Representative writers of classical literature and neoclassical literature and their works, (the difference between neoclassical literature and classical literature)

Classicism is the main literary trend of thought in Europe in the17th century. It formed and flourished in France, and then spread to other European countries. The ideological trend of classical literature is the product of political compromise between the emerging bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy. /kloc-in the 6th century, due to the conflict between the two classes, a religious war broke out for 36 years, and Henry IV finally became king, which was the result of compromise between the two classes. In order to stabilize the situation, Henry IV converted to Catholicism, and the Royal Decree of Nantes issued in 1598 stipulated that Catholicism was the state religion. At the same time, the newly established Bourbon dynasty carried out the mercantilist policy in the first half of the17th century, which promoted the development of industry and commerce.

Representative writers:

Fran? ois

France has made the greatest achievements in classical literature. Franois de Malherbe, a pioneer of classical literature, demanded accuracy, clarity, harmony and solemnity in language. He opposed the method of enriching the language of Seven Star Poetry Society, and did not advocate the use of archaic words, compound words and technical terms. And hope to make the language "pure". Secondly, in poetry creation, he also opposed the cross-line and vowel repetition advocated by the Seven Star Poetry Society. He used strict rhymes and specified the length of stanzas, and tended to be indifferent in expression, thinking that poetry should be reasoned. His works are few and precise, and Comfort Mr. Du Peier takes the advice of a friend who lost his daughter as the content, with thorough and euphemistic reasoning, rational spirit and rigorous meter, which embodies his poetic thoughts.

Pierre Corneille

(1606- 1684) is the founder of classical tragedy. Sid (1636) is adapted from the comedy Sid's Youth by the Spanish writer Castro, which describes the choices made by the hero and heroine in the conflict of honor, obligation and love, and shows that reason finally triumphs over lust. This is the first classic and foundation work of classicism. The script shows the inner conflict between the hero and heroine in the face of the obligation to avenge their father (Schmanna's father was jealous that Roderick's father was the master of the prince and slapped each other). Roderick had a wonderful inner monologue at this time: "If you want to fulfill love, you have to sacrifice my honor. If you want to avenge your father, you must give up my lover. On the one hand, it is a noble and severe responsibility, on the other hand, it is a lovely and overbearing love! Revenge will cause her resentment and anger, and no revenge will cause her contempt. Revenge will make me lose the sweetest hope, and not revenge will make me unworthy of loving her. " Although he strongly pursued personal happiness, he finally succumbed to feudal honor. At the critical moment, he made a contribution to the country and repelled the Moorish invasion. So the king ruled that a pair of lovers should be good. The king is a symbol of the mediator of class contradictions in real life. Gao Naiyi has written more than 30 plays, among which Horace (1640), Sina (1642) and Polly urquhart (1643) are more important. The most outstanding point of his style is solemnity and sublimity, which is also the ideal beauty pursued by classicism. The theme and content of his plays are lofty and solemn. He advocated that tragedies should be written with "famous, unusual and severe plots", that is, famous episodes in past historical facts or legends, and stories about kings, commanders-in-chief, saints and heroes should be written with exciting plots. "Its violence can be opposed to the law of responsibility and the law of consanguinity", and it involves "great national interests, which is more lofty and magnificent than love". Plays written according to these principles must be noble and solemn in style. His language also shows this feature. The characters are eloquent, passionate, rigorous and thorough, as eloquent as proverbs and even exaggerated.

Jean Racine

The second representative of classical tragedy is jean racine (1639- 1699). Andromache (1667), written by him, shows the heroine's efforts to save her son's life, shows that the characters disregard the interests and obligations of the country in order to satisfy their own desires, and condemns the lust of the aristocratic class. Andromache, the wife of the Trojan hero hector, became a slave of Epicurus after the city-state collapsed. Bayless fell in love with her, threatened to kill her son, forced her to give in, and actually postponed the wedding date with the Princess of Sparta. The princess ordered her suitor, the Greek envoy, to kill Peleus, and then committed suicide with regret. In the play, the king ignores the national interests in order to satisfy his own lust, the princess transcends the boundaries of revenge in order to vent her resentment, and the Greek envoys violate their mission and even become killers in order to cater to the wishes of the right people. They are all irrational. Only andromache is determined to keep the source of revenge, witty, brave and highly rational. The heroine of Fidel (1677), as the queen, fell in love with the son of the king's ex-wife. When she found out that the prince had another love, she killed him and finally committed suicide with regret. She is also a lecherous and irrational person. Racine's later works include estelle (1689) and Atari (169 1). Racine is good at depicting the development process of women's psychology and thoughts: andromache first wanted to live a clean and honest life, but later felt that he could not have both, so he tried to sacrifice himself, save his son and pretend to promise to marry the king; Federer was tight-lipped about his feelings at first. When the time is right, he blurts it out. He felt ashamed after being rejected. When the king came back, he couldn't wait to put the blame on others. Finally, the prince was killed, knowing that he was responsible, and finally confessed. The psychological development process of the characters is very detailed. Racine applied the "three unifications" to the extreme and developed the classical tragic art to the peak. There are no superfluous scenes and episodes in his play. More importantly, from the beginning of the script, the contradiction developed into an explosion field. Andromache chose the moment when all kinds of contradictions were in sharp conflict, omitting the development process of contradictions. Fidel begins with the heroine telling the truth, and there is no need to repeat the previous story. In this way, the total contradiction suddenly broke out, which led to tragedy in one day. In addition, Racine follows the view of fate in ancient Greek tragedies, and thinks that fate dominates the actions of the characters like a demon, which leads to the beauty of tragedy, so his plays always describe the inevitable process that leads to tragedy, unlike Gao Naiyi's plays, which need to create some obstacles for the characters, so Racine's plays are more tragic.

The English neoclassicism period refers to the period of English literature between the restoration of Stuart Dynasty in England and The Romantic Period in 1660, and its founding symbol is the collection of lyric songs published by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.

Neoclassical style originates from the first-hand observation and reproduction of antique works. The rediscovery and excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii set off a long-lost trend of classicism, and also stimulated the imagination of Europe in the18th century and the strong worship of classical style. The influence of neoclassicism is mainly reflected in the fields of architecture, sculpture, music and literature.

Main author:

John. Chinese banyan

Alexander. Pope

Daniel. Defoe

Jonathan. Rapidly occurring

Henry. Fielding

Samuel. Johnson

Richard. Than. Richard Brinsley Sheridan

Thomas. grey