Yan Shu and his "Zhu Yu Ci" have always been praised by people. For example, Wang Zhuo called them "romantic and elegant, which is beyond the reach of the moment, but gentle and clean, and there is no comparison", and the officials of Siku Library also said that "Yan Tongshu's gift is rigid, but his words are extraordinarily beautiful". As a matter of fact, as an important official of the imperial court in Renzong Dynasty, Yan Shu is not only famous for his ci. "History of the Song Dynasty" originally said: "Extraordinarily, you live in a good position, and famous people in the world, such as Fan Zhongyan and Daofu Kong, are all out of their homes. Harmony is the phase, and it is beneficial to enter the talents, while Zhongyan, Han Qi and Fu Bi are all used. As for the Taige, there are many talents. " There is another cloud: "Since the Five Dynasties, schools in the world have been abolished, and learning has been promoted since the beginning." Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the cultural personality of such a scholar who has made great achievements in merits, virtues and words. It is helpful for us to understand the causes of Yan Shu's ci style, the way of life of the literati in the Song Dynasty and the new characteristics of the Song-style culture.
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cultural personality is the sum total of psychological characteristics such as temperament, ability, interests, hobbies, habits and personality formed by individuals on the basis of physiology. It is the organic combination of each person's unique physiological and psychological traits, and it is also the result of the individual's cultural edification and reflection on culture in a certain cultural environment. It often contains the paradigm of individual choice, attitude towards people, orientation of value judgment and so on. In fact, the study of Yan Shu's cultural personality is to reproduce the poet's vivid life activities in the fixed form of his works.
Yan Shu's more than 1 poems can be regarded as a demonstration of his spiritual primary colors. We find that in this "spiritual picture", the poet's introspection and thinking about life problems are filled. This kind of introspection and thinking does not have the metaphysical thinking characteristics, but is manifested in the daily perceptual life experience such as "worrying about life" in time experience, "missing psychology" in love life and the thought of official travel in official career competition. This kind of understanding is a relatively stable psychological tendency and emotional feature in the life of poets, which is deeply accumulated at the bottom of their lives and is of great significance to the formation of their cultural personality.
First, there is no alternative but to let the flowers fall-worrying about life in the experience of time
Worrying about life is a spiritual tradition of China scholars, and lamenting time is also one of the most common themes in China's poems. In Qu Yuan's lamentation, we have felt the anxiety of the poet that "if I am not as good as I am, I am afraid that my age will not be with me", and we have also experienced the sadness that "life is not a stone, how can I live longer?" The so-called "the deceased is like a husband", time flows endlessly, and life is just "like the morning dew", just a moment in infinity. Therefore, in the face of the eternal passage of time, people with limited life and impermanent fate often feel the smallness and confusion of life. This kind of time experience is actually a kind of life experience, and time means change and flow-which is the basic feature of life, and the process of life is just the gradual development of time.
Yan Shu is a very sensitive and fragile poet, although he is often called "simple in sex" in history books. In the face of any slight change brought about by the passage of time, even if a dead leaf falls and a grass insect cries, it will also cause him indescribable sadness. The "classic" images in Zhu Yu Ci are as follows: the poet was shocked to listen and look back, but forbearing to see Fei Hong passing the film; Looking down with tears, I can see nothing but flowers whispering. If we look through the works of the poet, we will find that the poet's sigh about the shortness of life is: "But time flies like water, and it has not stopped." ("Shui Long Yin") "The green water is long and the sky is long, and the floating life is long and young?" ("Fisherman's Pride") This is lamenting the flight of the boat of time in the sound of running water; "There is nothing to do with the flowers, and it seems that I have met Yan." ("Huanxisha") "Spring flowers and autumn grass just make people old." ("Qingpingle") This is another experience of sadness in the traditional image of flowers blooming and falling. The rising of the sun and the falling of the moon in nature and the rise and fall of the day and night also caused the poets to sigh and feel helpless about the ruthless time: "When painting drums, they are faint and dawn, and time only helps people get old." (Fisherman's Pride) "When will the sunset return" (Huanxisha). All these make us strongly feel the fear, sadness, anxiety and helplessness that poets experience in the observation of natural phenomena such as the long death of running water, the withering of flowers and plants, the rising of the sun and the falling of the moon.
Although China scholars have a long tradition of worrying about their lives, as far as Yan Shu is concerned, he is not just expounding this tradition. In fact, he has a very real experience of worrying about his life, and his beautiful and miserable flower of life is rooted in the soil of long spiritual tradition and realistic experience of worrying about his life.
Volume 29 of Linchuan County Records, Tomb of Yan Yuanxian's Ancestor, states: "Yuan Xian and his younger brother Yingju are prodigies, and they enter the secret pavilion, but they are brilliant." Volume 25 "Fairy Interpretation" says: "Yan Fengli, famous Ying, Yuan Xian Gong Di. As a boy, Zhenzong studied in the Imperial Academy and the Secret Pavilion with Yuan Xiangong. Fu "Miyanuma Ruilian", given birth, granted a gift. Smell the newspaper, close the study room and lie down, and the family will call Fu Ying. Lock it and try it. It's shed. ..... when he was eighteen. " According to the article of "Jade Sea" volume 199 "Xiang Fu Rui Gui": "(Xiang Fu) was granted a birth in July of four years." Yan Ying died in the fourth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 111), when Yan Shu was twenty-one; Yan Shu married three times in his life. I first married Li, the daughter of Li Xuji, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and was hired at the age of thirteen. The second time I married Meng Shi and Wang Shi, Jia Zi was not detailed in the history books. Mr. Xia Chengtao's Chronicle of Er Yan speculates: "When you marry a king, you are about two years old with your uncle, and neither Li nor Meng will live forever." The mistake of this statement has been identified in Mr. Zhong Ling's article "Supplementary Argument on Er Yan's Family Story". According to Xia Song's "The wife of Yan Shu, the assistant minister of the Tang Dynasty, Jiangxia County, Meng's family can enter the system of the wife of the giant deer county", it is impossible to marry Wang during the three years of Renzong Tiansheng (when Yan Shu was thirty-five years old). Moreover, when Yan Shu was twenty-two years old, he went to the official because of his father's worries, and his mother was also lost before he was twenty-six. In view of this, Yan Shu's wife, younger brother, parents and other close relatives can be said to have been lost in this year around the age of 2. The author thinks that the successive death of relatives will undoubtedly strengthen the poet's experience of worrying about life and make him particularly sensitive to life. Therefore, whether it is the falling water or the rising moon, it is painted with a thick sad tone in the poet's pen. It can be said that the shortness of life has been an unforgettable pain for Yan Shu since he was young, and "the sorrow of early death" seems to be an innate mental burden. This is no longer an emotional instantaneous state of mind, but a lasting and stable life experience. Once the heart touches, the short-lived feelings and emotional appeal are often irrepressible. Even in the life satisfaction of "a glass of wine is newly cooked, and a few songs are worth listening to", it is often impossible to help but exclaim "Can endure the sound of time like water, and never stop" ("Broken Array").
Second, the moon is fine, and it becomes a lonely pillow dream-the lack of psychology in love life
In Yan Shu's works, love words occupy a large proportion. Although Yan Jidao defended her father, saying that "my late husband didn't talk like a woman", in fact, the formal love in Zhuyu Ci (Picking Mulberry Sons) is like "the moon is fine, and the wine bar is empty with two eyebrows" (Huanxisha) and "The butterfly complains about the sadness of the warbler, but who can she talk to with her eyes full of spring worries". In this regard, of course, we can say that the style of "Ci is Yan Ke" restricts the theme of Yan Ci, and we can also say that thoughtful poets are always good at capturing and expressing those universal human feelings. However, the appeal of Yan Shu's love poems sometimes tempts us to pursue the poet's own life feelings. Let's take a look at the following song "Shake the Tingqiu":
Don't hear from me for thousands of miles, I hate it. She boarded the high building overlooking the sky, the sky is very broad, cloudy, no trace of the people, let people more sad and haggard. The building is high and the eyes are broken, and the sky is far away and the clouds are dark, only gaunt. The red candle burning in the hall, empty from the heart long flame short, there is a drop of acacia bitter tears.
The first sentence of this word points out the theme of lovesickness, followed by two groups of typical images of yearning for people, namely, the moon in the blue gauze and the rain on the night in the phoenix tree, which not only show the unforgettable feelings of longing for people, but also set off their unbearable loneliness. The next film is about going upstairs and looking far, creating a broad and deep artistic conception. The conclusion is extremely sentimental. A long heart can be described as a long feeling and a short flame, but it seems to imply a slim hope. Here, longing and disappointment, lovesickness and loneliness, just like the flickering candlelight, linger in my heart. Although this poem is different from Yan Shu's general love words, it also reflects the loneliness and depression in the poet's temperament. It can be said that it is a kind of "missing psychology" that arises from the unsatisfied desire for love.
Yan Shu married three times in his life, and his first wife died when he was about twenty years old. It can be said that the beautiful life has just begun, and the poet has not even had time to taste the newly brewed love wine, and everything has become a thing of the past. "There's nothing to do, but I feel familiar with Yan's return" ("Huanxisha"), and the feeling of deja vu only causes futile sadness hidden deep in my heart. The old pain has not healed, and new hatred has been added. The sense of stability brought by remarriage may not have finally healed the old pain. When he was about forty years old, his second wife Montessori left him again. Life seems particularly cruel while giving Yan Shu a high-ranking honor. Forty years old, this is an age when someone needs to share the happiness and pain in life with him, but life presents him with only the pain of losing his wife in middle age. We have reason to believe that this experience is enough to influence the love psychology of the poets and the expression of emotions in the poems.
Some scholars speculate that many of Yan Shu's love words belong to the category of mourning. If we combine the love life of the poet, we will find that this speculation is not speculation-although there are few clear personnel explanations in Yan Shu's love poems, it is difficult for us to clearly define and explore the emotional direction in Yan Shu's love poems.
"Comparing the eyes for no reason in one day" (Listening to the Red Window), "I miss you, but I just miss you" ("Confession"), "I dream of being idle, and I hate to draw a curtain without news, and I miss you with tears" ("Huanxisha"), and the poets seem to be mumbling, all the sadness, all of it. On the one hand, this kind of life experience makes the poet's heart full of "lack psychology" because of his unsatisfied desire for love, on the other hand, it is easy to cause the poet's emotional orientation to be introverted.
Third, after 3 years in Zishan Hall, most of the old people are dying-the fear of official travel in the race for official career
In the past, it was generally believed that Yan Shu had a rich life, a smooth official career, a banquet in the Taige, and full of ambition. Since Ouyang Xiu's elegy of "traveling with wealth for 5 years, the spring will eventually be wise and protect itself", it has been settled for several times. In fact, in Yan Shu's life, wealth is true, but traveling is not necessarily. Yan Shu has been a prodigy since he was fourteen years old. The following year, he was born as a scholar, and he was promoted to provincial orthography as a secretary. He was rewarded by the true Sect as soon as possible, and he moved to the library and was ordered by the company to worship the Hanlin bachelor. After Renzong ascended the throne, he continued to be reused as an old minister in the East Palace. This period of official career is really smooth. However, since the age of 37, Yan Shu's official career has been rather depressed. First of all, in the first month of the fifth year of Tiansheng (127), because of the argument that Zhang Yi could not offer the queen mother's decree for the Tang Dynasty, he stopped the Tang Dynasty's deputy envoy, learned about Songzhou with the assistant minister of punishments, changed to Tianfu, and stayed in Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan); In the second year of Ming Dow (133), Zhang Xian's Empress Dowager collapsed, and Yan Shu wrote an essay. Because he didn't say that Injong was born in Li Chenfei, he was drunk, so he took part in politics, learned Bozhou with the history of the Ministry of Rites, and learned Chen Zhou. In the fourth year of Qingli (144), it was also discussed by Sun Fu and Cai Xiang, and Yingzhou was known by the ministers of the Ministry of Industry; In the spring of the eighth year of Qingli (148), at the age of 58, he moved to Chen Zhou from Yingzhou; at the age of 6, he learned about Yongxing Army (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) for a university student in Guanwendian; at the age of 63, he moved to Henan from Yongxing Army and became Xijing (now Luoyang, Henan Province); it was not until June of the first year of Zhihe (154) that the poet returned to the capital because of a long illness. Accordingly, the poet's official calendar in the second half of his life was actually not smooth. In particular, he went out of Beijing for the last time, moved for ten years and five years, moved to a fixed place, and the boss became ill, which can be described as hard work. Of course, such an encounter is still smooth compared with the vast majority of scholars in the feudal era-Liu Yong in the same era. However, the author believes that for young people who succeed, minor setbacks in life can easily cause strong and lasting spiritual trauma. This point is often overlooked, and it is of great significance to explore the basic mentality and personality structure of poets. The contrast between the past and the present is the most likely to cause psychological imbalance. When Yan Shu "moved from Nandu to Chen, he left, and the officials and slaves had a saying that songs traveled thousands of miles to hurt travelers. The public was angry and said,' I've been an official all my life, but I've never been to Wang Ji for 5 miles. Is it He Qianli who hurt travelers?' "Song slave's lyrics were originally meant to make friends, and" a thousand miles to hurt a traveler "was also an idiom in farewell poems, but it was unusual for Yan Shu to show such sensitivity.
Moreover, although Yan Shu lived in an era of "peace for a long time, people were numerous and rich, but he learned to sing and dance, but he was too old to learn to fight", but the increasingly fierce party struggle among future generations has gradually begun. Yan Shu had some experience or even personally participated in the struggle between Kou Zhun and Ding Wei Song dynasty in the True Clan Dynasty and Fan Zhongyan and Lv Yijian in the Renzong Dynasty. The courtiers' conflict with each other and the ups and downs of their colleagues have to affect the poet's official mentality. At the beginning of Wang Anshi's visit to Yan Shu, Yan Shu once gave it a gift with the phrase "If things can be accommodated, things can also be accommodated". Wang Anshi, a young and energetic man, disagreed, thinking that "Yan Gong is a minister, and teaching people for this is how humble it is!" However, when we look at what Jing Gong has done all his life, we often force new laws against the will of the public, treating those who are different as evil, and those who are close to themselves as sages, which will eventually turn people into enemies, and it is difficult to protect their end. It is precisely because of Yan Shu's profound understanding of the principle of "accommodating things" that he finally came to Zaifu and basically remained in the first camp of the ruling clique. This can be said that he has long been an official and experienced person. However, in this way, even when he is full of ambition, his basic mentality is still trembling, and it is rare to have a real "excellent tour." Therefore, we will find a lot of disillusionment of the poet's official career in Zhu Yu Ci. For example, "After 3 years in Zishan Hall, most of the old people are dying" (Linjiang Xian), "I advise you to look at Vanity Fair, but now the ancient dream is boundless" (Xi Qian Ying), "At that time, I enjoyed the flowers, but now there is no half of them" (Magnolia) and so on.
Second
We found that although Yan Shu's mind is full of unusual "anxiety", his cultural personality is quite healthy and perfect. Commentators have generally noticed the flood of "eat, drink, and be merry" in Zhu Yu Ci. In this regard, Mr. Tai Jingnong once had a very poetic evaluation:
He saw through the dream life, so he advocated drinking and enjoying himself; However, we should understand that he is not the same as the Jin people in a depressed and empty mentality, flouting the legal principle and destroying everything. He is a realistic hedonist, playing games on the way to life, or he can be said to be a sleepwalker on earth. (Poets in the Early Song Dynasty)
"Playing on the way to life" is exactly Yan Shu's way to relieve the pain of life. Although the poet's life is full of anxiety, it does not make him feel the loss of the meaning of life. "When you die, you will be old. What is life without drinking?" ("Qingpingle") "Don't talk about it if you have feelings or intentions. Don't let the glass go easily." ("Magnolia") "If you have a glass of Jingui wine, don't say that you are drunk under the flowers." (Jiuquanzi) The poet is so persistent in this life! We might as well take another look.