In front of this column, I talked about "practicing calligraphy" and once quoted the story of Miracle, a poet and monk, as a "word teacher". It is said that he took his poem "Morning Plum" to see the poet Zheng Gu, and one of them said, "A few branches opened in Qiancun, Zita Law last night." Gu Xiao said, "It's better not to count as one." Many similar legends circulated in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties are not necessarily reliable, but they reflect the atmosphere of poetry engraving at that time. The word "one" in this poem "Early Plum" is really well used and deeply rooted in the amorous feelings of early plum in the snow. From the writing point of view, this can also be said to be a close observation and physical realism: the "early" of early plum blossoms must be opened first. In Chinese rhetoric, the number "one" often plays an important role. Especially in poetry, it has become a means of expression of poetry and has special charm.
People are familiar with a sentence in Li Houzhu's Young Beauty: "How much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward." "One River" originally meant to be a river, but here it is described as "spring water", which depicts the vast and turbulent momentum of the river and symbolizes a strong and unstoppable catharsis. From the perspective of melody, we can also write Dajiang and Manjiang, and Yijiang contains richer and more memorable images.
Lu You's poem "Early Spring Rain in Lin 'an": "The small building listens to the spring rain all night, and the deep alley sells apricot flowers. The original meaning of "one night" is "all night", and it is used here to convey the peaceful and pleasant voice of poets who listen to "spring rain" all night.
Liu Yuxi's epic "Old Times of Xipao Taishan" expresses another scene with the word "one", describing the crusade against Wu Dong in the Western Jin Dynasty: "Chihiro iron lock sank to the bottom of the river, and a stone fell." Wang Zhuo's warships went down the Yangtze River. At that time, Wu Dong pulled up an iron lock on the Hengjiang River to try to stop it, but it was burned down. The weak Wu Dong army fluttered in the wind, and a flag was raised in Stone Town. This "chess piece" is not "one side", but many sides and large areas, which vividly shows the tragic situation that Wu Dong's army has no fighting spirit and is defeated like a mountain.
The "one" in the above three situations all indicates the extended image. "One" means "all", "big", "many" and so on. Used in context, it not only expresses a single "whole" or "big", but also gives people ample imagination and creates a vivid artistic conception.
In Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, the famous sentence "Tears fall on her white face, like spring rain on pear flowers" describes Yang Guifei on earth. I don't talk about the metaphor of flowers, but only "a pear flower", which is similar to "a flower" written by Miracle Zaomei. "One" pear, graceful, noble and lonely; Pears moistened by spring rain and condensed by rain and dew are warm and beautiful. This "one" pear flower is compared to the fairy Yang Guifei, giving people endless reverie.
Compared with the first three situations, the word "one" expresses a dense image, namely "single", "small" and "little", and so on. However, they give people an impression that they are not dull and monotonous, but also express a meaningful image.
Poets often combine the word "one" with other numbers, which will have a strong artistic effect. For example, Du Mu's "A Thousand Rain Curtains in Late Autumn and a Flute Wind on the Sunset Balcony" has already been introduced. Give a few more examples. Look at Li Bai's "Seeing the Rhododendron in Xuancheng" first, and then look at Du Muji's poem entitled "Zigui":
There is the fragrance of Zigui birds in Shu and azaleas in Xuancheng. One is called, one is ileum, one is broken, and March is three memories.
This is a poem that misses home. Zigui, the name of the bird, also known as Du Fu, is said to have been transformed by the soul of Du Yu, the king of ancient Shu. In late spring and early summer, it crows day and night and its voice is sad. Seeing azaleas in Xuancheng reminds me of the legendary rules and regulations, which brings back memories of my hometown. The combination of three numbers "one" and "three" creates a superimposed impression. And Zhang Hu's "Gong Ci":
Thousands of miles away from home, twelve years in the palace. He Manzi, watch how hard she tries to hold back her tears.
Zhang Hu, a poet in the mid-Tang Dynasty, said in his Biography of the Tang Dynasty that he was "fond of noble people and named Chu Shi" and had never been an official. He also said, "I am passionate about IELTS, and everyone who knows me knew Yingjie at that time." Bai Juyi, Du Mu and others have made good friends. His life mostly depends on hearsay, and there are different opinions. Please refer to the relevant entries written by Wu Zaiqing in the biography of Tang Cai edited by Fu Xuancong. This is an ancient five-character poem, a common theme of palace resentment. Old country, hometown, has been locked up in the deep palace for twelve years, and there is no chance to see the light of day again. Man Zi River is a popular music, which is said to be composed by a man named Herman. There are rumors about him and his songs, some from the Kaiyuan period and some from the Tianbao period. Some people say that he wrote this song because of his sin, and some people say that he was pardoned when he entered this song. In a word, this is a sad and touching song. According to "Yang Qiuyun", this piece of music is a "four words and eight overlapping songs" and an overlapping Long song. However, Zhang Hu's poem "He Manzi" only makes people burst into tears, showing the sadness of the singer's tone. Du Mu was full of praise for Zhang Hu's poems, saying that "everyone is like Zhang Gongzi, and a thousand poems are lighter than Wan Huhou" and "his family is thousands of miles away, and his words are sung in vain." In front of the couplet, I wrote seven sentences, "Go to Jiu Feng Building in Chizhou to send Zhang Hu". After a "seven method joint reward Zhang Hu Chu Shi see send", refers to this song "Gong Ci". In the whole Tang poetry, Zhang Hu's name is "Meng Cairen sighed in parallel", which means that Tang Wuzong was ill and moved to the temporary hall. Meng Cairen, a favorite singer, said he wanted to be a martyr and died singing "Man Jiang Hong", just at this time. The story is widely spread all over the world, and Gong is mostly sighing. There is a four-line poem that says, "Occasionally, because of his singing style, he sings too much. However, it is a "river full of children", and old people must hang it in the spring of next year. " Legend has it that Kang Pian's Drama Talk was published in the late Tang Dynasty. Perhaps this is a legend based on Zhang Hu's poems, and The Four Wonders is a draft.
Examples with strong "ideological content", such as Lu You's "Sleeping in the Water Village", express the ambition of resisting gold and serving the country. There is a saying: "I wholeheartedly serve the country and die, and my sideburns will never turn green." "One heart" versus "two temples", the former sentence expresses the determination to serve the country and is not afraid of sacrifice, and the latter sentence writes that he has described aging and courage.
Another example is Su Shi's poem "West Tang Yin";
When the white water is full, under the double herons, cicadas sing and green locusts are high. Wake up three days after drinking and lie down to see ten acres of shade in the southwest of Hexi.
The numbers used in this poem are similar to the "two orioles" in Du Fu's quatrains, both of which are "real numbers". Describe the scenery of the summer resort vividly and vividly, and express your feelings of leisure and self-satisfaction.
Is also a lyric, write love, Bird KeJiu (about1270-about 1350) "Tianjingsha Chun Qing":
A sweet word, three transgressions and two exhortations, ten thousand robberies and thousands of vows, willow rot and flower disease, where is the spring breeze?
Ke Jiu, whose name is No.1 Mountain, is a famous composer of Yuan Zaju. He and George are called "double gems" and Zhang are called "two chess pieces". His poem, the first three sentences, eight words and three numbers, is vivid in the tone of his young child's confession, taking care of the sentimental youth and sincere desire for love below. These figures help this embarrassing poem to create the artistic effect of language.
Figures constitute rhetoric
Looking back, we can see the poems of "Twenty-four Bridges on a Moonlight Night" and "Seventy-five pavilions in my hometown" written by Du Mu in Yang Shen's "Dan Qian Yu Lu".
This column once described "rhetoric" as "poetic language". A noteworthy phenomenon in Chinese is that some words are numbered. From ancient times to the present, it has accumulated a lot, and it is still being created and widely used, such as "five stresses and four beauties" The formation and application of this kind of rhetoric, as well as the way of thinking, are digressions. In poetry, some are endowed with certain symbolic meanings and become vivid and expressive poems, such as "Twenty-four Bridges" and "Seventy-five Long Pavilions" in Du Mu's two poems above. The previous sentence is "Sue Yangzhou magistrate Han Chuo":
Castle peak is vaguely green water thousands of miles away, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn. Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?
The image of this poem is extremely beautiful and has fantastic artistic effect. Yangzhou was an envoy of Huainan, and in the seventh year of Daiwa (833), Du Mu served as a curtain officer here and lived here for two years. Han Chu is his colleague. Xu Youning ("Recalling Yangzhou"), who was roughly contemporary with Du Mu, said in a poem: "There is a moonlit night on earth, and the rogue is Yangzhou." The moonlight in Yangzhou was famous for its beautiful scenery at that time. Du Mu moved from Yangzhou to Luoyang, the eastern capital, writing poems to send friends and missing the scenery and romantic feelings in the south of the Yangtze River. Imagine friends playing the flute with beautiful women under the bridge of Slender West Lake in Yangzhou. Twenty-eight short words describe a small moonlight in the south of the Yangtze River, which includes admiration and ridicule for friends and nostalgia for friendship.
Whether the "Twenty-four Bridges" here are called "Twenty-four Bridges" or "Twenty-four Bridges" has always been controversial. One view is that the 24th Bridge is also called Wu Jia Brick Bridge, or Yaohong Bridge, and it is pointed out that JaeHee is behind Chuntai. Now the "Twenty-four Bridges" scenic spot has been restored on Slender West Lake. Another way of saying it is that there are twenty-four bridges, one by one. However, in Du Mu's poems, the "Twenty-four Bridges" became a symbol of Yangzhou's beautiful scenery and romantic customs, regardless of the specific bridges or the number of bridges. Later, many poets used it as an allusion in their works. For example, Wei Zhuang has seven methods of "crossing Yangzhou":
At that time, people didn't know how to fight and sang everywhere. It is always spring in the flower hair cave, and there is wind in the bright moon clothes. After Chu Huaiwang left, there were no chickens and dogs, and Emperor Yang came back for burial. Twenty-four bridges are empty, and Qingyang destroys Guanhe River.
Wei Zhuang (836? —9 10), from the late Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao besieged Yangzhou in the first year of Guangming (880), and the city declined from then on. Wei Zhuang once moved south to Yangzhou and wrote poems to mourn. He used "Twenty-four Bridges" as an allusion. This is a symbol of crowing and dancing, but now it is "empty", writing about the ruins of the bustling capital.
Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi both had the experience of knowing Yangzhou and then Yingzhou (now Yingzhou District, Fuyang City, Anhui Province), which is quite interesting coincidence. They all wrote poems to express their feelings about it, and they all used the allusions of "Twenty-four Bridges". Ouyang Xiu's poem "Wandering in the West Lake" said:
The songs painted by Qing Xiang remind you of Yangzhou. Twenty-four bridge months, in exchange for ten hectares of autumn in the West Lake.
Su Shi's poem "Stone and Zhao ruled the West Lake in Yingzhou, but failed to change Yangzhou to March 16th" said:
Too many mountains and autumn rains are endless, and the details are out of phase. I don't know who is a man or a woman. ..... There are also twenty-four bridges, in the ten hectares of glass wind. ……
Both poems refer to the richness and prosperity of Yangzhou with "Twenty-four Bridges", and compared with the scenery of Yingzhou West Lake, they both express the unrestrained and open-minded state of mind.
Using the "Twenty-four Bridges" to express the sense of confusion is even more wonderful in the Southern Song Dynasty's "Yangzhou Slow", which has a small preface:
Xichun Shen Bing arrived in Japan. I passed Weiyang and it snowed at night. I'm looking forward to it. Entering the city, you will look around for depression, cold water is green, dusk is rising, and corners are sad. I feel sad from it and feel sorry for past lives, because I am watching this song. The old man in Yan Qian thought it was sad for him to leave.
Huaizuomingdu, Zhuxi is a good place, with a loose saddle and a short initial journey. Ten miles after the spring breeze, the wheat is green. Since Huma went to see the river, he abandoned the trees by the pool and still hated talking about soldiers. It's getting late and everything is empty. Du Lang Jun's reward, even now, is too heavy to be surprising. Vertically speaking, although the dream of a brothel is good, it is difficult to be affectionate. The 24th Bridge is still there, and Leng Yue is silent. After reading the red medicine by the bridge, you will know who you should live for every year.
The "Twenty-four Bridges" in this poem is the crowning touch of the theme. "Xichun" is the year number of Song Xiaozong, and "Three Years" is 1 176. The word "Tiger and Horse Peeking at the River" refers to the three years of Song Gaozong's suggestion (1 129) and the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), when the nomads went south twice, Yangzhou was burned by soldiers, and the prosperous Yangzhou city restored since the Northern Song Dynasty was seriously damaged. The poet traveled to Yangzhou after the war and, like Wei Zhuang, wrote poems to express his grief. In the preface, "Old Man Yan Qian" is the name of the famous poet Xiao Dezao, and Jiang Kui is his nephew. Jiang Kui's poems skillfully contain the images and words of Du Mu's poems, and express the sadness that a generation of prosperous cities were burned by the chaos of war and chaos. "Huai is a famous city, and Zhuxi is a beautiful place", using Du Mu's "Yangzhou Temple Title": "Who knows Zhuxi Road, the song is Yangzhou." "After ten miles of spring breeze, the wheat will be green." With Du Mu's "Farewell": "A ten-mile spring breeze on Yangzhou Road is better than a rolling bead curtain." Du Mu's poems describe the scene of singing and dancing, and here is a "waste pool" and an "empty city" destroyed by the war. There is a bleak trumpet sound in the silence. The picture behind is the foil of Du Mu's experience. Du Mu also has a poem "Farewell", which says: "Hire more than thirteen people, and the cardamom will end in early February." And the poem "Farewell": "I feel the dream of Yangzhou for ten years and win the name of a brothel." They all describe the romantic life of romantic talents in Yangzhou, and the "heavy" "empty city" is even more desolate and lonely. Finally, it ends with the allusion of "Twenty-four Bridges" in Du Mu's poem "Report to Yangzhou Magistrate Hanchuo". As a symbol of Yangzhou's prosperous beauty in the past, the bridge remains the same, but things have changed, leaving only infinite sadness and disappointment.
Wen Tianxiang Kang Yuan, captured in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, was sent to Dadu (now Beijing) to compose poems and integrate the Post-recording Guide. Among them, "Looking at Yangzhou" poem says:
Ruan Ji was in Guangwu, and Du Fu played Taiwan Province. High sentiment and generosity, the predecessors and future generations mourn. Jiang's, copper camel's fly ash On the 24th Bridge Moon, the Chu prisoner came today.
Guangwushan, Xingyang, Henan Province, which fought against Liu Bang and Xiang Yu in those years, lamented: "Heroes are useless, and vertical sons become famous." The Book of the New Tang Dynasty records that Du Fu went to the capital of song dynasty with Gao Shi and Li Bai, and went to Taiwan Province to reminisce about the past. "Li" means bad luck. "Bronze camel" was originally a decoration in front of the palace, and "bronze camel fly ash" refers to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. Yangzhou is also referred to as "Twenty-four Bridges Moon" below. Wen Tianxiang went south during the Anti-Japanese War and passed Yangzhou. Now that he has been captured, he thinks about the past and the present, and he is in infinite pain.
Yang Shen and quote "seventy-five pavilions in my hometown", and the song "can change Zhaimanlu" cloud:
Du Fu's poem "Qi 'anlou" says: "The corner of the Jiang Lou whimpers, and the sun rises and the cold falls. You don't have to look back at the fence, seventy-five pavilions in your hometown. " On the cover is Li Taibai's poem "Huaiyin Shuhuai", "Shadun to Liangyuan, Seven (designated as' Two') Fifteen Pavilions".
Long Ting used to be a resting place for ancient travelers. According to legend, there was a pavilion on Shili Road in ancient times, so it was called "Shili Pavilion". Yu Xin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty said in "Mourning for the South of the Yangtze River" that "the roadside pavilion is ten miles and five miles". The word "short pavilion" here comes from the Poets Association.
Borrow "seventy-five pavilions" and use them, such as the poem titled "Tower of Qi 'an" by Mutu:
The corner of the rolling river rang, and the sun shone high and the cold fell. Don't look back on the railing, seventy-five pavilions in my hometown.
This is the work of Du Mu Huichang (84 1-846) when he went out to defend Huangzhou. He walked alone to the bottom of the river and went to his hometown. The road was infinitely long.
Tian Wen (1635— 1704) was a governor of Guizhou in the early Qing Dynasty, and he was also a poet, who wrote "Happy Collection of Ancient Tang Dynasty" and the poem "Triangle Shop".
Wen Fong Road has stopped fighting, so why did the army stay up all night? Tuwu Chai Men Triangle Shop, seventy-five pavilions are sad people.
This was written by him on the way to quell the Miao rebellion in Guizhou, and also lamented the remoteness of the Central Plains.
Hu Zai said in Tiaoxi Fishing in Conghua: "Lu Zhi's" Zhi Zhu Ci ":"Mo Yan is far away from death, and fifty-three hills are the imperial state. " Follow each other. Later, Wang Shizhen's Biography of Poems by Teachers and Friends said: "The poems of the Tang Dynasty are as wonderful as the seventy-five pavilions in my hometown and the four hundred and ninety bridges with red pillars. You can be a doctor, but don't look at each other. Clouds are divided into ghost books, and they should not be piled up. The owner drove away and he didn't feel it. " The bridge is "twenty-four", the pavilion is "seventy-five" and the column is "fifty-three", which is unreasonable. But these numbers are used in poetry, and with the help of the images written by poets, they all have associations and symbols and become allusions. Borrowing by later generations can add interest and become an effective artistic means.
These "poems" with numbers on them were created by poets. For example, this is a ready-made ceremony used by poets.
During the Warring States Period, Meng Changjun of Qi, Xinlingjun of Zhao, and later Lv Qin were fearless, and there were 3,000 "guests" recorded in history books. This "3000" is obviously an exaggerated estimate, which is used to indicate a large number of guests. Later, it became a fairly stable rhetorical device and was used in poetry in many senses.
Li Bai wrote in the poem "Goodbye to Wuling as soon as I see you": "Girder, your son, cover the sky with clouds. Who would believe Ling Jun if there were no 3,000 guests? " This is a compliment to the hospitality of the visitor, who is obviously a man of considerable status. There is also "Long History: Giving Sinus to the River": "How deep will it be? Let's sing a song and find it on the moon. There are 3 thousand guests in different beads, so don't talk about making friends wholeheartedly. " This means that I regard Dou Changshi as my soul mate, not a casual acquaintance of the powerful. Lu Wen's poem "Daozhou sends Dai Jian to Hezhou to pay tribute to Assistant Minister Yang";
The horse and the solitary bird are small, and three thousand guests are scattered, and they return to the south alone. The mountain master misses the past and knows me. Today, he was in tears because of you.
(772-8 1 1), a native of the middle Tang Dynasty, was good at writing poems and made friends with Wang, Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi. He is a political innovator. Wang and others carried out the "Yongzhen Innovation". He was going to Tibet, but he was not implicated after his failure. But in the third year of Yuanhe (808), he was exiled to Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province) as a secretariat because of his estrangement from Prime Minister Li Jifu. This poem is a farewell poem written by Dai to visit Yang Ping in Hezhou, Daozhou (now Hezhou, Guangxi). "Assistant Yang Lang" in the poem title refers to Yang Ping, Liu Zongyuan's father-in-law. Yuan He served as Jing for four years, and was illegally played by Cheng Zhujian in the Imperial History, and was demoted to Hezhou Wei. In the poem, it compares the Western Jin Dynasty to "Mountain Duke", to Yang Ping, to being the emperor and to being a great hero. He won the trust, and successively served as assistant minister, official minister, prince of Shaofu, left servant and other important positions, and was famous for selecting talents and appointing talents. "Three thousand guests scattered" means that Yang Ping demoted Hezhou, and Dai is one of them. Dai is probably from the south. He never forgot his old feelings and returned to the south. He visited yang yuling in Hezhou and passed Daozhou. Ruben saw him off. Use the word "three thousand customers" to express sympathy for Yang Ping's relegation and individual customers, as well as sympathy for Dai.
This poem uses "Three Thousand Guests", which is widely circulated, and there is also a work signed by Guan Xiu. The full text is:
Your strength is not free, and it is difficult to recover the twins. Three thousand guests are drunk, and fourteen States have a sword frost. The drum horn is exposed to the sky, the air is cool, and the wind and waves move mountains and mountains in autumn. Southeast will always be Optimus Prime, and Wan Huhou was envied in those days.
There is an interesting story about the writing of this poem. Guan Xiu (832-9 12) was a poet and monk in the late Tang and Five Dynasties. According to Wen Ying, a monk in the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded in the Record of Shan Ye, Hunan Province, this poem was dedicated to Qian Liu, who was sent to Zhenhai, Zhendong and separated from Jiangdong at the end of the Tang Dynasty. It is said that when Guan Xiu visited, "(Qian) loved his poems and sent a guest official to say,' Teach the monks to change fourteen to forty states, and then we can meet.' A casual introduction means that the official said,' the realm is difficult to add, and the poem will not change. But if you are alone in the clouds, why don't you fly evil? "So I drifted into Shu ..." However, according to historical research, Qian Liu was an envoy to Zhenhai and Zhendong in fourteen states in 896. At that time, Guan Xiu had left Jiangdong for Shu, so it was impossible to visit Qian Liu. According to "Biography of Song Monks", Guan Xiu "at the beginning, he paid tribute to King Wu Yue, leaving five chapters and eight sentences." . The Biography of Song Monks was compiled in the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo (982), which is not far from the activities of Guan Xiu, so the account should be based on this. The story of Guan Xiu's Poem Offering should be fabricated according to this record. But as far as poetry is concerned, it is really good. No matter how precise and strict the rules are, the idea subtly implies irony in praise. In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, this work had quite positive political significance. Among them, the last sentence of the couplet uses the code name of "three thousand guests", which is a metaphor for Qian Liu, such as Meng Changjun and other "four sons of the Warring States" in ancient times. People who love kindness are famous all over the world. The next sentence says that he is in charge of two towns by virtue of military merits, and governs fourteen states including Hangzhou, Jiangsu, Changzhou, Shengrun and Runrun. The first sentence is virtual, the second sentence is real, and virtual and real set each other off. This kind of eulogy to Qian Liu's scholar-lover, which greatly shakes the southeast, conforms to the practice of offering poems and is a kind of "false" praise. The meaning of "true" is at the end. Legend has it that Qian Liu asked him to change the "Fourteen States" to "Forty States", which revealed the ambition of bullying and territorial expansion, but Guan Xiu refused without fear of power. At the end of the poem, he advised him to contribute to the maintenance of the unity of the Tang Dynasty, and pointed out the theme of allegory. Qian Liu was first crowned King of Yue by the Tang Dynasty, and was crowned King by the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties. This is another story.
As mentioned above, numbers are boring. However, due to the strict metrical rules in China's poems and the distinctive features of monosyllabic and square characters in Chinese, poets use numbers to enter poems, and numbers have become a means to convey poetry, which is quite expressive. The artistic charm of numbers in poetry also embodies the powerful charm of Chinese and Chinese characters.
(Author: Nankai University College of Literature)