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The tomb of Sanpinguan in Tang Dynasty is 40-80 meters long and has a 4- 12 patio. The tomb of Shangguan Waner is 36.5 meters long and has five patios. The shape of the tomb is consistent with his original work and three-product identity, but the scale of the tomb is not luxurious.
According to Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology, the owner of the tomb, Shangguan Shi, is a human being, and the people are more familiar with her other name, "Shangguan Waner". There were two books in the Tang Dynasty. She was a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Her poems inherited the form and skills of her ancestors' "Shangguanti" metrical poems, and had a certain position in the history of ancient China literature. The excavation of Shangguan Waner's tomb and the study of unearthed cultural relics provide valuable information for archaeologists to study the history and culture of the Tang Dynasty.
The existence of female officials
The establishment of female officials can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. According to the literature, the king of Zhou once set up a queen, wife, concubine, imperial wife, female wish, female history and so on. Among them, besides the queen, wife and son of heaven, who are the wives and concubines of the real son of heaven? She is both a concubine and a female official. The wife is responsible for the education of women in the harem, the woman is in charge of the sacrifices and guests in the harem, and the imperial wife is responsible for the emperor's food, clothing, housing and transportation. The women in charge of the harem sacrifice and prayer and the women in charge of the queen ceremony are full-time female officials.
Qin and Han dynasties followed the previous harem system, and the level of concubines was further refined. The wives and concubines in Qin Shihuang's harem are divided into eight grades: queen, wife, beauty, lover, eight sons, seven sons, long ambassadors and young ambassadors; Emperor Han Yuan even listed harem wives and concubines as queens, concubines, Zhao Yi, Jieyu, envoys and night watchman. 14. In the harem of Qin and Han dynasties, except the queen and wife, other concubines are still concubines and female officials, with titles and ranks.
It was TaBaHong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who separated concubines from female officials for the first time. He set up a female post to manage harem affairs, and his rank is equivalent to that of foreign officials. There have been female officials with different titles, such as internal minister, administrative secretary, eunuch, waiter, secretary, sage, and female history. The highest two, the lowest five. The Sui Dynasty established a female official system of six bureaus and twenty-four divisions in the palace, which was in charge of palace affairs. The six innings are Shanggong, Shangyu, Fu Shang, Staff Sergeant, Shangqin and Shanggong; Under the six innings, each bureau has four divisions, and there are several positions under the division, with distinct levels. According to different grades, different official positions are awarded. The highest has five grades, and the lowest has nine grades.
The system of female officials in the Sui Dynasty was inherited by the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties, and only slightly adjusted in each dynasty. For example, in the early Ming Dynasty, on the basis of the 24 th Division of the former Sixth Bureau, Gong Zheng was set up separately to picket Gong Wei and ban the crime of flogging; After Yongle, eunuchs were favored, most of the functions and powers of female officials were replaced by eunuchs, and the six innings were cancelled, leaving only the four divisions of Shanggong. The Qing dynasty was a minority regime, and the Qing emperor inherited the system of concubines of the previous dynasty: "The queen is in charge of the internal affairs of the palace; There is a concubine, two concubines, four concubines and six concubines, separated by Dongan.
Under the six innings, there are four subjects each, and the work is meticulous. For example, in the Shangshu Bureau, there are two Shangshu people, five official positions respectively, who are responsible for appetite and quantity. Anyone who brings food into the royal family will taste it first. There are four departments under its jurisdiction: the catering department is responsible for cutting, cooking and frying; Our company is responsible for the brewing and drinking of wine; Pharmacy department is responsible for the distribution of medical prescriptions and drugs; Our company is responsible for delivering food and firewood to the imperial secretary. There is more than one female history in the fourth section, which is responsible for recording matters.
Living in the palace wall and serving the royal family, the work of female officials is extremely private. Among the female officials, there is an ordinary servant. "General servant is the official address of maid-in-waiting. System, choose a good women's knowledge book to supplement, let it remember the daily life in the palace, remember Yan Yan's affairs in the court, and take it as a warning. " They used red pens to record the daily life of the emperor and his concubines, and even the sexual life of the emperor.
Female officials are different from lower-level maids. They are officials, have official positions and enjoy salaries. Those with high official positions, such as female officials in Liu Song, Northern Wei Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, can get the first grade. These female officials are respected in the palace and want to curry favor with officials abroad, so some female officials can interfere in state affairs. Those with low positions, such as female officials in Sui Dynasty and Ming Dynasty, have only five official positions, and some of them are not even ranked among them.
Female officials are different from concubines, concubines are the concubines of the emperor, and female officials are the slaves of the emperor. In history, some female officials became concubines because they were favored, but for most female officials, this may only be their psychological sustenance for life. If a female official makes a slight mistake, she may become a maid of honor and may even be punished more severely. "Anyone who commits the crime of maid-in-waiting will be punished with shame or bell."
The number of female officials varies from dynasty to dynasty. According to historical records: "There were 190 officials and more than 50 women in the 24 th Division of the Sixth Bureau of the Tang Dynasty, all of whom were well-bred"; At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were six bureaus and one division, and the total number of female officials was about 300. Due to the large number of personnel and complicated official positions, there has also been a phenomenon that "the twenty-fourth division is divided into six bureaus, and the headquarters frequently sees the wrong call".
The sources of female officials in the past dynasties mainly focused on the following two aspects:
Pick and choose. The selection of ladies-in-waiting is common in history books: Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Every year, Dr. Hua and Ye Tingcheng are sent to visit a large family in Luoyang Township, and all beautiful and legal virgins over 3 years old and under 20 years old are sent back to the harem. If you like, you can use them to board the palace "; In the Sui Dynasty, "the eight-year great cause of Emperor Yang Di robbed the Jianghuai counties, and those who read the beauty of folk virgins paid tribute every year"; When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was "18 years old, he sent an envoy to choose the best place in the world, named' Flower and Bird Ambassador'" and so on. Among the selected women, the most beautiful is Yu Ji, and the second most beautiful is a female official. There are also those who only choose adult women, for example, in the fourteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, the imperial edicts were Susong Jiahu and Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces. Folk women over the age of thirteen and under the age of nineteen, women over the age of thirty and under the age of forty, who have no husband, originally entered the palace for orders and paid their own expenses and were sent to the capital. The woman built the harem, and the woman filled in the sixth. "。
Not registered. In ancient China, if an official committed a felony, his property and family members might lose the official. Take the Tang Dynasty as an example. "Clan butchers not only slaughtered their able-bodied men, but also slaughtered their wives, concubines, children and grandchildren, all slaves." According to "Old Tang Book", in the thirteenth year of Tang Xiantong, "The Secretary of State went to the gate of the cabinet to talk about Sh.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was stipulated that "parents should pay for their marriage for five or six years, and the old people should pay for it, while the left-behind people should listen to it". Yongle continued the old system. "After his wife entered the palace, she would like to listen to those who are twenty to fifty. After a woman has been in the palace for more than ten years, she will be replaced by a literate person. Those who want to go back to their hometown and those who are suitable for others will listen to her. "The dead old female officer" had to be buried in her family "; No return, carried to Jingle Hall for incineration. "All maids and officials who have no relatives will be incinerated here after their death. There are two towers in the hall. There are wells under the towers, and there are ashes in the wells. "
Some female officials are favored because of their talents. For example, Han, a talented woman in the Southern Dynasties, was called into the palace when Emperor Xiaowu of Song presented a gift "Palace"; Emperor Wu of Qi was a doctor at that time, teaching Liugong calligraphy; In Ming Di's time, he was a servant in the palace. Because of his profound knowledge and advanced age, he was honored as the "Han Palace". Song Ruoshen Song Ruohua, Song Ruozhao, Song Ruolun, Song Ruoxian and Song Ruoxun are the daughters of Sun Tingfen, a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. They showed their talents at birth. They were called into the palace by Dezong and were awarded official positions. Every time Dezong sings with the poet, he calls five people to entertain him. For example, Song was an official in the Three Dynasties, and everyone called him a teacher. The queen, prince and princess are always polite when they meet.
Some female officials are honored for being favored. For example, Shangguan Waner, a female official in the Tang Dynasty, was the granddaughter of Shangguan Yi, the prime minister of Emperor Gaozong. Shangguan Yi was killed by Wu Zetian for drafting an imperial edict abolishing Wu Zetian. Just-born Shangguan Waner and her mother Zheng Shi were assigned to the court. Because of its "alert and good writing", it was appreciated by Empress Wu Zetian. She has been in control of her life since she was born. She is as beautiful as a fairy. However, all the courtiers' speeches and what happened in the world are related to it. When Tang Zhongzong was re-used, he was responsible for making patent certificates and was later accepted as Zhao Rong.
Some female officials even lost power for a time. For example, Lu, a Xianbei female official in the Northern Qi Dynasty, was originally a wet nurse in Gao Qiu after the Northern Qi Dynasty. After Gao Wei ascended the throne, he was made king of the county. Lu Guan worshipped the Northern Qi courtiers, and his son Mutipa held the Northern Qi government for several years, which brought disaster to the country and people and led to the demise of the Northern Qi.