1. Block printing: my country was the first to invent printing in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist scriptures, calendars and poems were printed with engravings. The earliest engraving printed matter in the world is the "Diamond Sutra" volume printed in my country in 868. Its invention is greatly conducive to the spread of culture.
2. Monk Yixing He was an astronomer during the Tang Dynasty of my country. One line measured the length of the meridian. This was the first time in the world that a meridian was measured. Measuring the length of the meridian is closely related to determining the size of the earth.
3. Sun Simiao's "A Thousand Gold Prescription" He was the most famous medical scientist in the Liang Dynasty. After continuous efforts, he wrote the outstanding medical book "Qianjin Prescription". Respected as the "King of Medicine" by later generations
4. Tang poetry, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous era of poetry in the history of our country. There are nearly 50,000 poems circulating to this day. These poems reflect the social life of the Tang Dynasty. Many of the poems have perfect artistic forms and good ideological contents, and are still loved by people today.
5. Prose Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan were famous essayists in the Tang Dynasty. Han Yu advocated inheriting the fine tradition of deposit and loan prose, emphasizing that writing articles should not be bound by form, but should be meaningful and creative. Liu Zongyuan's prose is most accomplished in fables.
6. Yan Liben and Wu Daozi are painters who are good at character and story paintings. The "Mountain on the Chariot" he painted vividly depicts the scene when Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty received the marriage envoy sent by Songtsen Gampo on the chariot. Wu Daozi's paintings have a strong three-dimensional sense and the figures he painted are lifelike. "Wu Dai Dangfeng" was called the "Sage of Painting" by later generations.
7. Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The Mogao Grottoes on the cliff of Mingshao Mountain in the southeast of Dunhuang, Gansu Province, also known as the Thousand Buddhas Cave, is one of the largest art treasures in the world. There are currently 492 caves, most of which were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Duo Lou painted stories from Buddhist scriptures, and some of them reflected the economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty, the luxurious life of the ruling class and the hard work of the working people. His artistic creation profoundly reflects the wisdom and outstanding talents of our country's working people.
Characteristics of Tang culture
A period of history creates a culture, and culture continues and highlights that period of history. A prosperous history will inevitably burst out with colorful and rich culture, just like the splendor and splendor of Tang culture.
When you touch the beautiful "Tang Sancai" porcelain, when you put on the grand Tang suit, when you set foot on the mysterious Silk Road, you have to admire and praise the Tang Dynasty People’s wisdom and generosity
.
What kind of culture gave birth to what kind of people, and the ethos people admired condensed into a force to promote the advancement of historical trends.
The charm of Tang Dynasty culture may stem from the incomparable richness and novelty of its content:
1. Science and Technology
(1) Engraving and Printing
p>1. Introduction: Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. The earliest printing technology was engraving printing. Around the middle of the 7th century, there were already carved Buddha statues. By the 1880s, "printed paper" appeared as a tax receipt for merchants.
(2) Astronomy
1. Introduction: An outstanding astronomer in the Tang Dynasty, a monk named Yi Xing (683-727), whose surname was Zhang and whose name was Sui, was born in Changle, Weizhou (Nanle, Henan). )people. In 724 (the twelfth year of Kaiyuan), Liang Lingzhan, an engineering and technical expert who was at the same time as a monk, and craftsmen created a zodiac instrument to observe the positions and positions of the sun and the moon. Movement situation. Through observation, a group of people discovered the phenomenon of stars moving. This is nearly a thousand years before the British astronomer Halley proposed the idea of ??stellar motion in 1718.
2. Achievements: 1) The group also proposed measuring the height of the North Pole and the length of the sun's shadow on winter and summer solstice and spring and autumn equinoxes in 24 places across the country, and designed an instrument called a complex moment diagram. , used to measure the height of the North Pole. This is the first time in the world that this kind of scientific method has been used to measure the meridian.
2) Yi Xing began to compile the new calendar in 725 and completed it in 727 (the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan), naming it "Dayan Calendar". This calendar has a thorough system, reasonable structure, and is more in line with astronomical reality. It was an advanced calendar at that time.
2. Literature
(1) Main form: poetry
In the literature of the Tang Dynasty, poetry was the most brilliant achievement. The "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" compiled by the Qing Dynasty collected more than 48,900 poems by more than 2,200 poets in the Tang Dynasty. Its large number, rich content, and diverse styles
far exceed those in the past any dynasty.
(2) Main poets
1. "Poetic Immortal": Li Bai
Li Bai (701-762), whose courtesy name was Taibai, was originally from Chengji ( Born in Suiye (Qin'an, Gansu), he moved to Sichuan with his father when he was young.
He is a positive romantic poet deeply loved by the Chinese people. His poetry has a wide range of content, rich imagination, unrestrained enthusiasm, strong artistic charm, and a profound influence on later generations. He is called the "Poetic Immortal". His many poems describing the beautiful nature, such as "Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc., have been passed down to future generations for a long time.
2. "Poetic Saint": Du Fu
Du Fu (712-770), courtesy name Zimei, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. He was an outstanding realist poet in ancient China. Known as the "Sage of Poetry" in the world.
Du's poems are profound in content, melancholy and powerful in style, refined in language, and rigorous in narrative, and truly reflect the broad social real life. Before and after the An-Shi Rebellion, he wrote "The Troops and Chariots", "Three Officials",
Famous poems such as "Three Farewells" describe the suffering of the people and expose the decadence and cruelty of the ruling class. Therefore, it is known as the "history of poetry" and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese literature.
3. "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty": Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and King Luo Bin
4. "Pastoral Landscape" School: Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, etc. - Beautiful and Tranquil
5. "Border fortress" poets: Gao Shi, Cen Shen, etc. - tragic and heroic
3. Art
(1) Sculpture
1. Introduction : The sculpture art of the Tang Dynasty was most colorful with stone sculptures and clay sculptures.
2. Main works:
1) In the grottoes such as Longmen in Luoyang and Bingling Temple in Yongjing, there are many stone sculptures from the Tang Dynasty, either majestic in shape or delicate in carving. All have high artistic value.
2) The seated stone Buddha statue in Leshan, Sichuan, is 71 meters high, majestic and natural, and is the largest stone Buddha statue in China.
3) The huge carvings in front of Qianling and Shunling are extremely spectacular and exquisite, and they are also treasures among the stone sculptures of the Tang Dynasty.
4) The famous Thousand Buddha Caves in Dunhuang is a rare art treasure house in the world. Among the 492 existing caves, 213 are Tang caves, accounting for almost half of the total. Among them, the three-dimensional clay Buddha statues are of various shapes,
lifelike, and radiate a healthy brilliance. They are often harmoniously combined with murals, showing the high intelligence and talent of the sculptor.
(2) Painting
1. Introduction: Tang Dynasty painting not only produced numerous famous artists, but also made great progress in subject matter, content and painting techniques.
2. 1) Early Tang Dynasty: Early Tang Dynasty paintings were mainly religious Buddhist statues and aristocratic figure paintings. Famous artists include brothers Yan Lide and Yan Liben. The existing "Taizong's Chariot Picture" and "Pictures of Emperors of All Dynasties" are masterpieces by Yan Liben.
2) After the prosperous Tang Dynasty: figure paintings began to take secular life as their content, and landscape paintings also became increasingly popular.
a. Wu Daoxuan is known as the "Sage of Paintings", and the existing "Picture of Seeing the Son of the Heavenly King" is said to be his work.
b. Li Sixun and Li Zhaodao, father and son, are famous for their paintings of golden landscapes, with gorgeous colors and meticulous rendering. They are the ancestors of the Northern School of landscape painting.
c. The poet Wang Wei pioneered ink landscape painting. His landscape paintings were refined, elegant and poetic. He was the ancestor of the Southern School of landscape painting and had a great influence on later generations.
3. In addition, there were many painters in the Tang Dynasty who were good at painting flowers, birds and animals.
(3) Calligraphy
The Tang Dynasty was an important stage in the history of Chinese calligraphy.
1. The regular script of the early Tang Dynasty was free and elegant, strict and vigorous, inheriting the calligraphy style of the two kings of the Southern Dynasty.
2. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing combined the four calligraphy techniques of seal script, Li script, Xing script and regular script to create a new calligraphy style that was square, honest, calm and powerful, called Yan style, which had a great influence on later generations.
3. Liu Gongquan, a famous calligrapher in the late Tang Dynasty, was famous for his regular script. He merged the calligraphy techniques of various schools into a unified body, which is known as Liu style in the world.
4. Confucian classics
Introduction: During the Tang Dynasty, Confucian classics were tested in the imperial examinations, thus promoting the development of Confucian classics. The outstanding manifestations of the development of his classics are: first, the textual research and revision. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty believed that the Confucian classics had "many errors of text
" which were not conducive to students' learning, so he ordered Yan Shi to conduct research on the Zhouyi, Shangshu, Mao Shi, Li Ji and Zuo Zhuan. ” and other Five Classics scriptures. Yan Shigu made many revisions and compiled it into the "Five Classics Final Edition"
It was later promulgated throughout the country and became an official unified textbook. In 837, at the suggestion of Zheng Tan, the Tang government engraved the famous "Kaicheng Stone Classic".
5. Historiography
(1) Biographical history books
Before the Tang Dynasty, most of the history books were private works. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty began to set up a history museum and designated dedicated personnel to compile and edit them. The history of the country and the dynasty was compiled, and the prime minister was ordered to supervise the compilation. From then on, the compilation of biographical history books as official history was entirely in the hands of the feudal government.
(2) "Tongdian"
"Tongdian" is China's first dedicated history describing the legal system. This book not only has extremely important historical value, but also sets a precedent for the subsequent special history of classification of regulations and systems.
The long river of history has submerged many dynasties and lifted up many heroic children. The dazzling light exuded by the Tang Dynasty lies in its long and ups and downs historical story, and also in the shock and inspiration that Tang culture gave to future generations. The beauty of Tang culture lies in the magnificent colors and graceful lines of her art, in her innovation and constant pursuit of spiritual quality, and even more in her ever-lasting language - poetry.
Tracing history and culture is also tracing the wealth left to us by the Chinese ancestors - the broad mind beneath the graceful and luxurious appearance of the Tang Dynasty.
The reason why the waves can stir up beautiful and huge waves is first of all
Her Nabaichuan!