Turkish people in their desperate struggle.