What is the standard of world excellent poetry?

Every nation in the world has its own poems. Although the poetic forms of people of all nationalities in different countries are different, they also have similarities. Commentators at home and abroad have different opinions on the criteria for commenting on excellent poems. I summarize the world's outstanding poems into the following five articles. First, the idea is superb and novel. Thought is the soul of poetry. With superb and novel ideas, readers can gain new ideas after reading. Even if it is a superb idea, if others have already said it and readers already know it, there will be no new gains after reading it. Therefore, excellent poetry must have superb and novel ideas. Such poems can promote the development of life and society. Horace, an ancient Roman poet, pointed out in The Art of Poetry: "The poet's wish should be to give people benefits and fun, and what he writes should give people pleasure and help life at the same time." Tanner, a French literary theorist, said in the preface: "A great poem, a novel with outstanding beauty and the confession of a noble figure can inspire us more than many history and its historical works." It is true that the novel is well conceived and the art is superb. "Yao Dian of Shangshu" said: "Poetry expresses ambition." Excellent poems express the author's superb inner thoughts. Wang Changling's Poetry Style in the Tang Dynasty said: "Poetry style is style, sound is law, meaning is high, style is high, and sound is clear." Du Fu said: "Poetry is clear and new." ("Feng Zhongcheng's West City Night Watching Ten Rhymes"). As can be seen from the above-mentioned poetry theories of various countries in the world, excellent poetry in the world must have superb and novel ideas. Russian Pushkin's To the Prisoner of Siberia is a world-famous excellent poem. 1825 12 14 Russian The Decemberists party member opposed the autocratic and dark rule of czar Nicholas and held an uprising in the imperial capital Petersburg. Failure, some people were exiled. Pushkin wrote this poem to encourage them, pointing out that the faithful sister of disaster-hope, will arouse everyone's courage and happiness, and the time that everyone expects will come soon. This poem is ingenious and novel in conception. Second, sincere and healthy feelings. Poetry not only expresses the poet's thoughts, but also his feelings. There is a difference between sincere feelings and false feelings. Only sincere feelings can impress readers, and false feelings will disgust readers. Feelings are healthy and unhealthy. It is healthy to cry for the glorious sacrifice of revolutionaries, but unhealthy to cry for the death of reactionaries. Excellent poems in the world should have sincere and healthy feelings. Russian lev tolstoy said in "What is Art": "Art is a human activity, and some people pass on their feelings to others through it." "The purpose of art is to infect others with the artist's feelings," said Starr, a Frenchman, in On Germany. "The poet just liberated the feelings in prison." The above words about poetry and feelings point out that poetry expresses feelings and infects readers. Good poetry should have strong feelings. First of all, it can infect others. Strong feelings also belong to sincere feelings, which also shows that excellent poems in the world must have sincere feelings. Even if there are sincere feelings, they are unhealthy feelings, which will not touch the hearts of readers with a sense of justice, but will only make readers feel disgusted. Excellent poetry in the world must have sincere and healthy feelings. A Red Rose, a lyric poem by Briton Burns, is an excellent poem in the world. This poem depicts the poet's lover as a red rose, like a beautiful melody, and the poet loves her until the four seas run dry and the rocks crumble. After a short rest, the poet will come back. The feelings expressed in this poem are sincere and healthy, which can strongly infect readers. Third, the original image of art. The thoughts and feelings of poetry are expressed through the description of specific images in poetry. The image depicted in excellent poetry should be artistic. Or send a message to the environment; Unified meaning and environment; Or, they are immersed in the landscape, integrating their feelings with the landscape, or depicting wonderful actions to express their thoughts, or symbolizing related creatures to express their voices. All these make the image expression of thoughts and feelings artistic. Repeated use of artistic images will be out of date, so the images used in excellent poems must be original. Excellent poems in the world must have original artistic images. The debate in Shelley, England, said: "A poem is the true image of life." Russian Chernyshevski pointed out in Beauty: "Poetry must always express the main features of things with vivid and clear images." He also pointed out: "We can only admit that the value of poetry lies in its vivid and vivid expression of reality." The image of poetry can express the reality with vivid and clear images, and it is artistic. Russian belinsky in Review "In real works of art, all images are fresh and original. None of them repeats another image, and each image exists with its own unique life. " Su Shi said in Dongpo Zhi Lin: "There are pictures in the poem, which are fascinating; Look at the picture, there are poems in the picture. " There are paintings in poetry, that is, there are artistic images in poetry. From the above discussion about images in poetry, it can be seen that the images depicted in the world's excellent poems should be original in art, and Cai Montov's Sail writes that "the mast is beating with a bow", which has artistic original images. Fourth, refine the quiet language. Poetry is the art of language. The language of the world's outstanding poems must be refined and alert. Coagulation refers to accurate and concise language. Essence refers to expressing correct and profound thoughts in refined and powerful language. Cervantes said in Don Youde: "Poetry is refined with exquisite skills, and the poems of great writers are like priceless gold." Mayakovski said in a talk with the financial inspector: "It takes a whole year's labor to mine one gram of radium. If you want to arrange a word properly, you need thousands of tons of linguistic precipitation. " Their opinions point out that poetry can only be turned into pure gold after many experiments, that is, language can be condensed. All the excellent poems in the world have language that refines the essence of the police. Ode to the west wind written by British Xuecai consists of five sonnets, which contain refined and alert language, especially the last sentence of the poem: "If winter comes, can spring be far behind?" The language is very concise and alert, and readers all over the world are inspired by this poem. Fifth, harmonious and beautiful rhythm. Poetry has a strong musicality, and excellent poetry must have musical beauty. Excellent poetry in the world must have a harmonious and beautiful rhythm. It mainly means that rhythm and rhythm should be harmonious and beautiful. Boileau, a Frenchman, said in The Art of Poetry: "No matter what theme is written, solemn or ridiculous, meaning and rhythm should always cooperate with each other." British Shelley said in A Debate on Poetry: "The poet's language always contains some consistent and harmonious reproduction in his voice. Without this reproduction, poetry is not poetry. " In the Qing Dynasty, Shen Deqian said in "On Poetry": "The rhyme in poetry, such as the pillar of the balcony, is not firm here, so it is difficult to see it." Yuan Mei, a Qing Dynasty poet, said: "Those who pretend to be poets should choose their rhymes first, and those whose sounds are plain and obscure should abandon them." In his letter to Dou, modern Lu Xun also advocated that poetry should be "rhythmic and roughly rhyming". The Divine Comedy by Italian Dante is an excellent poem in the world, which shows new ideas in the new era of the Middle Ages. It is called the encyclopedia of medieval Europe. It has more than 14 thousand lines, divided into three chapters: hell, clean world and heaven. There are 33 poems in total, and 99 poems are orderly: the whole poem is written in "three lines rhyme" or "three lines serial rhyme". The first and third lines in the first section rhyme, the second line rhymes with the first and third lines in the next section, and the second line rhymes with the first and third lines in the second section. According to this rule, it rhymes until the end. The whole poem rhymes harmoniously and beautifully. Shelley's To the Lark is an excellent poem in the world. Each poem has five lines, rhyming alternately, and the last line rhymes repeatedly, using iambic rhymes in traditional European and American poems. The rhythm of the whole poem is beautiful and harmonious. American Longfellow's Arrow and Song is an excellent poem in the world, with four sentences in each section, the first sentence in each section rhymes with the second sentence, and the third sentence rhymes with the fourth sentence. The rhythm is harmonious and beautiful. Su Shi's Mid-Autumn Festival is an excellent poem in the world. This word says, "When will there be a bright moon? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know about palaces in the sky. What year is tonight? I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance to find the shadow, what is it like! The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. There should be no hate. When will it be different? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope that people will last for a long time, and thousands of miles are beautiful! " From the perspective of rhythm, each sentence or clause can be read in two steps. For example, the first sentence can be read in two steps: "When will there be a bright moon"; The clause "Zhuan Pavilion" can be read in two steps: "Zhuan Pavilion" and "Zhuge Pavilion". Other analogy. Between the lines, flat tone means high tone, flat tone means low tone, and the high and low tones of sentences in the word appear alternately, forming a good reading and listening music. For example, "When is the Bright Moon" is "even"; "Zhuan Ge" is a "level tone", with high and low notes appearing alternately. From the perspective of rhyme, "Heaven, Year, Cold, Time, Sleep, Round, Perfect and Jun" are all rhyming words. From the above, the rhythm and rhyme of this word are very harmonious and beautiful. It's easy to read and sounds good. This paper puts forward five standards of world excellent poetry, which are the most basic standards, and hopes that world poetry theorists will correct them.