Uneven sentence form
Lisao absorbed the linguistic features of Chu folk songs, broke the four-character sentence pattern of The Book of Songs, lengthened the sentence pattern and expanded the capacity of poetry. Qu Yuan not only adopted the flexible syntax of folk songs, but also absorbed the syntax of prose in the Warring States period, and used "long road" and "long gas" in his works, thus creating a mixed sentence pattern with distinct rhythm and uneven levels. There are many "reasonable words" in Lisao, that is, the duality of cleverness and cleverness: "Drinking Mulan dew in the morning, eating autumn chrysanthemum in the evening to show the autumn in England", "making lotus flowers as clothes and picking hibiscus as clothes"; There are also some "things are different", that is, the allusions used in the upper and lower sentences are relative: "Lv Wang's drum knife is very awkward, and Zhou Wen won. Ning Qi' s eulogy was very noisy and Qi Huan heard it. " However, such sentences are only a few in Qu Yuan's works, and the sentences that are uneven are absolutely dominant. Judging from the rhythm effect, The Book of Songs tends to be neat and symmetrical, while Qu Yuan's works tend to be uneven. Generally speaking, the poems in The Book of Songs take four sentences as typical sentence patterns, and the two-second rhythm is in the sentence; The typical sentence in Li Sao is five or six sentences, and the rhythm in the sentence is often three or three sentences. "Four words are simple, the sentence is short, and the tone is uncomfortable; Seven words are floating, and the text is complicated. " Li Sao is neither four words nor seven words, but a free style, with flexible sentence patterns, and its language rhythm has its own unique beauty. The cross-use of five sentences, six sentences, seven sentences and nine sentences, through the increase or decrease of the number of words, intentionally causes the ups and downs of language rhythm, forming the unique beauty of language rhythm in Li Sao.
Interlaced sentence structure
The difference between Li Sao and The Book of Songs is that when the upper and lower sentences are likely to form duality, Li Sao consciously changes the structural form of words, making them have the beauty of dispersion, such as "riding the eight dragons, holding the cloud flag as a snake" and "holding it like a glow to hide tears and touch the waves". "Wanwan" and "Weishe" are reduplicated words as opposed to conjunctions, and "Yan Li" and "Langlang" are phrases as opposed to reduplicated words. The corresponding words or phrases have changed in structure to change the language form, thus forming the rhythm change of the poetic language. The usage of "Hu" and "Yu" in Li Sao can well explain Qu Yuan's intentional pursuit of scattered. In the grammar of Lisao, whenever the preposition "Yu" and "Hu" are used together in two sentences, it is necessary to use "Yu" in the first sentence, "Hu" in the second sentence, "The morning begins in Cangwu, and the evening comes to the county garden", "Drinking horses rests in Xianchi, and the rest is always in Fusang", and "The evening comes next".
Li Sao uses a lot of disyllabic words with real meaning, and uses a lot of conjunctions: Geng Jie, Huan Huan, Ran Ran, Yu Yi, Wei Bao, Feifei, Bian Xi, Xiaoyao, Xiangyang, Liu Zhou, Chaochao, and so on. Disyllabic, overlapping rhymes, overlapping words and mixed words greatly enrich the rhythm and tonal beauty of poetry.
The widespread use of the word "Xi"
The word "Xi" occupies an extremely important position in Qu Yuan's works and is widely used in Li Sao. The word "Xi" is not unique to Songs of the South, and it was used earlier and more widely in northern literature. Among the ten countries, except Qin Feng, the word "Xi" appeared 236 times in the fourteen countries. The word "Xi" in The Book of Songs is usually used at the end of a sentence, such as "Qiao Xiao Qian Xi" and "Mei Mu Pan Xi", which is a typical sentence pattern of the word "Xi"; There are also sentences used in sentences, such as "wide and wide" and "wide and vague", but such usage is relatively rare. In Qu Yuan's works, the word "Xi" is used in a wider range and has strict regularity. Although it is not the specialty of Qu Yuan's works, its unique and creative use makes it a distinctive feature of the language form of Qu Yuan's works and an epoch-making creation of Qu Yuan. From Lisao, the word "Xi" is used in two sentences at the end of odd-numbered sentences, which has a great regulating effect on the rhythm of poetry. "Xi" was originally an auxiliary word of language. Xu Shen said, "Xi, the language is also recorded", and Duan Yucai said, "The language is here, but the sense of existence is less, similar to" zai, between words ". Judging from the usage of Qu Yuan's works, "Xi" is an modal particle, and if translated into modern Chinese, it is equivalent to the modal particle "ha". Guo Moruo and Wen Yiduo believe that "ha" is the original sound of the word "xi". 1973 Laozi, a silk book unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, is written as "ha" in all the "xi" in this edition, which proves that the inference of Mr. Guo and Mr. Wen is well-founded. The function of the word "Xi" is mainly to strengthen emotion, prolong syllables, adjust rhythm and enhance the musical beauty of poetic language.