1, metaphor, personification, exaggeration, metonymy and other rhetorical devices.
2, contrast (positive contrast, negative contrast), contrast (positive contrast), color rendering, painting, noun list (image superposition), line drawing and other expressions.
3. Dynamic and static combination (dynamic lining static, dynamic writing static, static writing dynamic), positive edge combination, virtual and real combination, point and surface combination, and far and near combination.
Note that "scenery writing technique" and lyric method (direct and indirect, and divided into many techniques) cannot be confused. "Scenery writing technique" is the method of scenery writing. Lyric mode refers to the method of lyric.
Second, examples
1, combination of front and side
Scenery description can start from the front, directly describe the characteristics of the scenery, making people clear at a glance; We can also start with the side scenery related to it, not the front scenery, so as to reveal the characteristics of things and provide readers with rich imagination space. The combination of the two methods can make the features of the scene more distinct and prominent.
For example, Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci: "A tree with a thousand branches is tender than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? "
The first sentence and the second sentence describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description. Such beautiful weeping willows should be appreciated and cherished by people; But the poet's third and fourth sentences turn sideways, describing its desolate and cold situation. In the poem, only the third sentence explains the place where weeping willows grow, which deliberately gives people a sense of suddenness, emphasizes the close-up of the turning point of the poem and emphasizes the inappropriate place of weeping willows. The "West Corner" is a place with its back to the sun and cold, and the "Wild Garden" is a place where no one has been. Growing up in such a place, weeping willows are no matter how good, who will take care of them? I have to be alone all day. On the other hand, those who are not so willow trees are praised and cherished because they were born in their place. The poet deeply regrets weeping willows. The loneliness here is in sharp contrast with the touching charm written in the first two sentences; The sharper the contrast, the stronger the exclamation.
Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" "The desert is dusty, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought the Taohe River at night, but they were captured alive. " The second sentence describes the situation from the side, and describes the tragic war by writing that the wind is strong and the red flag is rolled up for urgent marching.
Another example is Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", "The old country is surrounded by mountains, and the tide hits the empty city and it is lonely. This poem named "Stone City" is obviously about "Stone City", but it begins with the scenery around the stone city-mountains, tides and the moon-and describes the decline and desolation of the "old country" of the stone city.
2, the combination of dynamic and static
In ancient Chinese poetry, in order to create artistic conception, poets pay special attention to dynamic description, and the combination of dynamic and static is a common way to describe scenery. In the use of this technique, poets are often ingenious, "every word is the best" and "the realm is the best" For example, the selection of "push" and "knock" in Jia Dao's Living in Seclusion with Li Ning, and the adjective "green" used as a causative verb in Wang Anshi's Sailing in Guazhou are all examples of dynamic description, and many articles have been made on the use of verbs. However, as a combination of dynamic and static scenery, it often depicts dynamic and static with a kind of artistic conception, and often focuses on static, and forms a harmonious unity of artistic conception and image in a way that dynamic sets off static. Therefore, the combination of static and dynamic scenery writing techniques is often inseparable from foil.
For example, Wang Wei's "Mountain in Autumn Night" stands empty after the rain. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? Wang Wei, a poet, deserves to be called an expert in describing landscapes. The combination of dynamic and static is one of his main techniques in describing landscapes. In the scenery described by the poet, there is movement in stillness, stillness in stillness, and the combination of movement and stillness constitutes a moving artistic conception. The second couplet "Moonlight in the Pine Woods" is a static scene, but what you see says that the moonlight shines all over the earth through the pine branches; And "crystal stone in the stream" is a moving picture, a smell, a combination of motion and static, which constitutes a beautiful and lovely landscape painting. The third link is that the poet uses the sound of bamboo to set off the tranquility of the mountain, which is what he heard, and uses the lotus movement to set off the tranquility of the water, which is what he saw. What he saw and what he heard are intertwined, and "noisy" and "quiet" are in contrast, which is quite artistic.
3. Combination of sound and melody (picturesque)
The description of scenery in ancient poetry often involves sound and color, which is the poet's use of senses to describe the scenery from multiple angles, making readers feel as if they were there, and receiving high artistic effects.
For example, in Du Fu's quatrains, "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains the autumn snow in Xiling, at the entrance of the boating in Wan Li, Wu Dong. " The first part is a set of opposing sentences. There are many willows around the thatched cottage, and there are a pair of orioles singing on the new green willow branches, which is a cheerful scene and colorful, forming a fresh and beautiful artistic conception. "Cui" is new green, "Liu Cui" is early spring phenology, and willow branches have just sprouted. "Two orioles sing green willows", and birds are paired, showing a kind of vitality and a festive meaning. Egrets in the blue sky are flying freely. This long-legged bird flies gracefully and naturally. In Wan Li, the sky is clear, and the egrets are brightly colored against the "blue sky". The four bright colors of "yellow", "emerald", "white" and "cyan" are used successively in the two sentences to weave a beautiful picture; The first sentence is also described by voice, which conveys extremely cheerful feelings.
4, the combination of reality and reality.
"Virtual" and "real" are two big concepts, specifically, intangible and tangible, abstract and concrete, imagination, memory and reality. For example, Mourning for the Past is illusory, because it is intangible and abstract, while Spring Water in a River, A Boat with a Leaf, Spring Grass, and The Wind on the Willow Shore and the Last Moon are real. Ancient poems often express some feelings with tangible things, or give some feelings imagination or help. When students appreciate this poem, they should pay attention to what is true and what is empty. And whether the poet intends to express truth or emptiness. Only by understanding these points can we accurately grasp their relationship. The real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, while the virtual scene is the scenery created by the poet through association or imagination. The combination of reality and reality can better express an overflowing emotion.
For example, Gao Shi's "Listening to Xiao in the Bunker" and "Snow-clean Hutian Grazing Horses, Qiangdi Guarding the Building under the Moon". Excuse me, where did the plum blossom fall? The wind blew all over Tianshan Mountain overnight. One or two sentences in the poem actually describe the scenery. The content described is that the ice and snow have melted and the season of grazing horses has arrived. In the evening, the soldiers came back with horses, and the sky shed the brilliance of the bright moon. In such a vast and clear night scene, I don't know which garrison building played the Qiang flute, which is the familiar tune of plum blossom falling! In three or four sentences, "Plum Blossom Blossom" was torn down, as if the wind was not blowing the flute, but the flower pieces of plum blossom, which were scattered all over the floor, and overnight, the color and fragrance filled the whole Tianshan Mountains. This poem expresses the soldiers' deep homesickness by listening to music and thinking of plum blossoms in their hometown (there are no plum blossoms in Alakazam) and the autumn of plum blossoms.
5. Point-surface combination
Everything is interrelated, not isolated, and the scenery described is the same. They are always inextricably linked with the surrounding scenery. Therefore, when poets write landscapes, they don't write the subject in isolation, but also the related images around the subject, combining point and surface to make the subject image fuller and more distinctive.
For example, Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue, Hundreds of Mountains Without Birds and Thousand Paths Without Footprints. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing on the cold river-the application of "snow" in the combination of point and surface. "Dai Li Weng" is relatively small in the picture, but it is the center of the whole poem in a conspicuous position, and "A boat with a leaf and a bamboo coat" belongs to the description of points; The first two sentences "There are no birds in a hundred mountains, and there are no footprints in a thousand paths" belong to the superficial discussion. The poem describes the bitterness and loneliness of the characters from "birds fly away" to "people disappear", and puts the quantifier "thousand" and "ten thousand" before "mountains" and "paths", which highlights the characters' perseverance and extraordinary character. It can be called point-surface combination. Point out one thing, including comprehensiveness.
6. Combination of distance and distance
Looking at the same scene, the observer's position is different and the angle is different. Looking down, looking up, looking far away and looking closely, the visual image will be varied and varied. Describing from different angles will make readers have a more comprehensive understanding of the scenery described and get a more perfect feeling.
For example, Mutu's "Mountain Walk" "Far Cold Mountain Stone Trail, people are in Bai Yunsheng. Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February. " The first two sentences describe the prospect of Akiyama. The first sentence describes the majestic scenery of the autumn mountain and shows the poet's courage to climb it. The second sentence describes a specific scene in the autumn mountain, and several families can be seen faintly under the white clouds fluttering sky. The last two sentences depict a close-up of Akiyama. The phrase "Frost leaves are red in February flowers" is full of vitality, bright, fresh and vivid, giving people a sense of beauty that Qiu Guang is better than spring.
7, line drawing technique
Line drawing, originally one of the traditional techniques in China's painting, is roughly similar to sketch or sketch in western painting. Its characteristic is to outline the picture with simple ink lines, freehand brushwork, no contrast and no color. This painting method is introduced into poetry creation, that is, without adjectives and modifiers, it is carefully carved and rendered layer by layer, not to mention melody or foil, but by grasping the object of description, using accurate and powerful brushstrokes, simple and concise language and plain words, it neatly outlines the shape, light and shade (sound) of things and shows the author's feelings about things.
For example, the article "Going on a Good Morning Trip" "Starting a levy in the morning, guests will mourn their hometown. When a chicken crows at the Maodian Moon, people walk on the Banqiao Frost. Mistletoe leaves fall on the mountain road, and orange flowers are on the wall of the post. Because of thinking about Ling Du's dream, the geese return to the pool. " The second couplet of the two poems is a combination of six nouns (that is, six scenes) without any modifiers. It can be seen that it is hard to go early. When the cock crows and his eyes are still alive, it is obviously difficult to leave early, braving the frost on the road.
8. "Jin Lie (image overlay)"
The so-called "Jin Lie" is a rhetorical device that all nouns or noun phrases are skillfully arranged together after selection and combination to form a vivid and sensible image, which is used to set off the atmosphere, create artistic conception and express emotions. It can also be popularly called image superposition. "Li Jin", also known as "Li Ci", first appeared in the book The Origin of Rhetoric by Chen Wangdao, a famous educator, rhetorician and linguist in China.
Another example is "I saw a lone goose crossing the Milky Way, and I heard thousands of washing mallets on the night stone" (Autumn Night and Qin Cheng Poetry), which gives people a strong taste and poetry. The first sentence is a visual picture-a lonely goose flying in the autumn night sky, and the second sentence is an auditory image-the anvil sound of thousands of families. The serial superposition of the upper and lower sentences not only vividly and accurately describes the typical characteristics of autumn night scenery, but also constructs a distant and sad artistic conception.
For example, there is a famous sentence in the article "Walking in the Morning": "The cock crows like a thatched cottage, and people are covered with frost."
The whole sentence consists of ten pure nouns and six images, which reflects a complete picture of Shangshan before dawn: the waning moon is hanging high and the rooster is crowing; In the cabin guest house, homesick guests got up early and hurried on. Unexpectedly, after crossing the Banqiao, the frost was cold and the footprints were cold. It is really "Mo Daojun leaves early, and there are many early pedestrians". The whole poem highlights the word "early leave" with only six superimposed images, and has the charm of "early" without missing a word. In just ten words, there are not only scenery and feelings, but also dynamic narration. The beauty is that there are no verbs. If you write "a crow crows on a thatched shop and frost flowers on a footbridge", the meaning may be complete, but it will not be passed down to this day.
Another example is the famous sentence in Liu Yong's Yulin Order: "Where do you wake up tonight? Yang Liuan, Xiaofeng Canyue. " The poet completely put aside the words that directly express his heart, such as sadness, resentment and lovesickness, and did not resort to rhetoric means such as metaphor and exaggeration. Instead, I chose "Yang Liuan", a very attractive scene, and then cut into the two colors of "Xiaofeng" and "Canyue", which made people get a sharp contrast and echo.
"The old vines are faint crows, the small bridges are flowing, and the old roads are thin horses." -Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" three sentences are arranged into three groups by nine nouns (naming structure), each group is a close-up. Landscape used to be very common in nature, but once the poet's artistic combination, ordinary things strongly render a bleak and bleak atmosphere, bringing readers into a lonely artistic realm, which almost becomes the swan song of landscape writing.