Category: Culture/Art>>Literature>>Novel
Problem Description:
1. The origin of the names of some bridges, such as the Broken Bridge in West Lake, Fangsheng Bridge in Zhujiajiao, Shanghai, etc.
2. Poems about bridges (or couplets, riddles, sayings, proverbs, idioms, etc.).
3. Stories and legends about bridges, such as the Dangyang Bridge in the Three Kingdoms story, the Iron Chain Bridge on the Dadu River, etc.
4. People use "bridges" to create many new Words, such as Shangqiao, Shuqiao, etc., please tell us what the meaning of "bridge" is in these words.
Analysis:
1. Knowledge about bridges
1. Beam bridge: Beam type, also known as beam-column type, is a bridge with pillars or piers erected in the water, with cross beams on them, connected to form a bridge. There are single spans and multi-spans.
Floating bridge: A bridge with a boat or other floating body as the middle foot.
Suspension bridge: A bridge set up on a city moat in ancient times. Now it is a collective name for suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges.
Arch bridge: A bridge that uses arch as the main load-bearing structure of the bridge body.
Overpass: A bridge built to ensure that traffic does not interfere with each other when lines (such as highways, railways, etc.) cross. Those that cross over existing lines are also called overpass bridges, and those that cross underground are also called underpass bridges.
2. The artistic style of ancient bridges in my country is firstly reflected in the shape, such as the soft and changeable curves; secondly, ancient bridges in my country attach great importance to coordination with the environment. Due to the existence of the bridge, the environment is added Thirdly, the artistic style of ancient bridges in my country is also reflected in the ancillary buildings and stone carvings. Many ancient bridges have bridge houses, pavilions, pavilions, railings and archways, etc.
2. Bridge Talk
1. Bridges and mountains and rivers are inherently beautiful. Bridges in such natural pictures really complement each other. Du Fu's poem "The official willows of the city bridge are thin, and the wild plum blossoms on the river road are fragrant", and Bai Juyi's poem "The shadow of the clear rainbow bridge is reflected, and the sound of the oars of the autumn wild geese comes" etc., etc., describe the beautiful scenery composed of the scenery of the mountains and water and the color of the bridge.
2. Bridges and gardens. If there are mountains and rivers in a garden, there must be bridges. Pavilions, pavilions, small bridges and flowing water complement each other and are indispensable. Ouyang Xiu's two lines of poem "The waves are shining like willows and the sky is blue, and the sloping bridges in Quzhu are painted with waterways" are a portrayal of this.
3. Bridges and Literary Bridges Flying over water and mountains, flying over obstacles in various poses, saving all sentient beings, they have always been an excellent subject in literature and art. Famous ones include the Maple Bridge in Suzhou. Among the poems, in addition to Zhang Ji's "Night Mooring on the Maple Bridge", there are also Du Mu's "The grass in the lush garden of Changzhou is rustling, and the dusk mist and autumn rain pass over the maple bridge" and so on. Among the paintings, the "Hongqiao" in Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" has a very clever structure. In drama, there are many "Bridge Opera" performances in Peking Opera alone. The most famous ones are "Changban Slope", "Broken Bridge", "Caoqiao Dream", etc. The story of "Magpie Bridge" in myths and legends has a long history, and the story of Zhang Guolao riding a donkey upside down across the bridge is also known to women and children.
4. The historical story of the bridge. The Qiantang River Bridge, built in 1937, is the first modern bridge designed and built by the Chinese themselves. You may know this; but did you know that this bridge was built in 1937? It was opened to traffic on September 26, 2011, but was blown up by our side on December 23, in order to prevent it from serving the Japanese invaders!
3. Bridges of all shapes and sizes in ancient and modern times< /p>
1? The best bridge in ancient China
The oldest existing open-shoulder arch stone bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei. It was built from the fifteenth year of the founding of the Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (595-605).
The earliest existing double-arch stone bridge with the most bridge holes is the Baodai Bridge in Suzhou, Jiangsu. It was built in the eleventh year of Tang Yuanhe (816).
Suzhou Baodai Bridge →
The earliest existing cross bridge is the Yunumu Feiliang in Jinci, Shanxi, which was built in the first year of Chongning (1102) in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The earliest large stone bridge with movable switches is the Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangzhou. It was built in the 10th year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435). ←Yangzhou Wuting Bridge
The only Wuting Bridge is located in Slender West Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
2? The overpass adds a modern flavor to the city. The earliest road overpasses built in Beijing were the Baifu Bridge on Changping Road, the Balizhuang Bridge on Landinchang Road, and the Cai Caigou Bridge. They were all built in 1966. In 1974, the first clover leaf-shaped interchange Fuxingmen Bridge was built in the city.
Siyuan Bridge is located at the intersection of the Capital Airport Expressway, Jingshun Road and the Fourth Ring Road. It is a four-story fully interconnected large overpass with a total of 26 large and small bridges and a total length of 2.6 kilometers. It is the largest urban overpass in the country. Yufing Bridge is located at the intersection of South Second Ring Road and Dongpu Road. It is a three-story interactive dragonfly-shaped overpass.
3. Building undersea tunnels costs a lot of money and takes a long time to construct, so people choose more cross-sea bridges. Currently, there are more than 30 largest cross-sea bridges in the world. The Bahrain-Saudi Arabia *** cross-sea bridge located on the Persian Gulf is 25 kilometers long and is the longest cross-sea bridge in the world today. ←Beijing Yuting Bridge
Xiamen Cross-sea Highway Bridge
The Messina Bridge in Italy connects the mainland, which looks like a leather boot, with Sicily, which looks like a football.
The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, has a span of only 1,560 meters, but it is an intercontinental bridge spanning Europe and Asia.
The broken bridge in West Lake was first called Duanjiaqiao.
A long time ago, the white sand embankment of West Lake meandered from Gushan to here. There was only an unknown small wooden bridge, closely connected with the lake shore. Tourists who want to go to Gushan have to pass through this small wooden bridge. It is exposed to the sun and rain, and the bridge boards often break, which is very inconvenient for tourists.
There is a simple thatched cottage next to the bridge, where a couple named Duan lives. The two are kind-hearted and hard-working. The man makes a living fishing in the lake, while the woman sets up a wine stall at the door and sells local wine. Because the wine tasted bad, few customers came and business was slow.
One day, when the sun was setting and the couple was about to close the door, a white-haired old man in ragged clothes came, saying that he had come from afar and was penniless, and asked to stay overnight. Seeing that he was old and pitiful, the Duan family enthusiastically allowed him to stay. They also burned a carp just caught from the West Lake and served a bowl of home-made local wine to entertain the old man. The old man was not polite. He drank three large bowls in a row, then fell on the bed and fell asleep.
When the white-haired old man said goodbye the next morning, he said: "Thank you for your kind hospitality. I have three wine pills here to help you make good wine." After that, he took out three red pills. He drank wine and drug, said goodbye and left.
The Duan family couple put the old man’s three wine pills in a brewing vat. The wine they brewed was scarlet in color, extremely sweet and fragrant. From then on, there were customers every day, the Duan family's scarlet wine became famous in Hangzhou, and the business became more and more prosperous day by day. The Duan family demolished the hut and built a restaurant. In order to thank the white-haired old man, they saved a sum of money and prepared to thank him properly.
Years passed, and three years passed by. This winter, it snowed heavily in West Lake, and the white-haired old man braved the snow to come to Duan's Restaurant. When the couple saw their benefactor arriving, they were overjoyed and left the old man to live in his home forever. However, the old man had to say goodbye the next day. Before leaving, the Duan family and his wife took out three hundred taels of silver and gave it to the old man. The old man declined with a smile and said, "Thank you for your kindness. I am a lonely old man. Why do I need so much money? You should spend it on the most important things!" After that, he walked towards the small bridge in the snow. The Duan family and his wife stood at the door to see each other off. The old man had just stepped onto the small wooden bridge when his foot slipped, the bridge board broke, and the old man fell into the lake. The couple hurriedly ran to rescue them, and suddenly saw the white-haired old man standing on the lake, as if walking on flat ground, smiling and waving to them, and drifted away.
Only then did the Duan family realize that the white-haired old man was not a mortal. Thinking of the old man's parting words, he used the money to build a tall bluestone arch bridge at the original small wooden bridge, and also built a pavilion at the head of the bridge. From then on, people visiting the West Lake no longer have to worry about slippery roads and broken bridges.
The villagers missed the good deeds of the Duan family and the couple in building the bridge, so they called the bridge Duanjia Bridge. Later, because "Duan" and "Duan" have the same pronunciation, it was called Broken Bridge.
1. Knowledge about bridges
1. Beam bridge: Beam type, also known as beam-column type, is a bridge with pillars or piers set up in the water, with cross beams placed on them, and connected to form a bridge. , which can be divided into single span and multiple span.
Floating bridge: A bridge with a boat or other floating body as the middle foot.
Suspension bridge: A bridge set up on a city moat in ancient times. Now it is a collective name for suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges.
Arch bridge: A bridge that uses arch as the main load-bearing structure of the bridge body.
Overpass: A bridge built to ensure that traffic does not interfere with each other when lines (such as highways, railways, etc.) cross. Those that cross over existing lines are also called overpass bridges, and those that cross underground are also called underpass bridges.
2. The artistic style of ancient bridges in my country is firstly reflected in the shape, such as the soft and changeable curves; secondly, ancient bridges in my country attach great importance to coordination with the environment. Due to the existence of the bridge, the environment is added Thirdly, the artistic style of ancient bridges in my country is also reflected in the ancillary buildings and stone carvings. Many ancient bridges have bridge houses, pavilions, pavilions, railings and archways, etc.
2. Bridge Talk
1. Bridges and mountains and rivers are inherently beautiful. Bridges in such natural pictures really complement each other. Du Fu's poem "The official willows of the city bridge are thin, and the wild plum blossoms on the river road are fragrant", and Bai Juyi's poem "The shadow of the clear rainbow bridge is reflected, and the sound of the oars of the autumn wild geese comes" etc., etc., describe the beautiful scenery composed of the scenery of the mountains and water and the color of the bridge.
2. Bridges and gardens. If there are mountains and rivers in a garden, there must be bridges. Pavilions, pavilions, small bridges and flowing water complement each other and are indispensable. Ouyang Xiu's two lines of poem "The waves are shining like willows and the sky is blue, and the sloping bridges in Quzhu are painted with waterways" are a portrayal of this.
3. Bridges and Literary Bridges Flying over water and mountains, flying over obstacles in various poses, saving all sentient beings, they have always been an excellent subject in literature and art. Famous ones include the Maple Bridge in Suzhou. Among the poems, in addition to Zhang Ji's "Night Mooring on the Maple Bridge", there are also Du Mu's "The grass in the lush garden of Changzhou is rustling, and the dusk mist and autumn rain pass over the maple bridge" and so on. Among the paintings, the "Hongqiao" in Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" has a very clever structure. In drama, there are many "Bridge Opera" performances in Peking Opera alone. The most famous ones are "Changban Slope", "Broken Bridge", "Caoqiao Dream", etc. The story of "Magpie Bridge" in myths and legends has a long history, and the story of Zhang Guolao riding a donkey upside down across the bridge is also known to women and children.
4. The historical story of the bridge. The Qiantang River Bridge, built in 1937, is the first modern bridge designed and built by the Chinese themselves. You may know this; but did you know that this bridge was built in 1937? It was opened to traffic on September 26, 2011, but was blown up by our side on December 23, in order to prevent it from serving the Japanese invaders!
3. Bridges of all shapes and sizes in ancient and modern times< /p>
1? The best bridge in ancient China
The oldest existing open-shoulder arch stone bridge is the Zhaozhou Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei. It was built from the fifteenth year of the founding of the Sui Dynasty to the first year of Daye (595-605).
The earliest existing double-arch stone bridge with the most bridge holes is the Baodai Bridge in Suzhou, Jiangsu. It was built in the eleventh year of Tang Yuanhe (816).
Suzhou Baodai Bridge →
The earliest existing cross bridge is the Yunumu Feiliang in Jinci, Shanxi, which was built in the first year of Chongning (1102) in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The earliest large stone bridge with movable switches is the Guangji Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangzhou. It was built in the 10th year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty (1435). ←Yangzhou Wuting Bridge
The only Wuting Bridge is located in Slender West Lake, Yangzhou, Jiangsu.
2? The overpass adds a modern atmosphere to the city. The earliest road overpasses built in Beijing were the Baifu Bridge on Changping Road, the Balizhuang Bridge on Landinchang Road, and the Cai Caigou Bridge. They were all built in 1966. In 1974, the first clover leaf-shaped interchange Fuxingmen Bridge was built in the city.
Siyuan Bridge is located at the intersection of the Capital Airport Expressway, Jingshun Road and the Fourth Ring Road. It is a four-story fully interconnected large overpass with a total of 26 large and small bridges and a total length of 2.6 kilometers. It is the largest urban overpass in the country. Yufing Bridge is located at the intersection of South Second Ring Road and Dongpu Road. It is a three-story interactive dragonfly-shaped overpass.
3. Building undersea tunnels costs a lot of money and takes a long time to build, so people choose more cross-sea bridges. Currently, there are more than 30 largest cross-sea bridges in the world. The Bahrain-Saudi Arabia *** cross-sea bridge located on the Persian Gulf is 25 kilometers long and is the longest cross-sea bridge in the world today. ←Beijing Yuting Bridge
Xiamen Cross-sea Highway Bridge
The Messina Bridge in Italy connects the mainland, which looks like a leather boot, with Sicily, which looks like a football. The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, has a span of only 1,560 meters, but it is an intercontinental bridge spanning Europe and Asia.
bEverything has a name, and some even have proper names, just like people have names. Since it is a name, it must be well named. Our country's modern bridges have been influenced by the West, and they are always named from a geographical point of view. As long as you can point out its location so that people can see it at a glance, that's all. On railways and highways, mile markers are used as names, just like the "345,678 kilometers bridge" on a certain road, which is really unwavering. However, the names of bridges in ancient my country were not like this. It always has a literary flavor that makes people feel emotional and unforgettable after seeing it. It may be chronicle and lyrical, arousing deep thoughts and daydreams; or it may be poetic and picturesque, making the heart relaxed and happy. In this way, through careful naming, the history, role or influence of a bridge is immediately apparent, making it easy to spread. The "worth" of the bridge has also increased as a result. Once a bridge becomes famous, its names will also increase. In addition to its official name, it also has common names, aliases, etc. Just like a person's name, in addition to its scientific name, it also has aliases, small characters, etc. Some were formed naturally and gradually among the people, while others were used by scholars to inscribe their own names. In short, it has become a custom to inscribe bridge achievements and it is also a feature of ancient Chinese culture.
The title of the bridge does not have many characters, just like the name of a person, it is usually two characters, sometimes only one character. Only one or two characters can show the characteristics of the bridge, which is the wonderful use of Chinese characters. This is due to the many allusions in our country's history and the rich idioms in literature. The wealth in literature and history has greatly added glory to the name of the bridge. However, there are many bridges, and allusions and idioms about them also serve literature and history. For example, in "Historical Records", the phrase "faith is like a tail life" comes from the allusion of bridge, and in "Afang Palace Fu", the phrase "long bridge lies on the waves" comes from the idiom of bridge. If the name of the bridge is well inscribed, it will make a contribution to literature and history. The bridge name is so important.
Now let’s introduce some bridge names to get a glimpse of the richness of bridge literature in our country, which may be unparalleled in the world. Let’s talk about single names first. The more famous ones include: "Lanqiao" on the Lanxi River in Lantian County, Shaanxi, "it is said that there is a fairy cave there, which is where Tang Pei Hang met Yunying"; "Fengqiao" is in Suzhou, and Tang Zhang Ji's "Fengqiao Night" "Moor" poem; "Broken Bridge" in Hangzhou West Lake, Zhang Hu's poem in the Tang Dynasty: "Broken Bridge with moss and moss", Mo Zhong in the Ming Dynasty had the poem "Broken Bridge with Remaining Snow" and so on. However, the single-name bridge often refers to it in general, but it may be a specific name. Some of them are named after the material, such as "Stone Bridge". Emperor Wen of Liang Jian wrote a poem "Stone Bridge": "When you write about a rainbow, you want to drink. "The stars look real"; "Iron Bridge", Wu Zhaoyuan of the Ming Dynasty wrote the poem "Crossing the Iron Bridge": "A group of treasure rafts are crossing, and the golden ropes are eight ways open"; "Bamboo Bridge", Du Fu's poem "Viewing the Construction of Bamboo Bridges", etc. Some indicate the location of the bridge, such as "Mountain Bridge", Liang Jian Emperor Wen's poem: "Lying stone vines are used as cables, mountain bridge trees are used as beams"; "Jiang Bridge", Tang Du Fu's poem: "Mountain counties close the market early, Jiangqiao spring "Gathering Boats"; "Wild Bridge", a poem by Liu Changqing of the Tang Dynasty: "The wild bridge is broken by the rain, and the stream flows to the fields" etc.
Some specify the shape of the bridge, such as "square bridge", a poem by Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty: "If you want to ask about a square bridge, the square bridge is like this"; "slant bridge", a poem by Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty: "The waves are willow-colored and blue, and the slanted bridge in Quzhu "Hua Ge Tong"; "Hua Bridge", a poem by Fan Yuqiu of the Song Dynasty: "The painting bridge hangs outside the willows as promised, reflecting the setting sun with a touch of red"; "Zhu Bridge", a poem by Zheng Gu of the Tang Dynasty: "The Zhu Bridge goes straight to Jinmen Road, and the pink battlements "Gaolian Yulei Yun"; "overpass", both in Baodezhou, Taiyuan, Shanxi and Dali, Yunnan. In Dali, "the lower part is broken and the upper part is connected, with stone beams spanning it. The two rocks are splashed with water and beads, just like plum blossoms. People call them the unforgettable plum blossoms." wait. Some are related to bridgeside scenery, such as "Flower Bridge", which can be found in Ningde County, Fujian, Changyang County, Hubei, and Guilin, Guangxi. Guilin is known as "Flower Bridge Misty Rain"; "Willow Bridge", in the West Lake of Hangzhou, was created by Bangyan of Song Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty. Words: "When the water rises, the fish will fall over the willow bridge when the sky rises" etc. Some are more special, such as the "Grass Bridge" outside You'anmen Gate in Beijing; the "Xi Bridge" in Dongping County, Shandong Province. "It is said that Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty sealed Mount Tai in the east, and used mats to pave the way while driving"; "Gua Bridge" , Fuyang County, Zhejiang Province, "it is said that Sun Zhong set up a melon on this bridge"; the "Duck Bridge" is in Shaanxi City, Shaanxi Province. "Jinqiao" was in Shangdang, Shanxi, and Tang Panyan wrote "Jinqiao Fu". There are even more weird things, such as the "hidden bridge". In Jianping County, Anhui, "it is said that soldiers ran to Wu and took shelter in the mountains. The pursuers came here, and the clouds protected them. When the soldiers reached the bridge, the sky was dark"; "Ghost Bridge" , "Beginner's Notes" "There is a ghost bridge above"; "Red Bridge", on the North Canal of Jinshui River in Taiyuan, Shanxi, "Taizong of the Song Dynasty chiseled Wolong Mountain, and the blood flowed out into the river, so it was renamed today", etc.
It is most common and standardized to use two characters in the name of a bridge. There are many bridges with single names, and there are many more bridges with double names. Just imagine, every bridge has a name. How many bridge names would there be in our ancient country! However, among the thousands of single and double names, there are not many that are repeated. If all the bridge names were collected , compiled into a "List of Bridges in China", it should be grand enough.
Now let’s give some examples of double names to illustrate the richness and variety of bridge names. According to the reflected content, a "Bridge Directory" can be divided into five chapters.
The first chapter is "Praise". First of all, it praises the function of bridges, such as "Anji Bridge", that is, "Zhaozhou Bridge", a "big stone bridge" on the Nanhe River in Zhao County, Hebei Province, which is unique and "a trace of Sui craftsman Li Chun"; "Anqiao", also known as "Luoyang Bridge", is used to cross the sea in Quanzhou, Fujian. "It is easy to be safe by boating, and the people are not in danger." "Anping Bridge" was built in Jinjiang, Fujian Province in the 22nd year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty. It is 2070 meters long and is commonly known as "Wuli Bridge". It has the old saying "There is no bridge in the world." "This bridge" legend. Secondly, there are those that praise the people who built bridges, such as "Jima Bridge", which was "built by the resident daughter Jima in Xiaogan County, Hubei Province"; "Couple Bridge", which is the bamboo cable bridge in Guan County, Sichuan, was built by He Xiande in the Qing Dynasty and was not completed. His wife continued to build it; "Ge Jing Bridge" was built in Pingyue, Guizhou, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. "It was built repeatedly by water, but the third building was completed, and a huge amount of money was spent, all the family assets were exhausted."
The second chapter is "Chronicle", which records the stories passed down about the bridge. For example, the "Wanli Bridge" is located outside the south gate of Chengdu, Sichuan. "In the past, Kongming paid a farewell fee to hire Wu here, saying that the journey of thousands of miles began here." Lu Gong of the Tang Dynasty wrote "Ode to Wanli Bridge", Lu Dafang of the Song Dynasty wrote the poem "Wanli Bridge", Du Fu's poem: "The West House of Wanli Bridge, the North Village of Baihuatan", and the poem of Zhang Ji of the Tang Dynasty: "There are many restaurants beside Wanli Bridge, and tourists love to go there." Who will stay at home?"; Su Shi's poem of the Song Dynasty: "I want to go back and look for the Wanli Bridge, the water is splashing in the wind and the leaves are rustling at dusk"; Lu You's poem of the Song Dynasty: "The carved saddle sees off guests at the Shuangliu Station, and the silver candle looks at the Wanli Bridge with flowers." "Maqiao", also known as "Shengxian Bridge", is located in the north of Chengdu, Sichuan. Sima Xiangru of the Western Han Dynasty did not want to be poor and lowly, and determined to be an official. "The title of Zhu Yun says that if a man does not ride in a carriage, he will never cross this bridge again." Tang Cen's " The poem "Shengxian Bridge": "I was riding a carriage, but I was returning from the bridge." Song Jingbo's "Ma Qiao Ji" said: "The bridge is built in the name of a horse, so the traces of Chang Qing will not be lost." "Lanting" Bridge", in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, "where the King of Jin's right army repaired the river, under the bridge there were fine rocks and shallow lava, and the sound of water continued day and night." The "Ear Washing Bridge" is located in Ruzhou, Henan. According to legend, Yao wanted to cede the world to Xu You. Xu You thought he was noble and thought that hearing this would dirty his ears. The bridge is located at "the place where Xu You washed his ears". "Hu Crossing Bridge" is also known as Jiangdong Bridge in Zhangzhou, Fujian. "The bridge south of the Yangtze River is the first Tiger Crossing. In the past, when we wanted to build a bridge, a tiger carried his son across the river and rested in the middle of the river... because the site of the fortress was used as a bridge." "Xiaoshi Bridge" is the "Xiaoshi Bridge" in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. "It is said that the night market was opened here during the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty."
The third chapter is "lyrical", expressing thoughts and feelings through the name of the bridge. For example, "Ecstasy Bridge", also known as "Ba Bridge", in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, "Eastern people see off guests on this bridge and break willows to say goodbye". Because "I took Jiang Yan's farewell poem and called it the Ecstasy Bridge". Wang Zhihuan's poem of the Tang Dynasty: "The willow trees are in the east wind, and the green trees are sandwiched between the river. It has been painful to climb and break recently, probably because of the many separations." Ming Ge Yilong's poem: "Flowers fly on the bridge and water falls on the bridge, and the heartbroken people are the people crossing the bridge." "Homesickness Bridge", In Fengrun, Hebei Province, "Song Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty crossed the bridge at the north end, stopped his horse and looked around, and said calmly, I am crossing this way to the desert, and it is as safe as this water to return to my hometown... People call it the bridge of homesickness." "To Xiqiao", in Guang'an, Sichuan, "In the past, Ouyang Xiu entered Shu from Wu, and the dangerous road to Xiqiao stopped at this point." "The End of Love Bridge" is located in Jianyang, Sichuan. The poem "Inscribed on the End of Love Bridge" by Emperor Yongtao of the Tang Dynasty reads in sequence: "Yang'an sends guests to the Bridge of End of Love and asks them why. The left and right people say that the place to see off and welcome ends here." "Bridge of Ingratitude", In Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, "Zhongguan was first selected and entered the Donghua Gate. There was a bridge inside the gate called Huang'en Bridge... It was commonly called Wang'en Bridge, because Zhongguan was rich and noble, so he would be blamed for his hatred and humiliation."
However, not all ancient bridges in my country have proper names. Some originally had no names, but later someone called them casually, and gradually they became names, such as "Big Bridge", "Small Bridge", "New Bridge", "Old Bridge", "Long Bridge", "Short Bridge", "South Bridge", etc. Northbridge" and so on. These "common names", over time, became "correct names". For example, "Little Bridge" in Fuzhou was named because it was near the "Wanshou Bridge" bridge, and thus became a proper name. Some "bridges" are very famous, but in fact there is no such bridge. For example, "Chen Bridge" is located in Kaifeng, Henan Province. The place where Zhao Kuangyin of the Song Dynasty wore a "yellow robe" is actually the "Chen Bridge Station" and "Shangyuan Station in the Tang Dynasty". ", Zhu Quanzhong set fire to the place where Li Keyong used it." However, more bridges are serving there quietly, and their names have long been forgotten. It can be seen that bridges and bridge names are both fortunate and unfortunate. Some are named but not bridges, and some are named but not. However, even though he is unknown, he is not a "hero"!
"Meng Po Soup" is an ancient Chinese legend, which is recorded in an ancient book of Lanzi's family. In that legend, people are going through life after life. Reincarnation is repeated. The end of this life is just the beginning of the next life. People who cycle from life to life cannot have the memory of the past, just because everyone will drink Meng Po soup on the Naihe Bridge and forget the past. When walking on the Naihe Bridge, it is the last time a person has memories of this life. At this moment, many people are still clinging to their unfulfilled wishes in the past life, but they deeply understand that these wishes will not be realized in the end, and they will let out a long cry. Sigh. This is why this bridge that connects reincarnations is named Naihe Bridge.
The origin of Naihe Bridge:
The bridge can connect to gods, immortals, and heaven. It can also connect to ghosts, Hades, and hell. From the perspective of folk culture, bridges and their symbolism are even more used by people to establish connections or form transitions and mediators between people and ghosts, life and death.
In contrast to "myths" and "fairy tales", there is another unique type of "ghost tales" in Chinese folk word-of-mouth literature. Although we often use "ghost tales" to describe what someone says. It is absurd or unbelievable, but the recurring appearance of "bridge" in folk "ghost stories" is not accidental. In our opinion, it is not absurd. In Chinese folk beliefs, "ghosts" are caused by death. A type of negative supernatural existence. In many myths spread throughout China, bridges are often haunted by ghosts, especially those who died in the water or fell into the water from the bridge. The ghosts of the dead are always looking for a substitute for themselves on the bridge or on the left and right bridges so that they can be reincarnated. In this sense, the bridge is not only the place where the ghost of the deceased escapes from the underworld and is reincarnated into the Yang world, but also the new deceased. Continuously, the transition from the world to the underworld, the alternation and transformation of life and death, is realized with the bridge as the intermediary. In Japan, there are also ghosts or resentful spirits of the wronged dead who linger on the bridge, often in the "bridge." "Please", there is a saying that the bridge plank is crooked and people fall into the water.
Some water ghosts who are kind-hearted and cannot bear to drag people into the water as stand-ins. Although they cannot be reincarnated as humans immediately in the ghost stories, they can often be reincarnated as humans in the underworld. Getting promoted may eventually impress the King of Hell, and even get permission from the King of Hell to be reincarnated as a human being.
There is a lie titled "Lu Atang", which says that there was originally a Lujia Bridge on the Lianqi River in Baoshan, south of the bridge. The bridge is located on the north side of the bridge, and the bridge is located on the north side of the bridge. The bridge is located on the north side of the bridge, and the bridge is located on the north side of the bridge. In March of the next year, the water ghost dragged the Tang family's bridge builder into the water as a substitute, and reincarnated himself back to the earth. From then on, when the bridge was being built in March every year, someone would always fall into the water and die. The bridge fell into disuse. Later, a man named Lu Atang, who came from the Tang family and married into the Lu family, volunteered to be the scapegoat so that everyone could rest assured to build the bridge. After Lu Atang became a water ghost, he not only couldn't bear to drag others into the water, but also protected the bridge builders under the bridge. As a result, he received drink offerings and sexual offerings from the Lu and Tang surnames. Later, anyone passing by this bridge had to bow their hands at the end of the bridge to show respect for Lu Atang before crossing the bridge. When the bridge is being built in March every year, the incense offered to Lu Atang becomes more prosperous, and finally disturbs the "land" of the Lu and Tang families.
After the Earth God went to heaven to sue the Jade Emperor, the Jade Emperor named Lu Atang the Bridge God of Luqiao and gave him a ghost-killing stick. From then on, Lujiaqiao became safer, even if someone fell into the water, they would not drown, because after Lu Atang was named the Bridge God, he devoted himself to eliminating harm for the people. Sometimes, people are driven away by ghosts, but as long as they run to the bridge, they will be protected by the bridge god Lu Atang.
From this lie, we can not only see the connection between life and death, but also the connection between the Jade Emperor and the King of Hell, the connection between the "Human Pillar" and the Bridge God, As well as the connection formed by the bridge between people of the two surnames, etc.
Interestingly, in some ghost stories about bridges, there are often scenes of female ghosts giving birth to babies in the underworld, and begging for food for the babies on the bridge or at the head of the bridge. One of the stories says that the baby was named Qiao and later won the top prize. In addition, there is even a rumor that the King of Hell ordered his trusted assistant Yin Cai to control the problem of water ghosts and ordered him to build floating bridges for people to atone for his sins.
The folk belief of Naihe Bridge has a long history in China. "Xuan Shi Zhi" written by Zhang Du of the Tang Dynasty mentioned that Naihe came from the underworld.
In ancient China, there has always been the concept that there is a river separating the underworld and the earth, and the souls of the dead must use bridges to transfer. Duan Chengshi of the Tang Dynasty wrote "Youyang Miscellaneous" mentioned the underworld, and said: "... there is water flowing from east to west,... a bridge is decorated with gold and jade, cross the north of the bridge, and enter a city,... it is suspected to be the underworld." "The traditional Chinese concept of the underworld later coincided with the Buddhist concepts of hell and reincarnation, and gradually formed the common belief of Naihe and Naihe Bridge that is now very popular among the people. Around the Southern Song Dynasty, folk legends of the underworld gradually identified the ghost capital of the underworld as Fengdu County in Sichuan Province. Since then, successive dynasties have built ghost mansions in Fengdu, including the often-said Yin and Yang Realm and Naihe Bridge. The Naihe Bridge in Fengdu Ghost Mansion is probably the most famous bridge in China.
According to the "Survey on Religious Customs in Fengdu" published by the anthropologist Mr. Wei Huilin in 1935, in Fengdu Ghost Mansion, through the mountain gate is the Main Hall, and in front of the hall there is a stone arch bridge called As Naihe Bridge, a stone pool under the bridge is the Blood River Pool. The east end of the Naihe Bridge is the Ksitigarbha Hall, and the west end is the Blood River General Hall. It is said that the Naihe River is the first pass for ghosts to pass. In order to echo this kind of "nonsense", Zhu Chun, King of Shu Xian in the Ming Dynasty, built three continuous-arch stone bridges in Pingdu Mountain, Fengdu, and called them Naihe Bridge. It is said that in the old days, before crossing the Naihe Bridge here, pilgrims would first burn incense and paper to pray for God's blessings. The monks in the temple often deliberately applied tung oil on the bluestone bridge surface, causing people crossing the bridge to slip. , scared half to death, so that you can get more money for incense.
Regarding the Naihe Bridge in Fengdu, Sichuan, there are two bridge couplets:
Accumulate virtue and practice, and the Naihe Bridge is easy to cross.
Greed and commit sins, and the Sharp Knife Mountain is difficult. Escape
Cross the Naihe Bridge in three steps, and you will know whether you are good or evil
Walk through the gold and silver roads in one breath, and I will give you good fortune and fortune
In Fengdu, the relevant ghost town Among the literary descriptions of the underworld, in addition to Meng Bisheng's "Jin Ping Mei", there is another ghost story about the Ming Dynasty celebrity Wang Shizhen's visit to the underworld. The tea pavilion in the underworld only gives tea to those who cross the bridge in the ghost town, but not to the underworld. People who cross the bridge into the ghost town drink. Wang Shizhen came to the bridge, but saw seven-colored waves under the bridge, which were unpredictable. He thought this was probably the disaster of lust. If Wang Po makes tea from the water under the bridge and lets the reincarnated ghost eat it, it will make it obsessed with lust and lose its conscience. ...The "bridge" in this lie may be another way of saying Naihe Bridge.
There are many myths about Naihe Bridge in various parts of China. It may be said that there is the Nai River in the underworld, and there is a bridge on the river called the Naihe Bridge; or it is said that on the way to the underworld there is a "blood pool", "blood stained pool", or "blood river pool", and there is a bridge on the pool called the Naihe Bridge. According to Gu Yanwu's "Shandong Archaeological Records", people even identified Naihe and Naihe Bridge as a real river near Tai'an, Shandong.
Release Bridge
It was built by monks in the fifth year of Longqing reign of Ming Dynasty (1571 AD). The monks once stipulated that only five turtles were allowed to be released under the bridge, and no nets were allowed. Fishing, hence the name Release Bridge
Bridge of Sighs
This closed bridge connects the court in the Governor's Palace and the stone gate of the prison across the river. It is the only place in front of the prison where you can see the blue sky and blue sea. Therefore, when the criminals are escorted from the court to this place and see the outside world through the small window, they can't help but sigh. This is the name of this bridge. origin.
Broken Bridge
In the sunrise, the snow on the Broken Bridge melts toward the sun, revealing a trace of brown bridge deck, as if the long white chain has been interrupted here, so it is called Broken Bridge. .