(Mid-19th century ~ World War I) After the 17th century, Western capitalist forces invaded on a large scale, and by the middle of the 19th century, India had completely become a British colony. A group of modern intellectuals grew rapidly, preparing conditions for the awakening of national consciousness and laying the social foundation for modern literature. Modern literature is written in many local languages, in addition to English literature. The most important among them are the Bengali language of East India, the Hindi language of North India, and the Urdu literature centered on Delhi and Lucknow.
Bangla was an advanced region in India's economic and cultural development at that time. Bengali new literature was the first to reflect nationalist ideology and promote the advancement of new literature in India as a whole. B.C. Chatterjee is one of the pioneers of modern Bengal literature. S.C. Chatterjee (1876～1938) is a very influential writer in the history of Bengali literature. R. Tagore is a writer who writes in both Bengali and English. He is the most outstanding representative of modern Indian literature. The emergence of new Hindi literature is closely related to the development of the national liberation movement, and its enlightener and founder is Paledendu (1850-1885). He has made outstanding contributions in the fields of poetry, prose and drama. The six-act play "The Tragedy of India" is his representative work and it is also the first patriotic work in Hindi literature. Urdu new literature is also very rich, among which the works of Ghalib are the most widely circulated, as well as the outstanding poet Subramanya Bharati (1882 ~ 1921).