(A) to create a quiet and leisurely pastoral realm
Landscape pastoral poetry is Tao Yuanming's original creation and a new garden in the field of China's poetry creation. Therefore, he is called "pastoral poet" and is the pioneer of pastoral poetry. Tao Yuanming is different from ordinary hermits. He did not escape into the mountains to mingle with birds and animals, but "built a house in the realm of the world" and chose the countryside. He is an extremely poor farmer at the foot of Lushan Mountain (Tao Yuanming written by Liang Qichao) and a part-time worker (Tao Yuanming written by Zhu Guangqian). In Tao Yuanming's works, every grass and tree in the countryside is full of spirituality. He likes planting beans, weeding, watering gardens, harvesting rice, picking vegetables, drinking, traveling, making friends, reading, playing the piano and writing poems here. The smoke from autumn chrysanthemum, solitary pine, elm willow, peach garden, Liangmiao, new sunflower, Sang Ma, bird singing, fish singing, dog barking, chicken singing, Nanchuang, Fan Jing, Dongli, Nanshan, Pingchou, remote villages and markets made him carefree. Farming and being an official, pastoral and officialdom are opposites. In this opposition, Tao Yuanming found the coordinates of ideal life, and also found the carrier to express life, and obtained spiritual pleasure. Once these ordinary agricultural village scenes were touched by the poet, they entered the realm of quiet and leisurely poetry. The countryside is no longer a place of poverty, hunger, fatigue and pain, but a fascinating paradise. Of course, this realm is not easy to get, it is the crystallization of the poet's hard thinking about society and life, but there are also many ideal elements. Liang Qichao said: "The words" Nothing is difficult in the world, I'm afraid it's impossible for a willing mind "can be regarded as the painting of his old gentleman's" Eat, drink and be merry "... His happiness comes not from ease, but from hard work." He also said: "Yuan Ming is the embodiment of' rural beauty', so his rural life is really wonderful." (Tao Yuanming) After Tao Yuanming, the pastoral poetry continued to develop, and the pastoral poetry school was formed in the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, there were more poets describing the countryside.
(2) Formed a simple and natural artistic style.
Plain and natural is the basic style of Tao Yuanming's poems. The formation of this artistic style is mainly determined by the poet's quiet and simple pastoral scenery and rural daily life, as well as his quiet and natural state of mind in this environment. At the same time, it is also closely related to the plain language and unpretentious painting techniques used by poets in expressing these contents. The poet claimed to be "entertaining himself with articles, which shows his ambition." (Biography of Mr. May 6th) "Ask a few questions after getting drunk and entertain yourself." This is his attitude and purpose of creation. Since writing poetry is for "self-entertainment" rather than entertaining people, he will write his favorite life content, so there is no need to carve it. Therefore, Tao Yuanming's writing poetry is just like being a man. Yan Yu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Profound and clear poems are natural in quality." (Cang Hua) "Nature" means simple and natural. Liang Qichao also said that Tao Yuanming's "literature and art are only the embodiment of' nature'" (Tao Yuanming). For example, Planting Beans in Shannan, Sunny Today, Cloudless Wan Li at dusk, Sunny Days in Spring and Autumn, Picking Chrysanthemums under the East Hedgehog, and Eight or Nine Rooms in a Straw House are all well-known contents, and they are also well-known Tianjiayu (Zhong Rong's poems), which is natural and pleasing to the eye. From the aesthetic point of view, simplicity is also a kind of beauty, an unattainable beauty. Amin scholar Xu said: "realm poetry is not easy to learn, and simplicity hurts wisdom." I began to learn refined solution when I was young. By the end of my life, there were more than 100. This ratio is very simple, and I don't have enough money to collect and record it. If you do it today, you will inevitably be sued for nothing. Because I have finished writing, I won't do it anymore. " As for the reason why Tao's poems are difficult to learn, he said, "Tao Pengze has never compared the melody and carved a sentence, but if he writes it by hand, it will be the first-class good poem in the universe." What is this? Its true color is high. " ("Answering the Maomen Magistrate")
(C), the taste and rationality in plain nature
Tao Yuanming's poems focus on artistic conception and explore incomprehensible human feelings from ordinary things and ordinary things. He writes about the countryside and crops, but this is not an end, but a means. He is good at pouring his emotions into the scenery he describes, so that "everything is my color" (Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth"); At the same time, he writes about natural scenery without seeking shape, unlike Xie Lingyun who pays attention to objective description, but only pays attention to the appearance of gods and writes a world in his mind. Because of this, Tao Yuanming's poems are full of interest and rationality in plain nature. For example, in the works in mid-December of Guimao, there is a phrase "no good news in the ears, but pure in the eyes", which outlines the quiet and pure scene of snowflakes falling from two aspects of sound and color, and the poet seems to be communicating with nature with his heart. The fifth part of "Returning to the Garden" "The mountain stream is shallow, and it is enough to meet me. Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. When the sun enters the house, it will be dark, and the salary will be bright. " The poet came back from the mountain stream, killed the chicken, prepared wine, and invited his neighbors to feast all night, which was very family atmosphere. In the ninth sentence of Drinking, the poet heard someone knocking at the door in the morning. Because he was in a hurry to open the door, he put on his coat and skirt upside down and felt comfortable. Tao Yuanming said that "the mind is idle, the feelings are true, and the things are true" (Chen Yuanyi once wrote Poems). He treats everything in the world with sincerity. Tao Yuanming has his own understanding of the universe, history and life, which is often expressed through ordinary things and popular language, and has achieved endless results, which also makes his poems interesting. For example, "life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid." ("Geng Xu wins early rice in Westfield in mid-September") "Since we are brothers, why should we be flesh and blood?" (The first part of Miscellaneous Poems) "Encourage in time, and time waits for no one." These poems are meaningful. Su Shi said that Tao poetry is "qualitative and practical, but rich and practical" (The Book with Su Zhe), and Yuan Haowen also said that Tao poetry is "natural and not out of date, extravagant and pure" (On Thirteen Poems). Tao Yuanming is a poet and thinker who attaches great importance to self-cultivation. He thinks about society and life, history and reality with the mind of a thinker, and writes poems as a "civilian poet" (Hu Shi's History of Vernacular Literature).