Metrics of poetry
Poetry refers to quatrains, metrical poems, words and songs. Poetic style is one of the manifestations of poetry. The first and most basic form is modern poetry (namely quatrains and metrical poems).
"Modern Style" Poetry
Modern poetry, including quatrains and metrical poems, sprouted in Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties and was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. Its outstanding feature is strict meter.
The meter of modern poetry mainly includes the following four contents:
The sentence (1) is definite:
There are four kinds of quatrains, each called "five-character quatrains" or "five-character quatrains" for short, and each called "seven-character quatrains" or "seven-character quatrains" for short. There are eight metrical poems, each with five words, called "Five Laws" and each with seven words, called "Seven Laws". More than eight sentences are parallelism, as well as "five-character parallelism" and "seven-character parallelism"
Every two poems are a couplet, and the first sentence of each couplet is called "antithesis" and the second sentence is called "antithesis". The five laws and seven laws are quadrupled. The first couplet is called "the first couplet", the second couplet is called "Julian", the third couplet is called "the neck couplet" and the fourth couplet is called "the tail couplet".
(2) the rhyme is very strict:
Rhyme is the basic element of poetry, and a poem must rhyme to the end. What is rhyme? We will talk about it later.
(3) leveling coordination:
Flat tone is the most important factor in modern poetry, and the staggered use of flat tone can make poetry have ups and downs and cadence aesthetic feeling. What is rhyme? We will talk about it later.
(4) Emphasize antithesis:
What is rhyme? We will talk about it later.
Rhyme in literary works
Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter.
The so-called rhyme in poetry is roughly equivalent to the vowel in Chinese Pinyin. For example, the pinyin of "Gong" is gōng, where G is the initial and sōng is the final. The pinyin of "Dong" is dōng, where d is the initial and sōng is the final. Then the vowels of "Gong" and "Dong" are the same and belong to homophones.
Any rhyming word can rhyme. The so-called rhyme means putting several rhyming words in the same position. In metrical poems, rhyme is usually placed at the end of a sentence, so rhyme is also called "rhyme foot", such as:
Autumn night in the mountains (Tang)
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time. (Europe)
Four tones in classical Chinese pronunciation
There are four tones in ancient Chinese, which are not exactly the same as those in Mandarin today.
A flat voice. This tone was later divided into flat tones and flat tones (which can be understood as-/). For example: mountains, forests, etc.
B go up. Later, some of this tone became disyllabic (roughly understood as ˇ). For example: willow, rain, etc.
Listen to the sound. This sound is still unvoiced (that is, \). For example: waves, the moon, etc.
D enters the tone. This sound is a short and powerful sound. There is no such tone in Mandarin today, but there are still some reservations in Chaoshan dialect, such as Bai, Du and Die.
Four tones are the basis of distinguishing flat tones.
Flat tone
Flat tone is a poetic term. Flat tone means flat tone, and flat tone means three tones. It means uneven.
Flat and flat crisscross is the basis of writing metrical poems.
How to stagger the flat lines? Can be summed up in two sentences:
In this sentence, "flat" appears alternately.
"Pingbian" is the opposite in antithesis.
For example, there is no one in the stream, and it opens and falls. (Don Wu Xinyi) The arrangement of leveling is as follows:
| | | ―― ――― | |
The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. (Song Su Shi's Ding Fengbo) The arrangement of leveling is as follows:
| | ―――| | ― | ――― | |――
The stream is inclined, the mountain is covered, and people go. (Yuan Guan Hanqing, "Four Jade Loves in Southern Shandong")
―|― ―|― ―| |
contrast
Duality in poetry is called duality. What is duality? Duality is juxtaposing similar or opposing concepts. The general rules are: rank to rank, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb. ...
Such as: bamboo language laundry women return, lotus leaves bend in front of the fishing boat. Autumn night in the mountains (Tang)
Poets regard bamboo as a lotus, noise as a movement, classification as the next, and Huannv as a fishing boat. This is the opposite.
Duality is a rhetorical device, whose function is to form neat beauty.
Second, the writing of regular poems.
This lecture mainly focuses on the writing of five-character poems, because five-character poems are the most basic form. If you can write five-character poems, you can introduce quatrains and seven-character poems.
1, the characteristics of metrical poetry
A Each sentence is limited to eight sentences, with a five-character rhythm of 40 words and a seven-character rhythm of 56 words.
B tie rhyme.
C. specify the level of each sentence.
D Each article should be antithetical, and the position of antithesis should be specified (usually two couplets in the middle).
2. Writing of Five-character Rhyme
A, leveling arrangement
There are three requirements for the arrangement of flat lines in a poem:
1. Flat lines in a poem must appear alternately. Thus, there are four basic sentence patterns:
――||-
||――|
―――||
|||――
note:
It can't be |||. This arrangement is called "solitude", which is the first taboo of poets.
Can't ||-This arrangement is called "three-level rhyme", which is the second taboo of poets.
(2) The leveling in a league must be opposite.
For example, if the plane arrangement of sentences is-||-,then the arrangement of sentence pairs must be opposite, and the result of the arrangement is: || |.
(3) Couplets must be pasted between couplets.
For example, suppose that the first couplet is-||-,|| |. Then the arrangement of the first and second words of the second couplet must be the same as the first sentence of the first couplet, that is to say, the arrangement of the first sentence of the second couplet should be: ||| |.
[Exercise] If I want to write a five-character poem, choose the form-||| as the first sentence, what should I do next? Everybody line up together.
The first sentence:-||
The second sentence: |||-
The third sentence: ||-|
The fourth sentence:-||-
The fifth sentence:-||
The sixth sentence: |||-
The seventh sentence: ||-|
Eighth sentence:-||-
Because one of the characteristics of metrical poems is "flat", there are only two forms of flat arrangement in five-character metrical poems. that is
The first sentence:-|| (the rhyme of the first sentence is-||-) || (the rhyme of the first sentence is ||||-)
The second sentence: |||-||-
The third sentence: ||||||
The fourth sentence:-|||||-
The fifth sentence:-||||||
The sixth sentence: |||-||-
The seventh sentence: ||||||
Eighth sentence:-||||-
The first sentence sometimes rhymes, so if the first sentence of the above poem wants to rhyme, it is necessary to change the arrangement of the first sentence. In fact, there are four kinds of plane arrangement forms of five-character poems.
Students here may think this rule is too dead, but it can be changed flexibly. The content circled in the above arrangement can be arranged flexibly.
Arrangement of content
According to the rules of metrical poetry, the first four sentences generally describe the scenery, and the last four sentences discuss lyricism. In other words, if you write a metrical poem, you can write it like this.
The first couplet: writing scenery
The second couplet: Continue to write about the scenery-Cheng
Part III: Make a comment (or continue to write the scene)-turn
The fourth part: draw a conclusion-conclusion
(Note: Don't forget that the two couplets in the middle of the rhyme should be correct. )
Such as: autumn night in the deep mountains (Tang)
The empty mountains are bathed in a new rain, and feel the early autumn at night.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks.
The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe.
Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
3. Writing of Seven-character Rhyme
A, leveling arrangement
It is arranged in the same way as the five-character poems, except that two more words are added in front of each sentence according to the requirements of alternation.
such as
The first sentence:-||-> || | | | | |
The second sentence: |||-> ||| |-
The third sentence: || |-> ||| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
The fourth sentence:-||-> || | |-
The fifth sentence:-||-> || | | | | |
The sixth sentence: |||-> ||| |-
The seventh sentence: || |-> ||| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Eighth sentence:-||-> || | |-
The arrangement of the first word of each sentence in the Seven Laws is flexible.
B the content is arranged as above.
4. How to write quatrains
A, leveling arrangement
Just intercept the first four sentences or the last four sentences of the five-character rhyme or the seven-character rhyme, and you can get the five-character quatrains and the seven-character quatrains.
Four lines and five words of ancient poetry
||||| (the first sentence rhymes with ||||) || (the first sentence rhymes with |||||-)
― ―| | - | | | ――
― ――| | | | ― ― |
| | | ―― ― ―| | -
Seven-syllable/seven-syllable quatrain
||||||-(the first sentence is |||||) |||-(the first sentence is ||||||| | |)
― ―| | | ―― | |― ―| | -
― ―| | ― ― | | |― ―| | |
| |― ―| | - ― ―| | | ― ―
Quatrains can rhyme (rhyming quatrains are called archaic quatrains and rhyming quatrains are called metrical quatrains), so the arrangement of quatrains is actually very flexible, in fact, there are more than the above eight forms.
Arrangement of content
Judging from the composition of quatrains, the first two sentences are generally about scenery and notes, while the last four sentences are about lyricism. In other words, if you write a quatrain, you can write it like this.
The first sentence: write a scene or thing.
The second sentence: continue to write about the scenery or the things carried.
The third sentence: comment or express feelings-turn
The fourth sentence: draw a conclusion or express feelings-conclusion
(note: quatrains can be used without antithesis. )
5. Tibetan poetry
If you write a poem to write your thoughts, you can fill in some interesting elements (in the movie "Tong Pak Hu Dian Chou-heung", Stephen Chow's poem hides "I am Chou-heung").
Although the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were foggy,
Talented men and women were born in prison.
Xiao Shu's personality is superior and ambitious.
Personality poetry is coquettish.
The scenery of Chenjia Courtyard is very beautiful.
Sunflowers are in full bloom
The music of Lian Xiao Lanrouwei,
Jade bees and butterflies rushed to come.
Shao chenxiang vegetable and fruit exhibition,
There are wonderful dances in the temple.
The fence can't stop the new spring scenery,
Cui Liu Hong Hua, crowded as a hall.
High-rise buildings compete for color,
Inheriting the past and connecting the future, unifying the new style.
Neons shine, songs dance,
Festivals should be richly decorated,
Cai Ting and Shao Chen danced together.
Shao Jun Zigeyue is stronger and stronger.
Yan Hui is very beautiful,
That is, one painting after another.
He Sui Xin
A cheerful face and a strong body,
Pleasure is full of body and mind, Le Kang.
Fortunately, thousands of things,
Every family in Fu Lin is lucky.
Third, the writing of words.
A, leveling arrangement
Not as flexible as modern poetry, which epigraph you choose, the arrangement of flat and even words is completely stipulated. Give the word spectrum of several common aphorisms:
1, remembering Jiangnan (***27 words, rhyme, also known as looking at Jiangnan, dreaming Jiangnan)
――|,
| | | ――。
| |― ――| |,
― ―| || ――。
| || ――。
Such as: remembering Jiangnan and singing Jin Fenghua.
As red as fire,
Laughter broke out in the green bushes.
Better than the fairy dance at the end of the moon,
Fly, turn into the air.
Love and spring breeze.
2, Langtaosha (* * * 54 words, tied for rhyme)
| || ――,
| |――。
― ―| ||――。
| |―――||,
|||-100 (the same as the upper and lower films)
Such as: Langtaosha
The past lasts forever,
Tossing and turning is sad.
Get dressed and go up the stairs.
Trying to drive away the bitter water in the cool wind,
Watch the silence, express platoon.
Who would have thought that flowers would wither,
It is cloudy at night.
Entanglement is harder to open.
May the strong wind blow away the shadows,
The moon passes through the clouds.
3. Bodhisattva Man (* * * 44 words, * * * with four rhymes)
― ―| ||―|,
― ―| ||―|。
| || ――,
| ――|―。
― ―― ||,
| | ―― |。
| || ――,
| ――|―。
Such as: bodhisattva man
There is light fog everywhere in the morning.
Acacia is higher than wings.
Climb the ladder,
Shoes with gold thread on them.
Among the purple flowers,
These butterflies are connected with each other.
Before the appreciation is better,
Lang will pity me.
4, the nearest flower (also known as the magpie stepping on the branch, ***60 words, rhyming)
| || ――||,
||――,
||――|。
| |― ――||,
― ―| |――|。 (The same as the upper and lower films)
The nearest flower
The full moon is hanging in the sky,
Shine the stars,
Sunset is not less.
A cool breeze blows on my cheeks,
Sasha vujacic moved Shinohara to the garden.
Crickets are chirping happily on the wall.
Flowers in the grass,
The fragrance is faint and lingering.
Can I accompany you to your old age?
Ordinary scenery is good.
If you want to know more about the word spectrum of epigraph, you can use famous works to push it.
Arrangement of content
Judging from the composition of words, disyllabic words (disyllabic words are the main form of words, monotonous, with fewer three layers and four layers) are generally written in the first half and lyrical words in the second half.
Fourth, the writing of songs.
Yuanqu includes two types: first, Sanqu, including poetry, swan song and divertimento; Secondly, Wen Qu, which consists of several episodes, is a kind of zaju specially performed on the stage, which is a mixture of Bai Bin and Ke Fan.
"Sanqu" is opposite to "drama". Drama is a script used for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of oratorio.
Formally, Sanqu and Ci are very similar. Generally, Sanqu is written separately to express feelings. But in language, the words should be elegant and implicit, and the Sanqu should be popular and lively; In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free.
Sanqu has the so-called Gongdiao and Qupai (such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep). ), each qupai has a certain tune and singing method, and also stipulates the number of words, syntax, level and so on.
The creation of Sanqu is based on Gongdiao and Qupai. It pays great attention to rhyme and level tone, which is stricter than words. We also pay attention to the use of "interline" (the so-called "interline" refers to the words added beyond the requirements of musical rules, and is not limited by musical rules such as rhyme, flatness and sentence pattern, and generally uses interline at the beginning of sentences) and duality.
References:
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