When it comes to medieval gentry, they are generally divided into Shandong gentry, Guanlong gentry, Qiao surnamed gentry, Wu surnamed gentry, Daibeilu tribe, etc. based on region. During the Yongjia period of Jin Dynasty, Zhu Hus advanced southward and lost control of the Central Plains, causing a great division between the north and the south of China. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the gentry with the overseas surname and the gentry with the Wu surname who followed the Jin Dynasty to the south began to merge, forming the object of this article: the Jiangdong gentry. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Shandong gentry, Guanlong gentry, and Daibeilu tribe became the representatives of northern culture; the Jiangdong gentry became the representative of southern culture.
The situation of the Jiangdong gentry is quite different from that of the Shandong gentry. The Shandong gentry is represented by the "Five Surnames and Seven Families", including the Cui family of Qinghe and the Cui family of Boling, the Li family of Longxi, the Li family of Zhaojun, and the Xingyang family. Zheng family, Fanyang Lu family and Taiyuan Wang family, they almost cover the main body of Shandong gentry. The Jiangdong gentry included the gentry with the surname Qiao and the gentry with the surname Wu, and there were many surnames. The Yongjia Rebellion caused a large number of northern gentry to migrate southward. There were as many as "hundred genealogies" among the gentry across the Yangtze River. Coupled with the existence of a large number of gentry with the Wu surname, the number of surnames among the Jiangdong gentry was far greater than that of the "Five Surnames".
Before the Yongjia Rebellion, the gentry surnamed Wu lived in Jiangdong. The gentry surnamed Wu were original aborigines or immigrants from the Han Dynasty. There were about 19 surnames in their houses, including Wu County: Zhu, Zhang, Gu, and Lu in Wu County. , Qiantang Zhu family; Kuaiji County: Yuyao Yu family, Shangyu Wei family, Shanyin Kong, Xie, He, Ding; Yixing County: Yangxian Zhou family, Xu family; Danyang County: Moling Ji family, Tao family, Jurong Gurdjieff.
The Jin Yongjia Rebellion caused a larger wave of immigration, and the gentry south of the Yellow River migrated south one after another. The northern noble clans who moved south from Yongjia mainly include the Langya Zhuge clan, Langya Wang clan, Langya Yan clan, Qiao Guohuan clan, Yingchuan Yu clan, Yingchuan Zhong clan, Gaoping Xi clan, Runan Xun clan, Fanyang Zu clan, Runan clan Zhou family, Runan Ying family, Chenjun Xie family, Chenjun Yuan family, Chenjun Yin family, Taiyang family, Nanyang Fan family and Jiyang Kaocheng Cai family, etc. They came one after another to form the northern Qiao surname regime, and together with the Wu surname gentry, they formed the Jiangdong gentry clan during the Six Dynasties period.
The Sui and Tang regimes originated from the Northern Zhou system, with Guanlong as the basis. After Chen was pacified in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty, "Chen Shubao and his prince Baisi prospered in Jiankang and went to Chang'an. They were on the road for five hundred miles without stopping" (Volume 177 of "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"). A large number of talents from the Jiangdong gentry gathered in Chang'an. Sun Yuanyan of the Tang Dynasty chanted about this: "Cultural relics and clothes were all brought to Qin, and the prosperity of the Six Dynasties was suddenly dusted." ("Huaishui") After Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty practiced Zuo, he began to reuse the Jiangdong gentry. Such kindness and Yu Shiji , Yu Shinan, Yu Chuo, and Wang Zhou were all leaders in Liang Chen's literary circles. They entered the Sui Dynasty after Chen's death. Wujun Lu Zhiming, Wuxing Yaocha and others were also reused. The Jiangdong gentry were the cultural elite of the Six Dynasties period. Although the unification of the north and the south ended with the Northern Dynasties conquering the Southern Dynasty, the Jiangdong gentry, as captives and surrendered ministers, were still able to stand firm in the new dynasty with their academic accomplishments.
Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty ruled the world and was known to be prosperous in attracting people. At the beginning of the founding of the Tang Dynasty, when the world was first settled, Taizong immediately cultivated literature and Yanwu, and used literature and virtue to pacify the country. At that time, the Jiangdong family still maintained considerable power. Hu Sansheng's "Zizhi Tongjian" of the Yuan Dynasty noted in the "Fourth Year of Wude": "Taizong of the Tang Dynasty used force to quell troubles, and those who came in and out of the industry were all brave men from the northwest. When the world was established, he selected Hongwen scholars , and those who discussed it day and night were all Confucian scholars from the Southeast. "Most of these "Confucian scholars from the Southeast" came from the Southern Dynasties, and most of them came from the Jiangdong gentry.
Although the Guanlong-centered policy was adopted in politics in the early Tang Dynasty, many people from the Jiangdong clan still held important positions in the early Tang court. For example, during the Zhenguan period, Yu Shinan of Kuaiji was highly regarded by Taizong, and Chu Suiliang and Xu Jingzong of Hangzhou were Time can also capture secrets. Lu Dunxin in Suzhou during the reign of Gaozong, Shen Junliang in Wu Xing during the Empress Wu Dynasty, Lu Yuanfang and Gu Qiong in Suzhou, Huan Yanfan in Runzhou during the Zhongzong Dynasty, and Lu Xiangxian during the Ruizong Dynasty all served as prime ministers. During the Taizong Dynasty, there were many talents in Confucianism among the descendants of the Jiangdong gentry. To name only the most outstanding ones: Lu Deming, who came from the Lu family in Wu County, was a bachelor of literature in the Qin Palace and a doctor of Taixue; Zhu Zishe, who was born in the Zhu family of Wu County, was a bachelor of the Hongwen Museum; Zhang Houyin, from the Zhang family in the county, was introduced to the hotel when Gaozu was in Taiyuan. Taizong awarded him the "Chun Qiu Zuo family" and served as the prince of the country to offer wine and serve as a regular attendant on the cavalry. Xu Shuya, who came from the Xu family in Gaoyang, was a bachelor of Chongxian Hall. Although the Jiangdong gentry in the Tang Dynasty were effectively dismembered by the imperial power and placed back within the framework of imperial politics, their social influence should not be underestimated. They could still inherit the family tradition of the Six Dynasties, and in the Tang Dynasty talented people emerged in large numbers, one after another.
Taizong was fond of Yu Xin’s poetry, and his poetry was obviously influenced by the Qiyan and Parallel Poetry styles of Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasty. Many of the poets and senior ministers who surrounded Taizong came from the Jiangdong gentry. They are distinguished by their elegant writing and their knowledge of ancient times. They are all a branch of Denglin and a piece of jade in Kunshan.
The most famous court poet during the Zhenguan period was undoubtedly Yu Shinan. Yu Shinan came from the Yu family in Yuyao, Kuaiji, and belonged to the Wu surname among the Jiangdong gentry. Yu Shinan was appreciated by Xu Ling when he was young. After the death of Chen, he and his brother Yu Shiji entered Chang'an, the capital of Sui Dynasty. People at the time praised him as the brothers Lu Ji and Lu Yun who entered Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty. After entering the Tang Dynasty, Yu Shinan was highly valued by Taizong. Taizong called him "Shinan is a famous contemporary official with good human ethics" and regarded his virtue, loyalty, erudition, diction and calligraphy as the "five excellences". Volume 2 of "Zhenguan Zhengyao" contains: "At the beginning of Zhenguan, Taizong invited him as a distinguished guest. Because he opened a literary hall, the title of the hall was Doshi, and Xian recommended Shi Nan as the sect of literature. He was granted the office of recorder and was opposite Fang Xuanling. Wen Han. "Yu Shinan served in the Chen and Sui dynasties and was famous for his court poetry. He was deeply influenced by the colorful poetry style of Qi and Liang Dynasties. His graceful and handsome poems were imitated by the literary world at that time.
After entering the Tang Dynasty, Taizong wrote court poems and ordered his ministers to cooperate with each other, but Shinan remonstrated: "I am afraid that once this poem is spread, it will become popular all over the world, so I dare not follow the imperial edict." ("New Book of Tang·Yu Shinan Biography") Yu Shinan's life after entering the Tang Dynasty The poem strives to get rid of the Qi Liang physique, present a fresh and vigorous atmosphere, and reveal the concern for real life outside the palace. His excellent works are praised by later generations for his imitation of Yuefu, and his frontier fortress poems have obvious enlightenment significance for the frontier fortress poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, such as "The Army March":
The Tushan beacon is alarming, and the Jiedushi Dragon City is defeated. Ji Ma Loulan general, Yan Xi Shanggu soldiers. The flowers do not fall when the sword is cold, and the moon is brighter than the bow. In the severe frost festival, the Yellow River is as strong as ice. The sun is blocked out and the sky is covered with flying snow. All the soldiers are worth one month, and they are all riding finely. The hair is tied early and the work is hard. The horse is frozen and locked in the cold, and the wheel is destroyed and nine times are in danger. There is only Xishan General, who is an odd number every year.
This poem describes the hardships of the border soldiers in the bitter cold land outside the Great Wall, but they did not receive the favor from the court, revealing the author's sympathy for the soldiers. Shen Deqian of the Qing Dynasty believed that this poem "gradually opened up the Tang style" (Volume 1 of "Collection of Tang Poems"), and pointed out Yu Shinan's outstanding contribution in the development of Tang poetry.
Yu Shinan's poems about objects are also very interesting. He often expresses his own aspirations and interests by chanting objects, such as "Cicada":
Drinking the clear dew, the sound of the flowing tree leaves. The reason for speaking loudly and staying far away is not to borrow the autumn wind.
The meaning of this poem is ingenious and natural, has profound philosophical philosophy, and fits the author's situation. It achieves the state of blending things and self, and integrating subjectivity and objectivity into one. It is similar to the later works of Luo Binwang and Li Shangyin with the same title. It is regarded as one of the "Three Best Songs" of the Tang Dynasty's cicada poems.
As a literary master of his generation, Yu Shinan was not only good at poetry, but his articles were also outstanding in the world. During the Taizong period, most of the political documents that commemorated the old ministers and decorated the Taiping were created by Shinan.
Another important writer from the Jiangdong gentry in the early Tang Dynasty was Chen Ziliang. Chen Ziliang, a Wu native, came from the Chen family of Yingchuan, a gentry with the surname Jiangdong. In the early Tang Dynasty, he was the prince's bachelor together with Xiao Deyan and Yu Bao, who were both from the Jiangdong gentry. Chen Ziliang was a writer who created a trend in the early Tang Dynasty. His poems include many fresh works, such as "Ode to Snow" and "Poetry of Watching the Bride Parking across the Lane on Chinese Valentine's Day".
In the early Tang Dynasty, court poetry occupied a dominant position in the poetry world, and Chen Ziliang’s court poetry was also unique. For example, "New Palace Ci" says: "The spring scenery shines in the Orchid Palace, and the Qin girl is sitting in the window. Willow leaves come on the eyebrows, The peach blossoms are falling and the face is red. The flyer opens the fan box, but the rolled up tent is full of smoke. The thin shirt makes me hate the sun, and the light skirt makes me afraid of the wind. "This poem is fresh and natural, quite free from the restrictions of Qi Liang poetry. Chen Ziliang's footprints have been as far as outside the Great Wall, and the themes of his poems have also broken through the conventions of court poetry, such as "Missing Home on a Spring Day in the North of the Great Wall":
My home in Wuhui is far away from the green mountains, and the white clouds are deep in my hometown of Guansai. I shed tears because of Xu Ji's sorrow, which makes the spring scene even more sad. A frightened bird often flies away and loses its partner, and a fallen flower never returns to the forest. How come I am lamenting late in my life today, and I still moan with my gray head when I am sad.
The poem describes the author's sadness when he missed his hometown in Jiangdong when he was on a mission to Saibei, and the sentences are sad. The contrasts in the whole poem are neat, fresh and natural. Although Chen Ziliang was in the court, the scope of his poetry expression had expanded to society outside the court. Commentators often attribute the expansion of poetry themes in the early Tang Dynasty to the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" but ignore Chen Ziliang's pioneering contribution.
Among the important poets in the court literary circle in the early Tang Dynasty, there were Chu Suiliang and Xu Jingzong from the Jiangdong gentry. Among them, Chu Suiliang was the son of Chu Liang, a bachelor of Hongwenguan and a famous poet. Xu Jingzong is infamous but has been in a high position for a long time. He is the son of Xu Shanxin, a great scholar in the Chen and Sui Dynasties, after Xu Xun, a famous writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Xu Jingzong was a scholar during the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty, and later became a bachelor of the Prince of Qin. He was deeply appreciated by Taizong for his decent drafting of edicts. Xu Jingzong compiled the history of the country many times and paid homage to Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu. Many of his poems were produced in response to the request. "Xin Tang Shu Yi Wen Zhi" contains eighty volumes of "Collected Works of Xu Jingzong".
King Luo Bin among the "Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty" came from the Dongyang Luo family of the Jiangdong gentry (see Volume 10 of Lin Bao's "Yuanhe Surnames Compilation"). King Luo Bin was smart since he was a child. He became famous for his poetic talent "Ode to the Goose" when he was seven years old. The young and vigorous King Luo Bin had a difficult life, and his life experiences were far beyond those of the court poets at that time. Therefore, the content of his poems was greatly expanded, and he had real life feelings. King Luo Bin's experience in the frontier fortress army lasted for five or six years, and he created many works on the frontier fortress military theme, which was the forerunner of frontier fortress poetry in the Tang Dynasty. For example, "Joining the Army":
When I think about it all my life, my spirit overflows with the army. The sun in the wild is divided into shadows, and the stars in the sky combine with swords. The bow string hugs the Han moon, and the horse's feet trample on the dust. If you don't want to live in the fortress, you can only repay you with death.
This poem expresses the poet's ambition to make great achievements and serve the country to the death. It is very contagious and has more personal experience than Yu Shinan's work of the same name. King Luo Bin also made great achievements in the creation of poems about things, such as "Singing Cicadas in Prison":
The cicadas sing in the West, and the guests in the Southern Crown think of invasion. That shadow with mysterious temples comes to sing to Bai Tou. It is difficult to fly in due to heavy dew, and it is easy to sink due to the strong wind. No one believes in Gao Jie, who can express his sincerity?
This poem expresses one's ambitions through objects, lamenting that the imperial court confuses the public and makes loyal people suffer, and no one can redress their injustices. It inherits the way of expressing emotions through chanting objects in "Cicada" by Yu Shinan.
King Luo Bin was not only a poet, but also a master of parallel prose. Its parallel prose is still in the form of four parallel characters and six characters, inheriting the characteristics of rich vocabulary and colorful language of the parallel prose of the Six Dynasties, but adding new factors and characteristics of the times, revealing the talent, elegance and freshness, enhancing the The artistic appeal has made it a new parallel prose of the Tang Dynasty that is completely different from the parallel prose of the Chen and Sui Dynasties, so it has innovative significance. King Luo Bin's famous parallel prose poem "Quest for Wu Zhao Xi" was drafted for Xu Jingye and has always been recited.
The article combines narrative with lyricism and calls for discussion. It has strong artistic appeal and political incitement.
The prosperous Tang period mainly refers to the Kaiyuan Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. During this period, the economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak, and literature also reached its peak. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the first Jiangdong scribes who "became famous in Beijing" were the "Four Scholars of Wuzhong". They all came from the Jiangdong gentry clan, including: He Zhizhang, Bao Rong, Zhang Xu, and Zhang Ruoxu.
"Zhizhang rides a horse like a boat, and falls into a well and sleeps under the water" (Du Fu's "Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking"). Du Fu ranked He Zhizhang as the first of the "Eight Immortals in Drinking", which shows that Lao Du loved He Zhizhang. He Zhizhang came from the He family in Kuaiji, a gentry clan in Jiangdong, and was a grandson of Prince Xima He Deren. Young master He Deren and his elder brother De Jixian were famous for their scholarship in poetry. People at the time called him: "One can learn from He Deji in learning and practice, and He Deren is a gentle and gentle person." (Old Records) The eight He Deren brothers were known as the "Eight Dragons of the Xun Family" by people at that time. He Zhizhang Shao was well-known for his literary works, especially for his cursive writing. He had a free-spirited personality and called himself "Si Ming Kuang Ke". He Zhizhang made a great contribution to the formation of the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He hit it off with Li Bai in Chang'an, leaving behind the literary allusion of "gold turtle for wine". He Zhizhang made important contributions to the literary history of the Tang Dynasty and is considered to be the first writer to develop the seven unique styles of the Tang Dynasty.
He Zhizhang was the most successful among the "Four Scholars in Wuzhong". The other three were all sluggish in their official careers and fell into lower positions. Bao Rong comes from the Bao family in Yanling. Liang Su's "Preface to the Collection of Secretary Supervisor Bao Fujun" states: "(Bao Rong) is actually famous for his literary works and became famous in Kaiyuan." Bao Rong's sons Bao Ji and Bao He both have literary names. , it is his father's legacy that he can carry on. Among them, Bao Ji is more famous for his literary works.
Zhang Xu came from the Zhang family in Wu County, a gentry with the surname Wu in Jiangdong, and was the nephew of Lu Yanyuan in Wu County. Zhang Xu was known as "Zhang Dian" and was famous for his cursive script. Later generations called him "Cao Sage". Tang Wenzong once called Zhang Xu's cursive script, Li Bai's poetry, and Pei Min's sword dance the "three wonders" of the Tang Dynasty. Zhang Xu's poetry shows a unique style that is fresh, elegant, bold and free. Zhang Xu is not famous for his poetry, but his wild and free unique personality and achievements in cursive script are the embodiment of the romantic spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Although Zhang Ruoxu has very few poems in his collection, only two in total, he "atone for a hundred years of sin for palace-style poetry" with "Spring River Flower Moonlight Night". This poem alone dominates the entire Tang Dynasty and has reached the pinnacle of poetry creation. It is with this poem that Zhang Ruoxu became a famous poet. The "Four Scholars of Wuzhong" and He Chao, Wan Qirong, Xing Ju and others have the same name to promote Chang'an, which is a manifestation of the continuous efforts of Jiangdong scribes since the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Xiao Yingshi is the seventh-generation grandson of Xiao Hui, the king of Poyang in Liang (brother of Xiao Yan, Emperor Wu of Liang), and the Xiao family of Lanling, the county magistrate. He belongs to the gentry with the overseas surname among the gentry in Jiangdong. At the end of Kaiyuan, when Jinshi was promoted, countermeasures came first. Xiao Yingshi was able to obtain the reputation of "all the writers of later generations will regard it as Dharma" (Li Hua's "Preface to the Collected Works of Yangzhou Gong Cao Xiao Yingshi") and the appearance of "Japanese people from Qingdong, guests from across the sea, citing their national customs, willing to learn from Master "(Liu Taizhen's "Preface to Sending Xiao Yingshi to Dongfu") is by no means ridiculous. At that time, when the Silla envoys entered the court, they said: "The people of the country are willing to have Mr. Xiao as their teacher." ("Old Book of Tang·Biography of Xiao Yingshi")
Xiao Yingshi was an active advocate of restoring style and style. "Wei Si Ye Shu" said: "I am a literary scholar in my life, and my style is not conventional. All my suggestions must be based on the ancients. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, I have not paid attention to it." He emphasized that before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he emphasized that the method adopted for the text was actually rejected. Parallel prose has been popular since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Xiao Yingshi has made great achievements in ancient prose creation and theory. He has accumulated strength for the ancient prose movement through the cultivation of talents. He is a pioneer of the ancient prose movement.
Zhang Jiuling, a famous official in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, also came from the Jiangdong gentry. According to the "New Book of Tang: Genealogy List of Prime Ministers", Zhang Jiuling came from the Zhang family in Shixing. The Zhang family in Shixing was after Sikong Zhanghua of the Western Jin Dynasty. He moved south with the Jin Dynasty during the Yongjia Rebellion and belonged to the gentry with the surname Jiangdong. Zhang Jiuling's official career as a Jinshi and later was quite smooth, and he became prime minister in the 21st year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign. Zhang Jiuling learned to write at the age of seven, and was called "the top poet among later poets" by Zhang Shuo. Zhang Jiuling has 20 volumes of collected works handed down to the world, and he is best at five-character ancient poetry. His Five-character "Poetry on Encounters" is quite popular and is a masterpiece of the time. It is often compared with Chen Zi'ang's "Poems on Encounters" by commentators. He is also very successful in modern poetry. His five-character verses are often light, natural, and deeply emotional.
Zhang Jiuling, as a wise prime minister of the generation, was also the leader of the literary world at that time. He spared no effort to support the underdeveloped scholars, and he was instrumental in rewarding Wang Changling, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Lu Xiang, Pei Di, Qian Qi, Bao Rong, etc. . Zhang Jiuling strongly agreed with Chen Ziang's advocacy of "xingji" and "character", and opposed Qi and Liang's ideas of writing style. He believed that the key to reforming the style of writing was to "go away from China and be pragmatic" ("Send Zhang Shuo and Give Yan Preface"). He advocated simplicity and tried his best to reject glitz. Wang Shizhen of the Qing Dynasty said in "Selected Ancient Poems": "To seize the character of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and transform Liang and Chen into haiku actors, Chen Boyu was the most powerful. Qujiang Gong succeeded him, and Taibai succeeded him." He opposed glitz. He also attached great importance to the characteristics of literature and art, and made great contributions to the literary innovation in the early Tang Dynasty.
In short, from the Six Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the political power was firmly controlled by the Guanlong Group. It was difficult for other groups to have the opportunity to become officials, let alone the remnants of the Southern Dynasty gentry who had lost their country and family. The Jiangdong gentry lost their social status during the Six Dynasties. They gradually attached themselves to the Guanlong Group and relied on their literary talents to keep up with the times. During the early prosperous Tang Dynasty, the Jiangdong gentry still shone brightly in the literary world and made great contributions to the glory of the early prosperous Tang literature.
(Author’s unit: School of Humanities, Ningbo University)