Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Chinese in Senior High School
1. China's classical literature has various forms, including poetry, prose, drama and novels. 1. Poetry includes poems, words and Sanqu. And there are differences between ancient poems, regular poems and quatrains. There are four, five, six and seven sentence patterns in ancient poetry. As far as characters are concerned, there are more than 800 tones; According to the number of words, it is divided into poetry, middle tune and long tune. Sanqu is also rich in tunes.
2. Prose includes narration, travel, reasoning and lyricism.
3. Novels include notes, legends, commentary and Zhang Hui's novels.
Traditional drama has matured since Yuan Dynasty, including Zaju and Nanqu.
2. China classical literature has a glorious history of 3,000 years.
1. Before the Qin Dynasty, many great works appeared in China.
(1) The earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, has preserved 305 ancient poems. These poems were produced between 1 1 century BC and the 6th century BC, including folk songs, sacrificial songs and music songs for holding ceremonies, some narrative poems, some lyric poems and some satirical poems. These reflect the life at that time.
(2) After the middle of the 4th century BC, a new poetic style "Chu Ci" appeared in southern Chu State. Qu Yuan, a great poet, wrote such long political lyric poems as Li Sao, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters in this new form. Qu Yuan's works contain a lot of myths and legends, rich imagination and passionate feelings, which have a great influence on later works.
(3) Prose developed greatly during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period from the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC. The earliest historical works are Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy, as well as the academic and ideological works of pre-Qin philosophers such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. Many chapters in these works have high attainments in memorizing words and notes, describing characters, arguing, text structure and language application, which have had a far-reaching impact on the development of prose in later generations.
2. During the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China literature further developed.
Sima Qian (1), a great historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records, which had a great influence on later literature and literature. Biographies for many historical figures of different classes and types created a precedent for China's biographical literature.
(2) During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, as the institution in charge of music, specially recorded folk songs for people to sing with music, so many folk songs were preserved. The existing folk songs of Han Yuefu mostly appear in the form of five-character poems, and the longest narrative poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" is developed from folk songs.
(3) In the Eastern Han Dynasty, based on Yuefu folk songs, five-character poems created by literati came into being. But at the beginning, the output of poetry was relatively small. During the Jian 'an period, some poets, especially Cao Zhi, used Yuefu folk songs to express their personal thoughts and feelings and wrote many good five-character poems. Five-character poems have been further developed. Tao Yuanming, a poet in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote five-character poems in popular and natural language, praising labor life and rural scenery. The content and style of poetry are fresh and natural. Folk songs in the Northern and Southern Dynasties were also preserved because the government collected and recorded music. Folk songs in the Southern Dynasties are mostly love songs of young men and women. Folk songs in the Northern Dynasties have a wide range of themes, among which Mulan Poetry is a masterpiece of China literature.
3. The Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty were the development periods of China literature.
(1), Tang poetry, complete genre, including classical poetry, metrical poetry, quatrains and so on. Li Bai's poems mocked the common customs, rebelled against powerful people, and were full of romantic spirit of pursuing ideals. He praised the magnificent rivers and mountains and free life of the motherland, and expressed strong indignation at unreasonable social phenomena and the failure to display his talents. Du Fu's life is full of hardships, and he is close to the people. His poems profoundly reflected the pain of society and people's life at that time. He exposed the disparity between the rich and the poor in feudal society with the poem "The wine in Zhumen stinks and the road freezes to death". His poems are full of realistic spirit, carrying forward the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Songs of the South and Yuefu, and opening up a broad road for later poets. Bai Juyi is another great poet after Li and Du Fu. He advocates that "articles should be written in time, and songs and poems should be written well". He wrote ten "Qin Zhongyin" and fifty "New Yuefu" to expose the political darkness at that time. Some poems have been read for a long time, such as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel.
(2) In the Song Dynasty, the lyrics of music prevailed and reached its peak. Liu Yong's ci and Su Wan's ci have promoted the development of ci. Xin Qiji and Lu You were two patriotic poets in the Southern Song Dynasty. The poems of these two poets are highly regarded in China literature.
(3) Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties is also very developed. The ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty is an important movement of style reform. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, the advocates of this movement, advocated abandoning the flashy essays of the couple since the Six Dynasties and writing practical and simple ancient prose. Their articles, even if they are called "ancient prose", are actually new-style prose. In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi and Su Wan continued to advocate this kind of ancient prose. Since then, the ancient prose of "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" has become a popular style in China for a long time.
(4) Novels with relatively complete story lines centered on portraying characters also developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The most famous novel in the Tang Dynasty is Legend. Liu Yichuan is one of the representative works of Tang legends. These novels; Most of them mainly depict characters, with bizarre plots and complete structures. In the Song Dynasty, novels had a new development. Due to the development of the city and the expansion of the citizen class, "Pinghua" appeared in this period.
4. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, China literature made new progress and made great achievements in drama and novels.
(1), the form of Yuan Zaju is very novel. His works, such as Dou Eyuan by Guan Hanqing, Autumn Colors in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan and The West Chamber by Wang Shifu, respectively depict different images of oppressed women in feudal society. The first two articles are about political darkness and women's bad luck, and the second one is about the spirit of young men and women resolutely resisting ethics and fighting for love freedom.
(2) The dramas of Ming and Qing Dynasties developed rapidly, with longer length and more plots, which reflected deeper and wider real life. Works such as Pipa, Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu and Peach Blossom Fan by Kong.
(3) The novels in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties have surpassed all previous times, made new development and produced brilliant works in China literature. Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shi's Water Margin, Wu Cheng'en's The Journey to the West, Pu Songling's Collection of Short Stories in Classical Chinese, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Wu's Scholars and Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions in Qing Dynasty. The Scholars describes the life, thoughts and feelings of scholars in the imperial examination era, and satirizes the corruption of the imperial examination system and the ugly state of some scholars vying for fame and fortune. A Dream of Red Mansions, through the love tragedy between Mao Baoyu and Lin Daiyu and the change of a big bureaucratic landlord family, profoundly criticized the decadence in the late feudal society and the hypocrisy of feudal ethics, and expressed great sympathy to those who despised feudal ethics and tried to develop their individuality. A Dream of Red Mansions shows a huge picture of life and creates dozens of characters with distinctive personalities and high typical significance. This work has a complete structure, exquisite brushwork and beautiful and vivid language, reaching the artistic peak of the development of China's classical novels. A Dream of Red Mansions is a masterpiece of China's classical novels.
5. After the Opium War, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and some works reflecting the people's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal demands appeared in literature. For example, Li's novel Officialdom in Appearance and Wu Woyao's novel Strange Land Seen in Twenty Years have profoundly exposed the corruption of the Qing government and the darkness of society. Huang Zunxian and Liang Qichao also wrote many poems with democratic thoughts. Various forms, vivid characters and refined images are highly artistic expressions of China's excellent classical literature. China's classical literature is a valuable asset in our cultural heritage.
Third, the author's works:
-1, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong.
-2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as "Liu Han", were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. -
3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).
4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as "Su Xin"; Graceful poetess: Li Qingzhao (poetess)
5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu. Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu.
6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He initiated the new poetic style of "Chu Ci" and the romantic style of China's poetry.
7. Confucius, named Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism, known as "Confucius Sage" and Mencius as "Yasheng", both of whom are called "Confucius and Mencius".
-8. Su Shi praised Wang Wei for "painting in poetry and poetry in painting."
-9. Du Fu was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. His poems reflect the social reality extensively and profoundly, and are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu was therefore honored as a "poet saint", and there were also some "three officials": Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan and Xin 'an official; "Three Farewells": wedding farewell, farewell to the old and welcome the new, and homelessness.
10. China's first biographical general history is Historical Records (also known as Taishi Gongshu), written by Sima Qian of the Han Dynasty. Lu Xun called Historical Records "the swan song of historians", including: 12 biographies, 30, 70 and 650.
1 1, Four Histories: Historical Records, Han History, Later Han History, History of the Three Kingdoms.
-12, four masters of Yuanqu: Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan.
-13, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is the first excellent collection of short stories in classical Chinese in China, written by Pu Songling, a novelist in the Qing Dynasty. "Liaozhai" is the name of his library, "Zhi" is a narrative, and "Alien" is a strange thing. -
14. Four great calligraphers: Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Meng.
15, the main schools and their representatives in the Warring States Period:
Confucianism: Confucius and Mencius
Legalist: Han Feizi
Taoism: Zhuangzi and Liezi.
Mohist school: Mozi
16, four masters in the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, Yang Wanli, Fan Chengda and You Mao.
-17, frontier poets: Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling.
18, Tang Zong: Taizong Li Shimin; Song Zu: Zhao Kuangyin and Song Taizu; Qin Huang: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng; Hanwu: Liu Che, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
-19, China's first pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "Five buckets of rice do not bend over".
-20. Four misers in world literature: Grandet, Shylock, Spencer and Abagong.
Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Chinese in Senior High School
First, the best literature in China:-The earliest collection of poems is The Book of Songs;
The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan;
-The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty;
-The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty;
The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao in the Southern Song Dynasty.
-The most patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji of the Southern Song Dynasty;
The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty.
-The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in Tang Dynasty;
The patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The oldest novel is The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty.
The longest historical novel in ancient times was The Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong in the early Ming Dynasty.
-The earliest novel describing the peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty;
-The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty;
-The most outstanding long satirical novel in ancient times was The Scholars written by Wu in Qing Dynasty;
The most outstanding collection of classical short stories in ancient China is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty.
The earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius.
The earliest chronicle work in ancient times was Zuo Zhuan.
-The earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records;
-The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription" in the Tang Dynasty;
The greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun;
-The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun;
The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream.
Second, cultural common sense:
-1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.
2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu.
3. "Four classic masterpieces": Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Journey to the West.
4. "Four Legends": The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and the Legend of the White Snake.
5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O Henry.
6. Su Shi's prose represents the achievements of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poems are called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is known as "the ancestor of Qiu Si".
8. Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions (also known as The Story of the Stone), the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels, which was widely circulated and loved by people after its publication. The study of this book, A Dream of Red Mansions, has now become an important topic in the study of world literature.
9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is called "Marshal Poet". -Cang Kejia is called "soil poet" because his poems are mostly rural themes; In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the "drummer of the times" (drummer poet).
10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum.
1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.
12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings.
13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.
-14, Sikuquanshu: Jing, History, Zi and Ji.
15, the six meanings in The Book of Songs refer to: style, elegance, praise (classification), fu, comparison and honor (expression).
-16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels.
17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.
-18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: "Three cardinal guides": the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; "Five permanent members": benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith.
19, The Four Books and Five Classics are mainly Confucian classics: The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean, and University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.
20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun.
2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin. -
22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.
-23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.
-24. "Eight-character" means that the word "Yong" has eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift.
25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the institution of higher learning was imperial academy.
-26, three religions and nine streams: "three religions": Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; "Nine streams": Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalists, Famous Scholars, Mohists, Strategists, Miscellaneous Scholars and Peasants.
-27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties):
Tongsheng test, also called Tongsheng test, is called Tongsheng regardless of age. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong), so as to take the imperial examination.
B. After obtaining the rural examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examination was held in provincial capitals every three years. The scholar took part in the exam, and the person who passed the exam was called Jie.
-C exam, an exam held every three years in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Juren from all provinces and Guo Jian students from imperial academy can take the exam. Among them, 300 students were admitted to Gong Shi, and Huiyuan was the first.
D Palace Examination is an examination at the imperial examination system level, and the emperor personally questioned Gong's family who will be admitted to the imperial court to decide the first grade. Admission is divided into three grades: first-class and third-class, awarded the title of "Jinshi Ji", the first champion (Dingyuan), the second, the third Tan Hua, collectively known as "the top three"; A number of dimethyl, given the name "Jinshi origin"; Number three, given the name "with Jinshi origin"
Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Chinese in Senior High School
(a) conjunction 1. Represents a coordinate relationship, which is generally not translated, and can sometimes be translated as "you".
The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but it's not a snake hole without sustenance. ("Persuade to Learn")
2. Represents a progressive relationship, which can be translated as "and" or "and".
A gentleman is knowledgeable, but he can help himself. ("Persuade to Learn")
3. It means to undertake the relationship, which can be translated as "JIU" and "Jie".
So, I left you and traveled to Beijing to improve my fortune. ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen")
It means a turning point and can be translated into "but" and "but".
Green comes from blue, and green is blue. ("Persuade to Learn")
5. Represents a hypothetical relationship, which can be translated into "if" and "if".
You are interested, but you can also expect horses. (Feng Wanzhen)
6. Representing the modifying relationship, that is, the linking adverbial, can be translated.
I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. Let's go hiking. ("Persuade to Learn")
7. Express causality.
And I'm sorry I can't travel with my husband. ("You Bao Chan")
8. Express the purpose relationship.
Stand far, but hope to be lucky. ("Epang Palace Fu")
(2) With "er" as a pronoun, the second person address can be translated into "you" and "yours".
And Weng GUI, I will reply with you. ("promoting knitting")
(3) The word "like" is translated as "like" and "like".
The army was taken aback and the situation was not good. ("Check in")
Second, what?
interrogative pronoun
1. is a predicate alone, often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "why" and "why".
who is it? The prestige of a big country is to cultivate respect. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
As the object of a verb or preposition, it can be translated into "where" and "what". Put "he" back when translating.
What does Yuzhou want today? (Battle of Red Cliffs)
As an attribute, it can be translated into "what" and "where".
What can you hear here in the morning and evening? ? The cuckoo's bleeding cry, the ape's sobbing. ("Pipa")
interrogative adverb
1. Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses rhetorical questions and can be translated as "why" and "how".
Why don't you stay put, tie up your armor and deal with it in the north! (Battle of Red Cliffs)
2. Used before adjectives to express a deep degree, which can be translated as "how", "how" and "how so".
As for swearing, breaking my hair and crying, how bad! (Introduction to Lingguan)
(3) As a modal particle, it is equivalent to "ah".
The bride's car was in the back, and he knocked himself unconscious. (Peacock flies southeast)
④ The word "ha" can be translated into reprimand.
Chen Libing, a loyal minister, who is it? Who is he? Who is he? It means to examine and question) (on Qin Dynasty)
Third, almost.
modal particle
1. The interrogative mood can be translated into "mom" and "you".
(1) Is the child cold? Want to eat? ("Selected Records of Ji Xiang")
(2) Is technical cover up to now? ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
2. Expressing rhetorical tone is equivalent to "horse" and "that".
I don't think the friendship between cloth and clothes has reached the point of deceiving each other. Is it a big country? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
3. The tone of speculation or discussion can be translated as "ba".
If the king is happy, then the state of Qi is almost average? ("Bao Zhuang meets Mencius")
4. Used in exclamatory sentences or imperative sentences, which can be translated as "ah" and "ya".
Regret not keeping the way, and it will be reversed after a delay. ("Li Sao")
(2) Prepositions, equivalent to "Yu" and "Zai", have different translations in this paper.
(1) The meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but mountains and rivers. (Zuiweng Pavilion)
(2) Although this is death, it is later than my neighbor's death. ("The Snake Catcher said")
(3) Before he was born in me, his understanding of Tao was solid before me. ("Shi Shuo")
③ Suffix, translated as "the appearance of" and "the land of".
(1) Without thickness, there is room for recovery. ("My Skillful Hands Help Cattle")
(2) Vast as the wind of Feng Xu, I don't know where it ends; Floating like an independent world, feathering into a fairy. ("Red Cliff Fu")
Fourth, yes.
adverb
1. means that two things have a logical sequence or are close in time, which can be translated as "Cai", "Cai" and "Jiu".
Set up a court for nine guests, and I dare to climb the wall. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)
2. Emphasize that an action is unexpected or contrary to common sense, which can be translated as "unexpected", "unexpected" and "instead".
You ask what this world is, I don't know there are Han people. (Peach Blossom Garden)
3. It means the limitation of the scope of things, which can be translated as "only" and "only".
Wang Naifu led his troops to the east, but when he reached the east, he had twenty-eight riders. (Biography of Xiang Yu)
4. Used in judgment sentences, it plays a confirmation role and can be translated as "yes" and "yes".
If things go wrong, this is heaven. (Battle of Red Cliffs)
(2) Pronouns
1. Used as the second person, often as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Also as the subject, translated as "you". Cannot be an object.
Therefore, when the great Song Jun team recaptures the Central Plains, you will hold a home banquet ceremony. Don't forget to tell me the good news! (Lu You's "Xiuer")
2. Used as a demonstrative pronoun, translated as "like this".
I did what I had to do, but I asked for it, not really. ("Qi Huan Jinwen Shi Zhi")
It can also be used as a conjunction, which can be translated as "Ruofu", "As for" and "If".