1. Pay attention to the overall idea of the work, the thread running through it, the connection and arrangement of all parts.
(1) Division of paragraph level
Classification criteria: the author's thoughts and feelings change, time sequence, place change, content change, total score structure, etc.
Application skills: language symbols (related words: first ... second; On the one hand ... on the other hand; Not only ... but also); Similar structure; Landscape writing and lyrical discussion; You can start a paragraph with punctuation marks such as semicolons and periods.
(2) Paragraph relationship: total score, progressive relationship and turning relationship.
(3) Selection and arrangement of materials: A, around the center B, with appropriate details.
The basis of detail writing is that it plays an important role in ideology, with profound connotation and vivid plot; Skimming materials complement and set off the theme. C. Organization mode: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
(4) Clues: Throughout the whole text, the sequence connecting people and things is called clues.
A. mode: single line and double line (primary and secondary, bright and dark)
B, content: the passage of time, the transformation of place and space, the whereabouts of characters, and the changes of emotions (narrative prose); Something (lyric prose)
C. function: organizational materials, overall structure, and emotional context.
(5) Sequence A, described in chronological order: clearly described in time or spatial order; B, flashback: causing suspense and fascinating; C. Interpolation: make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial; D. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above contents and explanation of the following parts; E, straightforward narration: (refers to the narration of two or more things that happen at the same time) to make the clues clear and handle them properly.
(6) Beginning: responsible for the whole article and leading the following; Render the atmosphere and lay the tone; Set suspense and pave the way.
(7) Transition: connecting the preceding with the following, transforming nature; Connect events and transform scenes; Closely connected, coherent from top to bottom; Rigorous structure, seamless.
(8) Ending: echoing the previous article, stating opinions and deepening the theme; Intriguing, lingering and unforgettable. (9) Before and after care: contact the context, highlight the center, and render the atmosphere.
(10) Set suspense (foreshadowing): Set suspense skillfully to make the article ups and downs, lead to the following, highlight the theme, move the plot and attract readers.
(1 1) suppression (suppression first, then promotion): make the article avoid straightforwardness, fluctuation and vacillation.
2. Overview of the theme of the work:
We should proceed from the reality of the work and pay attention to the atmosphere of the times, social environment and the author's thoughts and feelings. (That is, through the description of …, works create the atmosphere of …, praise or expose the spirit or reality of …, express the feelings of …, and convey a new social ideal or value concept of …).
(1) Summary question type: Summarize the paragraph content, summarize the level content and summarize the theme of the work. (2) Summary form: basically copy the original sentence; Transform the original sentence and reorganize important words and phrases; According to the main idea, summarize it in your own words. (3) Grasp the key sentences: a, from the content point of view, grasp the sentences that can reveal the meaning and theme of the question, and grasp the sentences that can summarize the meaning of each paragraph; B, from the structural point of view, pay attention to the sentences behind or before, the sentences that echo before and after, the sentences that connect the preceding with the following, the sentences with important demonstrative pronouns, the sentences at the beginning and end of the whole text or paragraph, and the independent sentences;
C, from the perspective of expression, pay attention to direct or indirect lyric sentences, pay attention to sentences that make comments, and philosophical sentences with rich meanings; D, from the rhetorical point of view, pay attention to those sentences that use metaphor, rhetorical questions, continuous questions, parallelism, symbols and other means, as well as sentences with more implicit meanings. E, in a sense, pay attention to contradictory sentences, confusing sentences, abstruse sentences, obscure sentences and implied sentences (puns).
(4) Combined with stylistic features: 1, lyric prose: what scenery to write, what feelings to express or what philosophy to elaborate; 2. Narrative prose: what characters or events are described and what spirit or personality is shown; 3. Argumentation: What arguments are used to prove what views.
(5) Prose is rich and complex, similar to poetry.
There are feelings of yearning, love and blessing for hometown, retrospect and reflection on poor life in the past, praise for great changes now and expectation for a happy life in the future, nostalgia for beautiful human feelings and customs, confidence, will and tenacity to overcome suffering, affirmation, pursuit and publicity of the value of self-life, praise of natural forces, inheritance and promotion of excellent traditions of ancestors and national culture, and persistent dedication to obscurity. There are also criticisms of some ugly and vulgar social (cultural) phenomena, the abandonment of backward and outdated concepts, the criticism of wrong values, and the condemnation of destroying nature and killing creatures.
Secondly, it analyzes the basic characteristics and main expression techniques of the genre of the work.
1, the characteristics of prose
(1) blending of situations. Analysis of the artistic conception of prose: first, what thoughts and feelings are gestated in the author's heart; Secondly, what kind of life pictures did the author choose to express his thoughts and feelings; The third is the natural and ingenious degree of the combination of the two.
(2) the dispersion of form and the concentration of spirit (freedom of material selection and expression and concentration of theme)
2. Expression: (1) Description: order, clues, details, quotations, etc.
2. Description
Content: environmental description (scenery and scenes, nature and society); Character description (appearance, language, movements, psychology, manners)
Techniques: frontal description and side description, general description and detail description, total writing and separate writing, point and surface, motion and static, virtual and real, angle change (vision, hearing, smell, touch and taste), distance relationship, time passing and light and shade change, color change, line drawing and meticulous writing, and the selection of onomatopoeic words for verbs and adjectives.
(3) Discussion: Let's talk about it, cut to the chase, show our ambition, see the big picture from the small, and make the finishing point.
(4) Lyricism: direct lyricism, lyricism through scenery, blending of scenes, binding of feelings and scenery, and lyricism through support.
(5) Description: a brief description.
Third, understand the rich meaning of important sentences and taste the expressive force of wonderful sentences.
1. Features of Prose Language
(1) concise, beautiful and emotional language; (2) accurate image, especially vivid language;
(3) Unique language style (spoken language, buzzwords, humor, satire, hints, twists and turns, euphemism, etc. )
2. Characteristic rhetoric
The effect of metaphor, analogy, exaggeration and synaesthesia is vivid image; The effects of duality, repetition, parallelism and inversion are prominent; Questions, rhetorical questions, exclamations and other effects are all aimed at enhancing tone.
3. The rich meaning of important sentences is ideological;
Grasp the superficial meaning of a sentence (it can explain time, season, place, things, characteristics, etc. ) and deep meaning (can convey the times, atmosphere, status, role, influence, emotion, etc. ).
4. The expressive force of wonderful sentences focuses on artistry. The analysis of sentence function should start from the aspects of structure, content, theme, thoughts and feelings.
Fourth, appreciate the image of the work and appreciate the connotation of the work.
1. Grasp the characters in the works.
On the basis of grasping the main idea of the full text, combined with the description of characters' portraits, language, movements and psychology in the works, pay attention to those argumentative and lyrical sentences, borrow some decorative words, and answer according to the general idea of "characters+external characteristics+spiritual essence (personality characteristics, main emotions, psychology, especially ambivalence)+identity+historical and social attributes reflected".
The images in the works are mainly wanderers homesick, old people nostalgic, building the motherland, caring for others, striving for progress, facing up to suffering and criticizing reality.
2. Pay attention to the thoughts and feelings contained in the works, especially the meanings expressed by metaphors and symbols (that is, surface meaning and deep meaning).
Five, understand the artistic charm of the work
It is required to embody the unity of ideology and artistry (that is, the works use the artistic technique of …, vividly depict the characteristics of …, create the atmosphere of …, and vividly convey the feelings of …).
1. person
(1) First person: The narration is kind and natural, and it can freely express thoughts and feelings, which is convenient for directly expressing one's feelings, and it is intimate and realistic when reading;
(2) The second person said: it is convenient for emotional communication, lyrical and flexible, cordial and natural; If it is something, it also has anthropomorphic effect.
(3) The third person: It can directly show colorful life, is not limited by time and space, and can describe it flexibly and freely from more aspects.
2. Rhetoric:
(1) Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete, and lengthy into concise.
(2) Metaphor: vivid feelings, vivid images and rich ideograms.
(3) exaggeration: highlighting the essence and characteristics of things, giving people inspiration; Express the author's emotional attitude towards things and enhance the appeal and vividness of language; Create an atmosphere that evokes people's association.
(4) parallelism: the sentence pattern is neat and the rhythm is symmetrical; The content is concentrated and the language is strong; Piecewise analysis, thorough reasoning, lyrical.
(5) Duality: neat and symmetrical, with distinct rhythm; The timbre is sonorous and full of musical beauty; Ideographic writing is concise and concentrated, with strong generalization ability; Easy to remember, easy to recite.
(6) Metonymy: evocative, vivid, distinctive, concrete and vivid.
(7) Repetition: emphasizing thoughts and feelings; Clear organization and strong sense of rhythm.
3. Expression skills:
(1) Symbol: Use the characteristics of scenery or hidden content to symbolize people's conduct and moral integrity. It is very infectious to concretize abstract things, popularize profound truth and stimulate association; Make the expression of the article implicit and profound.
(2) Analogy: shallow meaning is deep, near meaning is far, vivid and easy to understand.
(3) intonation: highlight key points, emphasize semantics and express emotions; The style of writing is ups and downs, twists and turns are implicit and fascinating.
(4) Contrast: distinctive features, prominent contradictions and strong contrast.
(5) contrast: highlight the characteristics of things, strengthen thoughts and feelings, and have a clear image and clear priorities.
(6) Rendering: creating a colorful atmosphere; Scenes come together to deepen the theme.
(7) foreshadowing: provide hints for the following plot.
(8) Irony and irony: strengthen attitude and emotion.
(9) Citation: The purpose of quoting legends or myths is to enhance the legendary color of the article, the secrecy of the scenery and enrich the content of the article; Quoting poems not only enriches the content of the article, but also combines the scenery described, which can enhance the poetry of the article and make it have artistic conception. Quoting famous words makes the article more convincing.
4. Description function: overall function: to reproduce natural scenery, describe the appearance and inner world of characters, and explain the natural and social environment of characters' activities.
(1) Portrait and action description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters;
(2) Character dialogue description: portraying characters, reflecting their psychological activities and promoting the development of stories.
(3) Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters.
(4) Description of environmental scenes: Explain the background of people's activities, specify the time and place of events, render the atmosphere, and better represent people.
Sixth, evaluate the value judgment and aesthetic orientation of the works.
It is required to evaluate the connotation of truth and falsehood, beauty and ugliness, good and evil in the works.
1. Value judgment: the value of life, the spirit of the times, humanistic feelings, moral sentiments, etc. (especially political hot words such as harmonious society, sustainable development, national culture, reform and opening up, and humanistic care. )
2. Aesthetic orientation: pursuing truth, goodness and beauty, and abandoning falsehood, ugliness and ugliness; Praise and praise light and justice, lash and refute darkness and evil; Pity the weak and hate relying on the strong.
3. Artistic beauty: beauty of language, image, theme, interest and artistic conception.
Seven, explore the rich connotation of the works from different angles and levels.
1. Ideological content: history, philosophy, aesthetics, national psychology, humanistic spirit.
2. Artistic expression: (referring to poetry appreciation)
Eight, explore the national psychology and humanistic spirit contained in the works.
Combined with the works, it starts with the characters, background of the times, environmental atmosphere, detailed description and language expression.
Nine, personalized reading and creative interpretation of works
It is required to think independently and put forward your own views according to your own perception and experience of the text.
To sum up the above aspects, we can start with ideological content, artistic expression and other aspects, and we must have a basis for opinions and use appreciation terms.