So, how to cultivate students' ability to appreciate ancient poems?
First of all, we should be good at guiding students to master basic appreciation methods. As the saying goes, it is better to teach people to fish than to teach them to fish. In Chinese teaching, I mainly start from the following five aspects:
First, taste expressive "poetic eyes" or "lettering eyes". For example, Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream" "It rained suddenly and the wind suddenly last night, so you don't need residual wine for a deep sleep. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " The whole word "poetic eye" is "green, fat, red and thin", which is very expressive. Its expressive force is embodied in its vividness and appropriateness. For example, writing leaves with the word "fat" not only means more and more, but also can be associated with moist and bright shapes, which is very accurate and concise; This is also reflected in emotional notes. For example, using the word "thin" to write flowers is not only small, but also can feel pity, and use the whole word to express sentimental emotions.
Another example is Jia Dao's "Li Ning lives in seclusion", which says, "There are few neighbors, and the grass path enters an empty garden. /The bird stopped in the tree by the pool and the monk knocked at the door. /color separation across the bridge, moving stones and moving cloud roots. /I will come back here temporarily, and I will live up to my words during the quiet period. " The word "you" in the title is "eye", which is the key to understanding the whole poem. Every couplet in the poem is closely linked with the word "seclusion". The first couplet is about the "seclusion" of residence: living in a corner, no one, quiet grass path and sparse empty garden. Parallel prose and neck couplets describe the "quietness" of the environment: parallel prose is lined with sounds, birds are singing in the trees by the pool, and the old monk gently knocks on the door in the bright moonlight, all of which show the quietness of the environment; Necklace writing from night to day, or from the perspective of the environment, but the vision is much broader, across the bridge, around the boulder, along the way, everywhere quiet, full of wild interest, the poet's inner joy arises spontaneously. Couplets reveal the poet's longing for seclusion.
It can be seen that the key to reading poetry lies in grasping "poetic eyes" and "inscribing eyes".
Second, analyze the ideological content of poetry. To correctly understand the ideological content of ancient poetry, the most fundamental thing is to learn to know people and comment on the world. As Mr. Lu Xun said, "To write a paper, it is best to take the whole article, the author and their social state into account, which is more conclusive." For example, Li Qingzhao's Dream should be related to the background at that time: Li Qingzhao and Zhao Mingcheng were deeply in love, but "Yi Anshu couldn't bear to leave after a long time of not getting married" (Liu Yisheng's Song Ci), so we can understand the sentimental feelings of this word by asking questions and answering questions, and love flowers and cherish spring. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate ancient poetry, learn to know people and discuss the world, and grasp the tone and theme of poetry as a whole.
Third, explore the wonderful use of standard sentences. Ancient poems often quote allusions and turn them into poems, which are related to rich connotations. To appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the source and significance of allusions and poems, and explore the wonderful use of allusions and poems in ancient poetry. For example, in Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow", "After ten miles in the spring breeze, the wheat is green". In other words, Du Mu's poem "Spring Breeze Yangzhou Road Shili" was used. Its application here makes the former prosperity of Yangzhou city in sharp contrast with the present depression, which hurts the memory of the past. Exploring the wonderful use of standardized sentences is the basis of accurately understanding ancient poetry.
Fourth, experience the expressive effect of rhetorical devices. In ancient poetry, for the needs of image and lyricism, various artistic techniques are often used to express it, among which the most important ones are metaphor, arousal, personification, exaggeration, duality, repetition and foil. If we grasp the expressive effect of these techniques, we can better understand the image of poetry and the author's feelings. How about "Singing Willow"? "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of strands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The author abandons the simple and intuitive description method, breaks the traditional thinking of praising things and expressing ambitions, and creates a novel image with unique romantic color for us with strange imagination and clever metaphor. The first sentence uses "Jasper" (referring to a beautiful girl named Jasper in Yuefu's "Jasper Song") as a metaphor, which makes the poem attractive with a brand-new image at the beginning. In the second sentence, willow twigs droop, just like a green ribbon on a girl's body, and wicker is depicted with ribbons, which highlights the characteristics of tenderness and fluttering, vividly portrays the image of spring willow as silk, and gives people a vibrant aesthetic feeling. Ask and answer the last two sentences, and praise Chunliu again with clever metaphors. A "thin" and a "cut" depict the slender, soft, fresh and lovely leaves of the new willow in detail, revealing the author's surprise and admiration. "The spring breeze in February is like scissors". Comparing the spring breeze to the scissors in Jasper's clever hand, it turns the virtual into the real and has a strange imagination. He compared the willow tree to a graceful girl, painted a vibrant spring scene, and showed his praise for the vitality of spring. Therefore, to appreciate ancient poetry, we must understand the rhetorical devices and the specific images it refers to in order to correctly understand and grasp the profound connotation of poetry.
Fifth, understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm of the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest state of appreciation, which can make the appreciator enjoy beauty, cultivate emotion and purify the soul, thus actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. Understanding artistic conception should pay attention to comparison, innovation and association. For example, Lu You's "Buzuwang" and Fan Chengda's "first frost Small Horn Plum" are all based on imaginary writing, taking plum as a metaphor to express people's feelings, but their artistic conception is different. From the environmental point of view, Lu Ci chose the stormy dusk, which highlighted the bitterness of the environment and laid the "lonely" image of plum blossom. The mode words choose a moonlit environment after snow for plum blossom, which sets off the lonely image of plum blossom. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, Lu Ci, after writing the lonely image of plum blossom, deepened the subjective spirit of plum blossom, which was not invited to spoil, flattering, bearing the wind and rain alone and bearing the fox's sorrow alone with two meanings of "loneliness" and "as always". "If you don't want to fight for spring, everyone is jealous." According to the characteristics of plum blossom, the author gave birth to the spiritual realm of plum blossom. She doesn't pursue the opening in spring, in order not to compete with flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers, giving plum a noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "As always" further praised the noble and strong character of Meihua, and always kept moral integrity. "Dispersed", "turned into mud" and "ground into dust" gradually assumed the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and fell out of the preciousness of "only fragrance remains". The author uses Yongmei to express his ambition, and the individuality of flower products is integrated. Plum blossoms in typical ci do not have the multi-level features of plum blossoms in Lu ci. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossom with "winning without arrogance, losing with grace": the beauty is extreme, and the sadness is extreme, and the image of the person leaning on the painting floor is in harmony with plum blossom, rendering melancholy. The image of plum blossom is both sad and touching. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is full of depth.
Appreciation of ancient poetry is a creative and complicated spiritual activity. "Not only writers are creating, but readers are also creating. They are creative partners, and readers are often more like poets than poets. " (Ibsen) Therefore, a true understanding must be based on a thorough understanding of ancient poetry. Such as: Wang Zhihuan's "Heron House", the mountains cover the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you climb a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. "The average person's understanding of this poem only stays on the successful description of the magnificent scenery of nature, and of course it is far from appreciation. Some readers can further see that this poem is not limited to the description of magnificent scenery, but injected with the poet's high-spirited passion. However, this is still not the "poetic ignorance" and significance of this poem. Readers with strong appreciation ability can see the sublimation of this poem from sensibility to rationality through magnificent pictures and open artistic conception, and understand the intriguing philosophy contained in this poem: only by climbing high can you see far, success lies in pursuit, and career is endless. It can be seen that without a thorough understanding of the work, there can be no real appreciation. " Experienced people read books with two eyes, one eye sees the words on the paper, and the other eye sees the back of the paper. Goethe's famous saying tells the true meaning of appreciation of ancient poetry.
Secondly, to cultivate students' appreciation of ancient poetry, we should strive to achieve "three more":
First, read more books. Liu Xie put it well: "Look at the 1000-sword recognizer and practice 1000 songs before making a sound." A person who doesn't read ancient poems much won't appreciate them. Appreciating ancient poetry requires a wide range of knowledge, such as language knowledge, ancient poetry skills knowledge, writers' works knowledge and necessary social science knowledge. These can only be obtained through extensive reading. The ancients also said that "you can never get tired of reading good poems" and "you can recite 300 Tang poems by heart even if you can't recite them", all of which emphasized the importance of reading more.
Of course, it is not enough to cultivate and improve the ability to appreciate ancient poetry simply by saying "read more books" in general, because "the ability to appreciate can only be cultivated by reading the best works instead of the middle ones" (Goethe talks). Chernyshevski once said: "Any good book will arouse readers' yearning for truth, goodness and beauty, which is the * * * nature of all good books. "It can be seen that reading more good works, cultivating imagination and cultivating sentiment through emotional intervention, is of great benefit to improving appreciation ability.
Second, look more. It is necessary to guide students to read more articles appreciated by famous artists or recommend excellent articles to students. It can be said that the articles appreciated by famous artists are typical, and many things are examples for students to learn. As long as students are guided to look at it with an analytical and sublating eye, it will be of great help to improve their ability to appreciate ancient poetry.
Third, practice more. Tang Biao in the Qing Dynasty once said: "Reading without comment means that you can occasionally get a glimpse of it and be at a loss in the future, so you can't comment." Therefore, every time you read ancient poems, if you insist on writing some eyebrow pencil, fragments and general comments, it will be of great benefit to train students' thinking and improve their appreciation ability.
Please also note:
Understand the characteristics of ancient poetry
Ancient poetry has many characteristics. Understanding these characteristics can help us understand and appreciate them. For example, in grammar, inversion is a common phenomenon. In Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, "the sound of bamboo calls for the female to return, and the lotus leaves are harvested before the fishing boat" is an inverted sentence of "the female returns, the bamboo sounds, the fishing boat falls, and the lotus flowers move". Its purpose is that the former sentence makes people hear its voice first, then see its people, and the latter sentence makes people look forward and look back, then see its things. After the first fruit, the combination of implicit and explicit is very vivid and beautiful.
In terms of meter, modern poetry requires antithesis (duality) between couplets and necklaces. Take Wang Wei's Autumn Night in a Mountain as an example. Its couplet is "moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream", adjectives are adjectives, nouns are nouns, verbs are verbs, the deviated structure is correct, the orientation structure is opposite to the orientation structure, and the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure. The upper and lower parts of speech are the same, and the structure is the same, which is very neat.
Understanding the lyric methods of ancient poetry
Most ancient poems are lyric poems. Lyricism can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric. The lyric way of ancient poetry is mainly indirect lyric, that is, expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings by means of "borrowing scenery to express feelings" and "supporting things to express feelings", with the blending of scenes as the highest realm.
For example, Su Shi's Nian Nujiao Nostalgia on Chibi, in the first part, describes the picturesque scenery of the ancient battlefield in Chibi, and in the second part, people are attracted by the scenery and think of Zhou Yu, a promising young Confucian general who has made contributions here. Zhou Yu thinks of his own relegation, thus expressing the infinite feelings that the poet's ideal cannot be realized. Therefore, when we appreciate ancient poetry, we must make it clear: 1, what is this poem about-who (including the author who is the lyric hero)? Where is it? What time? What are the "things" and "scenery" you wrote? What "ambition" and "affection" did you express? 2. How to write-how to write these "things" and "scenes"? 3. Why do you want to write like this-what is the role of writing these "things" and "scenes" in expressing this "feeling" and "ambition"?
Learn to write appreciation articles.
Writing an appreciation article is to express our appreciation of ancient poetry in words. This kind of question, which tests both reading and writing, is very popular with proposers When writing an appreciation article, the first problem we encounter is where to start. It depends on the direction of the test questions. If the test questions have clear requirements, write according to their requirements. For example, this year's Chinese examination paper for the Shanghai College Entrance Examination requires an appreciation of the whole poem "Wild gulls are full of smoke and weeds" in Du Yao's poem "Red Cliff" in the Ming Dynasty. The proposer reminds candidates to appreciate according to the relationship between "emotion and scenery" and cut in accordingly. If there is no clear requirement for the entry point in the test questions, then the candidates should choose an angle that they feel confident on the basis of understanding the whole poem. Generally speaking, candidates can consider the ideological content, expressive skills and language style of poetry. On the one hand, you can choose a cut-in "point" in combination with specific works. Such as "sadness" and "joy" in ideological content, "explicit" and "implicit" in expression skills, "feminine" and "masculine" in language style, and so on. The angle should be small, not big. It is best to grasp a prominent point of the work and dig deep, so as to be detailed and thorough.