romanticism
One of the basic creative methods of literature and art, together with realism, is the two main ideological trends of literature and art. Romanticism, as a creative method, pays attention to the subjective inner world and expresses the enthusiastic pursuit of the ideal world while reflecting the objective reality, and often uses passionate language, magnificent imagination and exaggerated techniques to shape images. Romantic creative tendency has a long history. As early as the oral creation period of human literature and art, some works have romantic factors and characteristics to varying degrees. However, romanticism at this time did not form a trend of thought, nor was it a creative method that people consciously mastered. Romanticism, as a major literary trend of thought, prevailed in Europe from the second half of the18th century to the first half of the19th century, and was manifested in various departments of culture and art.
Romantic movement is the product of French Revolution, European Democratic Movement and National Liberation Movement. It reflects the demand of individual liberation in the rising period of the bourgeoisie, is a political resistance to the joint rule of feudal lords and Christian churches, and is also a literary resistance to French neoclassicism.
The Enlightenment made ideological preparations for the French Revolution politically, and also for the romantic movements in European countries in literature and art, but the bourgeois dictatorship and capitalist social order established after the victory of the French Revolution declared the disillusionment of the Enlightenment. "Compared with the gorgeous promises of enlightenment scholars, the social system and political system established by' rational victory' is actually an extremely disappointing cartoon." (Engels) The romantic movement that swept across Europe was a reflection of the general disappointment of all social classes at that time with the consequences of the French Revolution and the "kingdom of reason" proposed by the enlightenment thinkers.
Romanticism prevailed in France in the late18th century and the first half of19th century. It is an ideological and cultural movement in Europe with a wide range of contents, but it still lingers in the 20th century. French romanticism is mainly reflected in the fields of painting, sculpture, novels and drama; English romanticism is mainly embodied in the fields of poetry, historical painting and landscape painting; Romanticism in Germany is embodied in the fields of music, poetry and painting.
Spanish painter Francisco de Goya (1746 to 1828) is a dazzling star.
The purpose of romanticism is opposite to "rationality", and its main feature is to pay attention to the expression of personal feelings, with less restraint and freedom. Romanticism transcends reality in a fantasy or retro way. The word romance in French means rich feelings and sentimentality.
Romanticism, as a literary trend of thought in European literature, came into being in the era of bourgeois revolution and national liberation movement at the end of18th century19th century. Political opposition to feudal autocracy and artistic opposition to classicism belong to an ideology in the rising period of capitalism.
The word "romanticism" evolved from the adjective "romantic". The adjective "Romance" is transformed from the French word "Romance" (that is, "legend" or "novel"). Judging from the available data, the word "romance" was first used by British talents in 1654. It is legendary, absurd and untrue, and obviously contains negative connotations of derogatory meanings. In the18th century, the word gradually became a positive commendatory word, which was used to evaluate works and gained the additional meaning of "pleasant melancholy".
1At the end of the 8th century, with the rise of romanticism in the European literary world, the word romanticism became very popular. 1798, Fran' especially learned the names of other creative methods.
Romanticism in Europe was born under the historical conditions that people were disappointed in the "kingdom of reason" in the Enlightenment, disillusioned with the slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity" in the bourgeois revolution and dissatisfied with the capitalist social order. The reality at that time, as Engels pointed out: "Compared with the gorgeous promises of enlightenment scholars, the social system and political system established by' rational victory' is actually an extremely disappointing cartoon." The writers at that time were dissatisfied with the reality and tried to find ways to solve social contradictions. However, due to the different class positions and political attitudes held by writers, romanticism is divided into two opposing schools, namely, positive romanticism and negative romanticism. The former is a progressive trend, which makes people look forward, while the latter is a reactionary countercurrent, which makes people look back. This difference is essentially two completely different reactions to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment.
Active romantic writers dare to face up to reality, criticize the darkness of society, aim at feudal aristocrats, oppose the remnants of feudal factors in capitalist society, and expose all kinds of evil phenomena caused by the bourgeoisie itself, so they are full of passion for resistance and struggle, hope for the future, yearn for a new and better life, and some are in favor of utopian socialism. Daimai writers include Byron and Shelley in Britain, Hugo and george sand in France, Heine in Germany, Higgins in Russia (early), Miz Kevic in Poland and petofi in Hungary. Their life practice and artistic practice were all related to the bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought at that time and the national liberation movements of various countries, and most writers were active participants in these national liberation movements.
Negative romantics are not. They can't face up to the sharp contradictions in social reality and adopt a passive evasive attitude. Their thoughts are related to the ideology of the overthrown feudal aristocracy. Starting from the movement against bourgeois single life, they opposed the status quo, nostalgic for the past, beautified the patriarchal clan system in the Middle Ages, and fantasized about seeking spiritual comfort and sustenance from the ancient feudal society. The emergence of negative romanticism is actually a literary reflection of the thoughts and emotions of declining feudal nobles. Representative writers are German brothers Rajgl, namely, Ashe Rajgl and Fausch Rajgl, French Novalis, chateaubriand, Lamartin and Winnie the Pooh, Russian zhukovsky, British Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey and so on.
The rise and fall of romanticism is determined by the characteristics of historical conditions in various countries. As a formed literary trend of thought, P first appeared in Germany. At that time, negative romanticism prevailed and positive romanticism developed slowly due to the rampant influence of German Yong Ke nobles and the weakness of the bourgeoisie. After Heine entered the literary world, positive romanticism rose in Germany.
The romantic trend of thought in France, like the waves of the sea, is magnificent, spectacular and violent. Its emergence and development can not be separated from the restoration of feudal nobles and the repeated struggles of the bourgeoisie. Romanticism first rushed out from the obstacles set by classicism, and won in one fell swoop after a close combat. Then, in the rambling inner corner, positive romantics organized a broad United front including critical realists and defeated negative romantics. 1Before the 1920s, negative romanticism was king. From the late 20s to the early 1930s, due to the political victory of the bourgeoisie, positive romanticism suddenly rose and gained a dominant position.
In Russia, romanticism developed relatively late. It was not until 19 century that it became a genre. Among them, positive romanticism is closely related to the Russian The Decemberists Movement, which played a significant progressive role in the aristocratic revolution. Representative writers are early Pushkin and Reiliyev.
The most complete, standardized and successful romantic trend of thought is Britain. Compared with other countries, the romantic movement in Britain has the following characteristics; First of all, English romanticism did not form a large-scale literary movement, but appeared in the form of the free activities of a few writers. Secondly, British romanticism has a long history, like a small river, which is as long as 150 years. As early as the end of18th century, there were signs of romanticism in the poems of william blake (1757- 1827) and robert burns, a peasant poet (1759- 1796), and in the19th century, Until the late19th century, when Queen Victoria (reigned 1837- 190 1) was in power, romantic feathers could still be seen in the poems of Tennyson, robert browning and his wife elizabeth barrett browning. Third, English romanticism is clearly divided into two opposing factions. Negative romanticism came onto the literary stage before positive romanticism. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are the main generations, while Byron, Shelley and Keats are the opposite.
romanticism
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, an art school rose in the French painting circle during the bourgeois democratic revolution. This painting school got rid of the fetters of academic school and classicism at that time, and paid attention to the artist's own imagination and creativity. His creative themes are taken from real life, medieval legends and literary masterpieces (such as the works of Shakespeare, Dante, Goethe and Byron), which is progressive to some extent. Representative works include * Gillick's "Medusa's Raft" and * Delacroix's "People's Free Leadership". The color of the picture is warm, the brushwork is bold and unrestrained, and it is full of movement.