(A) Jian 'an figures
Jian 'an Style, also known as Jian 'an Style, Han Wei Style or Wei Jin Style, refers to the bold, sad, vigorous and clear style in China's works during the Jian 'an period of Han Dynasty (196 -220).
Poets such as San Cao and Jian 'an Qizi inherited the Book of Songs of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Yuefu's excellent realistic creation tradition. On the one hand, they truly described the great turmoil and division at the end of the Han Dynasty in their poems, showing their concern for the sufferings of people's livelihood; At the same time, he expressed his ambition to make great achievements in the world in his poems. Most of his poems are generous and sad in emotional tone, concise and vigorous in language and natural and fluent.
(2) Representative
1. Three Caos: Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi.
2. Seven sons of Jian 'an: refers to seven writers in Xian Di Jian 'an period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty-Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu.
Among the seven sons of Jian 'an, except Kong Rong and Cao Cao, all the other six people submitted to Cao Cao's curtain.
Second, Wei and Jin literature
(A) Wei and Jin Dynasties
Wei-Jin period (220-420) refers to the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Jin Dynasty after the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is usually called the early Wei-Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-589).
Wei Jinzhong's "Wei" refers to Cao Wei, the northern regime of the Three Kingdoms, and "Jin" refers to the Jin Dynasty established by the Sima family. At this time, the north is in the period of Wuhu Sixteen Countries.
The Five Lakes and Sixteen Countries is a period of great division in the history of China. The Sixteen Countries Period in Wuhu represents the period from the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of North China by the Northern Wei Dynasty, with the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south. This period began in 304 AD when Li Xiong and Liu Yuan established their countries in Shu, Han and Zhao respectively in the Central Plains, and ended in 439 AD when Tuoba Tao (Taizu) of the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed the northern cool. During this period, Jiangnan and Jingxiang areas of China were controlled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, while more than 20 countries were established in the north and southwest. Among them, Houzhao, Beiliang, Xiliang, Nanliang, Houyan, Southern Yan, Beiyan, Xia, Qianqin, Xiqin and Houqin are stronger, and they are collectively called Sixteen Countries. The "Five Lakes" are Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta (a branch of Xiongnu), Qiang and Di.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the state power changed frequently and the thoughts were free and open. Culture has been greatly developed, and literature, thought, art, calligraphy and music have had a great influence on later generations. People's evaluation of characters has changed from moral demeanor to appearance, and then developed into spiritual temperament, which is called Wei-Jin romance or Wei-Jin demeanor in cultural history. Due to the long-term feudal regime and continuous wars, the development of China culture in this period was particularly affected, which was embodied in the rise of metaphysics, the introduction of Buddhism, the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Persian and Greek cultures.
(B) Wei and Jin demeanor
Wei-Jin demeanor refers to the behavior style of celebrities in Wei-Jin period, which is straightforward and frank. Drinking, taking medicine, talking freely and indulging in landscapes are the lifestyles generally advocated by celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Starting from the demeanor of Wei and Jin Dynasties, the scholar-bureaucrat spirit with complementary Confucianism and Taoism laid the personality foundation of China intellectuals and had a far-reaching influence.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu can be said to be a concentrated record in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu is a book compiled by a group of people organized by Liu Yiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty, also known as Shi Shuo. Its content mainly records the words and deeds and anecdotes of some celebrities from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin and Song Dynasties. It is the masterpiece of "note novels" in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, and it is also the earliest collection of classical Chinese novels.
(3) Representative
1. Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest
The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest refer to seven famous people in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xiang Xiu and Wang Rong. He often gathered people to drink and sing under the bamboo forest in Shanyang County (now Xiuwu area) at that time, and his life was informal, quietism.
Seven people were all representatives of metaphysics at that time, but their ideological tendencies were different.
-Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, etc. have always advocated studying Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, "The more famous, the more natural."
-Dan Tao and Wang Rong, on the other hand, are good at Zhuangzi and integrate with Confucianism.
-Xiang embroidery advocates the integration of Buddhism and Taoism with nature.
There are obvious differences in political attitudes among these seven people.
-Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, etc. Wei is an official, but they don't cooperate with Sima Group, which is in power and has become a substitute. After Ji Kang was killed, Ruan Ji pretended to be crazy and avoided the world.
-Xiang Xiu was forced to resign after Ji Kang was killed.
-Ruan Xian was assistant minister of Sanshui when he entered Jin, and he was not valued.
-Dan Tao was "invisible" at first, but at the age of 40, he became an official and took refuge in Sima Shi. He has served as a senior official, such as Shangshu, Shizhong and Situ, and became a senior official of Sima Shi's regime.
-Wang Rong, a stingy person, fame and fortune. After entering Jin, he served as assistant minister, official department minister and Si Tuleideng for a long time. He was an official during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin and Emperor Hui of Jin, and he still enjoyed leisure in the Eight Kings Rebellion, without losing his official position.
2. Tao Yuanming
Tao Yuanming, a writer and pastoral poet in Liu and Song Dynasties in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, also known as Qian, took his own name as Mr. Wu Liu and privately married "Jing Jie".
Time: eastern Jin dynasty-> southern and northern dynasties
Works: Collection of Tao Yuanming (edited by later generations)
Third, medieval European literature.
(1) The Middle Ages (Middle Ages)
According to western tradition, European history can be divided into three stages: the classical age, the middle ages and the modern age. There are two theories about the beginning time of the Middle Ages:
1. The period from the 5th century A.D. to15th century, from the collapse of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance and the Great Navigation Age.
2. The period from the demise of the Western Roman Empire (AD 476) to the demise of the Byzantine Empire (AD 1453).
Europe in this period did not have a strong regime to rule. Feudal separatism brought frequent wars, and Catholicism imprisoned people's thoughts, which led to the stagnation of science and technology and productivity, and people lived in hopeless pain. Therefore, the Middle Ages or early Middle Ages are generally called "dark ages" in Europe and America. Traditionally, this is a period of slow development in the history of European civilization.
(B) the representative figures of medieval literature
1. Saint Augustine: Roman Catholic thinker, an important representative of Christian theology and godfather philosophy in medieval Europe.
Aurelius Augustine (Latin: Aurelius Augustine, 354-430). The official name of the Roman Catholic Church is Austin of Hippo (Latin: Augustine Hippocrates; ; English: Augustine of Hippo) or Saint Augustine (English: Saint Augustine? Or? Saint Austin), a popular translation of Augustine.
His death is regarded by western historians as the spiritual beginning of medieval Europe.
Works:
-Confessions: The "first" autobiography in western history. The confession story written by "Autobiography of Prayer" describes Augustine's inner struggle and transformation experience when he returned to faith in the early days. More famous is the Confessions written by Rousseau, France in later generations.
-the city of god, on the trinity, on free will.
2. The venerable Bede (672-735): the father of English history.
Latin Works: History of the Church of England
-Latin name: Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum;
-English name: History of English nation Church? /? Church history of the British people)
3. Long poems
(1) Song of Nibelungen (German: Song of Nibelungen)
The famous medieval highland German narrative poem, called Iliad in German, tells the story of the ancient Burgundy king, which was written about 1 190- 1200. The author is unknown. The author combined many pagan stories and oral the legend of heroes from the fifth century to create this epic.
② Beowulf (Beowulf, translated by Beowulf)
It is the oldest legend recorded in Old English and tells the heroic deeds of Scandinavian hero Beowulf. It is the oldest and longest complete literary work found in Anglo-Saxon England so far, and it is also the earliest dialect epic in Europe. It was completed around the eighth century, and it is called the three heroic epics of European literature together with Song of Roland in France and Song of Nibelungen in Germany.
Poema de mio cid (Spanish: El Cantar de Mio? id)
Spanish epic, describing a great knight Sid, who was expelled from the kingdom because of his crime. In order to win back his glory, Sid volunteered to join the war against the Moors, and finally won and returned home with honor. It is a great contemporary knight literature epic. The writing time is generally considered to be between1140 ~1157.
(4) International Development Association (estimated Norwegian: Eda)
Iceland's epic Ida (also known as Ida or Iddas) is the most important Nordic literary classic handed down in the Middle Ages, and it is also one of the sources of western myths besides ancient Greece and Rome. It is the collective name of two collections of Icelandic ancient literature about myths and legends, which are divided into Old Eda and New Eda.
(5) the romance of roses
French medieval narrative poems.
(6) The Song of Roland (La? Chansons de Roland)
France 1 1 century epic.
4. Dante (Italian: Battleship Dante AliGneki Cheri, A.D./KOOC-0/265-/KOOC-0/32/KOOC-0/)
Italian medieval poet.
Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great man, the Italian Dante, the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era".
Masterpiece: The Divine Comedy describes Dante's travels in hell, purgatory and heaven.
Expand knowledge:
Expenditure of Wila (Diego Velazquez, translated from velazquez)
Velazquez (1599— 1660) was a Spanish painter and realist in the baroque period in the 17th century. His works of historical myths and religious customs have almost no "spirit" of Renaissance or Baroque era, and are replaced by the natural modality of ordinary people. His paintings neither praise nor condemn social life. His understanding of realism is that he only paints what he sees on the canvas truthfully.
Gong E is an important work in his later period, which describes the daily life in the court. The little princess Margaret is depicted as solemn and childlike, occupying the center of the picture. A maid-in-waiting knelt down and gave her a glass of water. On the left of the picture is the painter himself who is painting.
Extended bibliography:
Shi Shuo Xin Yu
repent
medicated leaven